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src/interfaces/ecpg/ecpglib/prepare.c | 32 src/interfaces/ecpg/pgtypeslib/datetime.c | 4 src/interfaces/ecpg/test/connect/.gitignore | 2 src/interfaces/ecpg/test/connect/Makefile | 3 src/interfaces/ecpg/test/connect/test6.pgc | 68 src/interfaces/ecpg/test/ecpg_schedule | 1 src/interfaces/ecpg/test/expected/connect-test6.c | 146 + src/interfaces/ecpg/test/expected/connect-test6.stderr | 50 src/interfaces/ecpg/test/expected/connect-test6.stdout | 9 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c | 5 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c | 60 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c | 12 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-print.c | 36 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c | 41 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h | 6 src/interfaces/libpq/po/fr.po | 379 +-- src/pl/plperl/GNUmakefile | 2 src/pl/plperl/expected/plperl_elog.out | 13 src/pl/plperl/expected/plperl_elog_1.out | 13 src/pl/plperl/expected/plperl_unicode.out | 18 src/pl/plperl/expected/plperl_unicode_1.out | 10 src/pl/plperl/sql/plperl_elog.sql | 15 src/pl/plperl/sql/plperl_unicode.sql | 19 src/pl/plpgsql/src/expected/plpgsql_trap.out | 8 src/pl/plpgsql/src/sql/plpgsql_trap.sql | 6 src/pl/plpython/expected/plpython_unicode.out | 13 src/pl/plpython/expected/plpython_unicode_1.out | 12 src/pl/plpython/sql/plpython_unicode.sql | 13 src/pl/tcl/expected/pltcl_unicode.out | 13 src/pl/tcl/expected/pltcl_unicode_1.out | 12 src/pl/tcl/sql/pltcl_unicode.sql | 13 src/port/getopt.c | 2 src/port/getopt_long.c | 2 src/port/path.c | 17 src/port/timingsafe_bcmp.c | 43 src/port/win32setlocale.c | 8 src/test/Makefile | 2 src/test/isolation/expected/insert-conflict-do-update-4.out | 8 src/test/isolation/expected/merge-update.out | 25 src/test/isolation/specs/insert-conflict-do-update-4.spec | 2 src/test/isolation/specs/merge-update.spec | 2 src/test/modules/Makefile | 1 src/test/modules/test_custom_types/.gitignore | 4 src/test/modules/test_custom_types/Makefile | 20 src/test/modules/test_custom_types/README | 9 src/test/modules/test_custom_types/expected/test_custom_types.out | 174 + src/test/modules/test_custom_types/meson.build | 33 src/test/modules/test_custom_types/sql/test_custom_types.sql | 104 src/test/modules/test_custom_types/test_custom_types--1.0.sql | 164 + src/test/modules/test_custom_types/test_custom_types.c | 184 + src/test/modules/test_custom_types/test_custom_types.control | 5 src/test/modules/test_ddl_deparse/Makefile | 1 src/test/modules/test_ddl_deparse/expected/textsearch.out | 5 src/test/modules/test_ddl_deparse/sql/textsearch.sql | 3 src/test/modules/test_ginpostinglist/test_ginpostinglist.c | 8 src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm | 76 src/test/postmaster/.gitignore | 2 src/test/postmaster/Makefile | 23 src/test/postmaster/README | 27 src/test/postmaster/t/004_negotiate.pl | 81 src/test/recovery/t/004_timeline_switch.pl | 9 src/test/recovery/t/009_twophase.pl | 2 src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out | 10 src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out | 304 ++ src/test/regress/expected/compression_pglz.out | 65 src/test/regress/expected/create_index.out | 14 src/test/regress/expected/create_role.out | 28 src/test/regress/expected/create_table_like.out | 31 src/test/regress/expected/expressions.out | 209 + src/test/regress/expected/foreign_data.out | 20 src/test/regress/expected/generated.out | 34 src/test/regress/expected/indexing.out | 105 src/test/regress/expected/multirangetypes.out | 19 src/test/regress/expected/prepared_xacts.out | 7 src/test/regress/expected/prepared_xacts_1.out | 269 -- src/test/regress/expected/stats.out | 18 src/test/regress/expected/tsearch.out | 10 src/test/regress/expected/window.out | 91 src/test/regress/parallel_schedule | 7 src/test/regress/pg_regress.c | 2 src/test/regress/regress.c | 66 src/test/regress/sql/alter_table.sql | 8 src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql | 103 src/test/regress/sql/compression_pglz.sql | 53 src/test/regress/sql/create_index.sql | 4 src/test/regress/sql/create_role.sql | 8 src/test/regress/sql/create_table_like.sql | 26 src/test/regress/sql/expressions.sql | 112 src/test/regress/sql/foreign_data.sql | 12 src/test/regress/sql/generated.sql | 24 src/test/regress/sql/indexing.sql | 59 src/test/regress/sql/multirangetypes.sql | 19 src/test/regress/sql/prepared_xacts.sql | 7 src/test/regress/sql/stats.sql | 8 src/test/regress/sql/tsearch.sql | 8 src/test/regress/sql/window.sql | 26 src/timezone/data/tzdata.zi | 14 src/timezone/strftime.c | 11 src/timezone/zic.c | 2 src/tools/make_ctags | 80 src/tools/msvc/Mkvcbuild.pm | 2 src/tools/msvc/Solution.pm | 5 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 1 1699 files changed, 11434 insertions(+), 5287 deletions(-) dpkg-source: warning: cannot verify inline signature for /srv/release.debian.org/tmp/tmpwl1c61vl/postgresql-15_15.17-0+deb12u1.dsc: no acceptable signature found dpkg-source: warning: cannot verify inline signature for /srv/release.debian.org/tmp/tmpwl1c61vl/postgresql-15_15.18-0+deb12u1.dsc: no acceptable signature found diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/.gitrevision postgresql-15-15.18/.gitrevision --- postgresql-15-15.17/.gitrevision 2026-02-23 22:13:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/.gitrevision 2026-05-11 20:01:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1 +1 @@ -3eb6f61958ac5027a18791a828a0c7a47accf211 +005c1971a2926fbb9caf5a1ad634cd17a42bfd3c diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/config/c-compiler.m4 postgresql-15-15.18/config/c-compiler.m4 --- postgresql-15-15.17/config/c-compiler.m4 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/config/c-compiler.m4 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ # Select the format archetype to be used by gcc to check printf-type functions. # We prefer "gnu_printf", as that most closely matches the features supported # by src/port/snprintf.c (particularly the %m conversion spec). However, -# on some NetBSD versions, that doesn't work while "__syslog__" does. -# If all else fails, use "printf". +# on clang and on some NetBSD versions, that doesn't work while "__syslog__" +# does. If all else fails, use "printf". AC_DEFUN([PGAC_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE], -[AC_CACHE_CHECK([for printf format archetype], pgac_cv_printf_archetype, +[AC_CACHE_CHECK([for C printf format archetype], pgac_cv_printf_archetype, [pgac_cv_printf_archetype=gnu_printf PGAC_TEST_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE if [[ "$ac_archetype_ok" = no ]]; then @@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ pgac_cv_printf_archetype=printf fi fi]) -AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE], [$pgac_cv_printf_archetype], -[Define to best printf format archetype, usually gnu_printf if available.]) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PG_C_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE], [$pgac_cv_printf_archetype], +[Define to best C printf format archetype, usually gnu_printf if available.]) ])# PGAC_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE # Subroutine: test $pgac_cv_printf_archetype, set $ac_archetype_ok to yes or no @@ -92,6 +92,42 @@ ])# PGAC_TYPE_64BIT_INT +# PGAC_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE +# ------------------------- +# Because we support using gcc as C compiler with clang as C++ compiler, +# we have to be prepared to use different printf archetypes in C++ code. +# So, do the above test all over in C++. +AC_DEFUN([PGAC_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE], +[AC_CACHE_CHECK([for C++ printf format archetype], pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype, +[pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype=gnu_printf +PGAC_TEST_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE +if [[ "$ac_archetype_ok" = no ]]; then + pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype=__syslog__ + PGAC_TEST_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE + if [[ "$ac_archetype_ok" = no ]]; then + pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype=printf + fi +fi]) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PG_CXX_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE], [$pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype], +[Define to best C++ printf format archetype, usually gnu_printf if available.]) +])# PGAC_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE + +# Subroutine: test $pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype, set $ac_archetype_ok to yes or no +AC_DEFUN([PGAC_TEST_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE], +[ac_save_cxx_werror_flag=$ac_cxx_werror_flag +ac_cxx_werror_flag=yes +AC_LANG_PUSH(C++) +AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM( +[extern void pgac_write(int ignore, const char *fmt,...) +__attribute__((format($pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype, 2, 3)));], +[pgac_write(0, "error %s: %m", "foo");])], + [ac_archetype_ok=yes], + [ac_archetype_ok=no]) +AC_LANG_POP([]) +ac_cxx_werror_flag=$ac_save_cxx_werror_flag +])# PGAC_TEST_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE + + # PGAC_TYPE_128BIT_INT # -------------------- # Check if __int128 is a working 128 bit integer type, and if so diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/configure postgresql-15-15.18/configure --- postgresql-15-15.17/configure 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/configure 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ #! /bin/sh # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. -# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for PostgreSQL 15.17. +# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for PostgreSQL 15.18. # # Report bugs to . # @@ -582,8 +582,8 @@ # Identity of this package. PACKAGE_NAME='PostgreSQL' PACKAGE_TARNAME='postgresql' -PACKAGE_VERSION='15.17' -PACKAGE_STRING='PostgreSQL 15.17' +PACKAGE_VERSION='15.18' +PACKAGE_STRING='PostgreSQL 15.18' PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org' PACKAGE_URL='https://www.postgresql.org/' @@ -1452,7 +1452,7 @@ # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. cat <<_ACEOF -\`configure' configures PostgreSQL 15.17 to adapt to many kinds of systems. +\`configure' configures PostgreSQL 15.18 to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... @@ -1517,7 +1517,7 @@ if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then case $ac_init_help in - short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of PostgreSQL 15.17:";; + short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of PostgreSQL 15.18:";; esac cat <<\_ACEOF @@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status if $ac_init_version; then cat <<\_ACEOF -PostgreSQL configure 15.17 +PostgreSQL configure 15.18 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -2444,7 +2444,7 @@ This file contains any messages produced by compilers while running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake. -It was created by PostgreSQL $as_me 15.17, which was +It was created by PostgreSQL $as_me 15.18, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was $ $0 $@ @@ -15145,8 +15145,8 @@ ;; esac -{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for printf format archetype" >&5 -$as_echo_n "checking for printf format archetype... " >&6; } +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for C printf format archetype" >&5 +$as_echo_n "checking for C printf format archetype... " >&6; } if ${pgac_cv_printf_archetype+:} false; then : $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 else @@ -15206,7 +15206,97 @@ $as_echo "$pgac_cv_printf_archetype" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF -#define PG_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE $pgac_cv_printf_archetype +#define PG_C_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE $pgac_cv_printf_archetype +_ACEOF + + + +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for C++ printf format archetype" >&5 +$as_echo_n "checking for C++ printf format archetype... " >&6; } +if ${pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype+:} false; then : + $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 +else + pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype=gnu_printf +ac_save_cxx_werror_flag=$ac_cxx_werror_flag +ac_cxx_werror_flag=yes +ac_ext=cpp +ac_cpp='$CXXCPP $CPPFLAGS' +ac_compile='$CXX -c $CXXFLAGS $CPPFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext >&5' +ac_link='$CXX -o conftest$ac_exeext $CXXFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $LIBS >&5' +ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_cxx_compiler_gnu + +cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext +/* end confdefs.h. */ +extern void pgac_write(int ignore, const char *fmt,...) +__attribute__((format($pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype, 2, 3))); +int +main () +{ +pgac_write(0, "error %s: %m", "foo"); + ; + return 0; +} +_ACEOF +if ac_fn_cxx_try_compile "$LINENO"; then : + ac_archetype_ok=yes +else + ac_archetype_ok=no +fi +rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext +ac_ext=c +ac_cpp='$CPP $CPPFLAGS' +ac_compile='$CC -c $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext >&5' +ac_link='$CC -o conftest$ac_exeext $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $LIBS >&5' +ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_c_compiler_gnu + +ac_cxx_werror_flag=$ac_save_cxx_werror_flag + +if [ "$ac_archetype_ok" = no ]; then + pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype=__syslog__ + ac_save_cxx_werror_flag=$ac_cxx_werror_flag +ac_cxx_werror_flag=yes +ac_ext=cpp +ac_cpp='$CXXCPP $CPPFLAGS' +ac_compile='$CXX -c $CXXFLAGS $CPPFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext >&5' +ac_link='$CXX -o conftest$ac_exeext $CXXFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $LIBS >&5' +ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_cxx_compiler_gnu + +cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext +/* end confdefs.h. */ +extern void pgac_write(int ignore, const char *fmt,...) +__attribute__((format($pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype, 2, 3))); +int +main () +{ +pgac_write(0, "error %s: %m", "foo"); + ; + return 0; +} +_ACEOF +if ac_fn_cxx_try_compile "$LINENO"; then : + ac_archetype_ok=yes +else + ac_archetype_ok=no +fi +rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext +ac_ext=c +ac_cpp='$CPP $CPPFLAGS' +ac_compile='$CC -c $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext >&5' +ac_link='$CC -o conftest$ac_exeext $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $LIBS >&5' +ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_c_compiler_gnu + +ac_cxx_werror_flag=$ac_save_cxx_werror_flag + + if [ "$ac_archetype_ok" = no ]; then + pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype=printf + fi +fi +fi +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype" >&5 +$as_echo "$pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype" >&6; } + +cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define PG_CXX_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE $pgac_cv_cxx_printf_archetype _ACEOF @@ -16884,6 +16974,16 @@ cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_DECL_STRNLEN $ac_have_decl _ACEOF +ac_fn_c_check_decl "$LINENO" "timingsafe_bcmp" "ac_cv_have_decl_timingsafe_bcmp" "$ac_includes_default" +if test "x$ac_cv_have_decl_timingsafe_bcmp" = xyes; then : + ac_have_decl=1 +else + ac_have_decl=0 +fi + +cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define HAVE_DECL_TIMINGSAFE_BCMP $ac_have_decl +_ACEOF # We can't use AC_REPLACE_FUNCS to replace these functions, because it @@ -17236,6 +17336,19 @@ fi +ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "timingsafe_bcmp" "ac_cv_func_timingsafe_bcmp" +if test "x$ac_cv_func_timingsafe_bcmp" = xyes; then : + $as_echo "#define HAVE_TIMINGSAFE_BCMP 1" >>confdefs.h + +else + case " $LIBOBJS " in + *" timingsafe_bcmp.$ac_objext "* ) ;; + *) LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS timingsafe_bcmp.$ac_objext" + ;; +esac + +fi + if test "$enable_thread_safety" = yes; then @@ -20932,7 +21045,7 @@ # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their # values after options handling. ac_log=" -This file was extended by PostgreSQL $as_me 15.17, which was +This file was extended by PostgreSQL $as_me 15.18, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES @@ -21003,7 +21116,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`" ac_cs_version="\\ -PostgreSQL config.status 15.17 +PostgreSQL config.status 15.18 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69, with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\" diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/configure.ac postgresql-15-15.18/configure.ac --- postgresql-15-15.17/configure.ac 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/configure.ac 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ dnl m4_pattern_forbid(^PGAC_)dnl to catch undefined macros -AC_INIT([PostgreSQL], [15.17], [pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org], [], [https://www.postgresql.org/]) +AC_INIT([PostgreSQL], [15.18], [pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org], [], [https://www.postgresql.org/]) m4_if(m4_defn([m4_PACKAGE_VERSION]), [2.69], [], [m4_fatal([Autoconf version 2.69 is required. Untested combinations of 'autoconf' and PostgreSQL versions are not @@ -1681,6 +1681,7 @@ AC_C_BIGENDIAN AC_C_INLINE PGAC_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE +PGAC_CXX_PRINTF_ARCHETYPE PGAC_C_FUNCNAME_SUPPORT PGAC_C_STATIC_ASSERT PGAC_C_TYPEOF @@ -1916,7 +1917,7 @@ ]) # fi AC_CHECK_DECLS(fdatasync, [], [], [#include ]) -AC_CHECK_DECLS([strlcat, strlcpy, strnlen]) +AC_CHECK_DECLS([strlcat, strlcpy, strnlen, timingsafe_bcmp]) # We can't use AC_REPLACE_FUNCS to replace these functions, because it # won't handle deployment target restrictions on macOS @@ -1966,6 +1967,7 @@ strlcpy strnlen strtof + timingsafe_bcmp ])) if test "$enable_thread_safety" = yes; then diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/basic_archive/basic_archive.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/basic_archive/basic_archive.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/basic_archive/basic_archive.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/basic_archive/basic_archive.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -93,13 +93,11 @@ /* * check_archive_directory * - * Checks that the provided archive directory exists. + * Checks that the provided archive directory path isn't too long. */ static bool check_archive_directory(char **newval, void **extra, GucSource source) { - struct stat st; - /* * The default value is an empty string, so we have to accept that value. * Our check_configured callback also checks for this and prevents @@ -118,17 +116,6 @@ return false; } - /* - * Do a basic sanity check that the specified archive directory exists. It - * could be removed at some point in the future, so we still need to be - * prepared for it not to exist in the actual archiving logic. - */ - if (stat(*newval, &st) != 0 || !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) - { - GUC_check_errdetail("Specified archive directory does not exist."); - return false; - } - return true; } diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/hstore_plperl/hstore_plperl.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/hstore_plperl/hstore_plperl.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/hstore_plperl/hstore_plperl.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/hstore_plperl/hstore_plperl.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pcount = hv_iterinit(hv); - pairs = palloc(pcount * sizeof(Pairs)); + pairs = palloc_array(Pairs, pcount); i = 0; while ((he = hv_iternext(hv))) diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/hstore_plpython/hstore_plpython.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/hstore_plpython/hstore_plpython.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/hstore_plpython/hstore_plpython.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/hstore_plpython/hstore_plpython.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Py_ssize_t i; Pairs *pairs; - pairs = palloc(pcount * sizeof(*pairs)); + pairs = palloc_array(Pairs, pcount); for (i = 0; i < pcount; i++) { diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/intarray/_int_bool.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/intarray/_int_bool.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/intarray/_int_bool.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/intarray/_int_bool.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -435,35 +435,66 @@ PG_RETURN_BOOL(result); } +/* + * Recursively fill the "left" fields of an ITEM array that represents + * a valid postfix tree. + * + * ptr: starting element of array + * pos: in/out argument, the array index this call is responsible to fill + * + * At exit, *pos has been decremented to point before the sub-tree whose + * top is the entry-time value of *pos. + */ static void findoprnd(ITEM *ptr, int32 *pos) { + int32 mypos; + /* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow. */ check_stack_depth(); + /* get the position this call is supposed to update */ + mypos = *pos; + Assert(mypos >= 0); + + /* in all cases, we should decrement *pos to advance over this item */ + (*pos)--; + #ifdef BS_DEBUG - elog(DEBUG3, (ptr[*pos].type == OPR) ? - "%d %c" : "%d %d", *pos, ptr[*pos].val); + elog(DEBUG3, (ptr[mypos].type == OPR) ? + "%d %c" : "%d %d", mypos, ptr[mypos].val); #endif - if (ptr[*pos].type == VAL) + + if (ptr[mypos].type == VAL) { - ptr[*pos].left = 0; - (*pos)--; + /* base case: a VAL has no operand, so just set its left to zero */ + ptr[mypos].left = 0; } - else if (ptr[*pos].val == (int32) '!') + else if (ptr[mypos].val == (int32) '!') { - ptr[*pos].left = -1; - (*pos)--; + /* unary operator, likewise easy: operand is just before it */ + ptr[mypos].left = -1; + /* recurse to scan operand */ findoprnd(ptr, pos); } else { - ITEM *curitem = &ptr[*pos]; - int32 tmp = *pos; + /* binary operator */ + int32 delta; - (*pos)--; + /* recurse to scan right operand */ findoprnd(ptr, pos); - curitem->left = *pos - tmp; + /* we must fill left with offset to left operand's top */ + /* abs(delta) < QUERYTYPEMAXITEMS, so it can't overflow ... */ + delta = *pos - mypos; + /* ... but it might be too large to fit in the 16-bit left field */ + Assert(delta < 0); + if (unlikely(delta < PG_INT16_MIN)) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED), + errmsg("query_int expression is too complex"))); + ptr[mypos].left = (int16) delta; + /* recurse to scan left operand */ findoprnd(ptr, pos); } } @@ -513,6 +544,7 @@ query->size = state.num; ptr = GETQUERY(query); + /* fill the query array from the data makepol constructed */ for (i = state.num - 1; i >= 0; i--) { ptr[i].type = state.str->type; @@ -522,8 +554,12 @@ state.str = tmp; } + /* now fill the "left" fields */ pos = query->size - 1; findoprnd(ptr, &pos); + /* if successful, findoprnd should have scanned the whole array */ + Assert(pos == -1); + #ifdef BS_DEBUG initStringInfo(&pbuf); for (i = 0; i < query->size; i++) diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ } bool -compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *qn, int len, - ltree_prefix_eq_func prefix_eq, bool anyend) +compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *qn, int len, bool prefix, bool ci) { char *endt = t->name + t->len; char *endq = qn + len; @@ -57,10 +56,8 @@ isok = false; while ((tn = getlexeme(tn, endt, &lent)) != NULL) { - if ((lent == lenq || (lent > lenq && anyend)) && - (*prefix_eq) (qn, lenq, tn, lent)) + if (ltree_label_match(qn, lenq, tn, lent, prefix, ci)) { - isok = true; break; } @@ -76,31 +73,40 @@ } /* - * Check if 'a' is a prefix of 'b'. + * Check if the label matches the predicate string. If 'prefix' is true, then + * the predicate string is treated as a prefix. If 'ci' is true, then the + * predicate string is case-insensitive (and locale-aware). */ bool -ltree_prefix_eq(const char *a, size_t a_sz, const char *b, size_t b_sz) +ltree_label_match(const char *pred, size_t pred_len, const char *label, + size_t label_len, bool prefix, bool ci) { - if (a_sz > b_sz) - return false; - else - return (strncmp(a, b, a_sz) == 0); -} - -/* - * Case-insensitive check if 'a' is a prefix of 'b'. - */ -bool -ltree_prefix_eq_ci(const char *a, size_t a_sz, const char *b, size_t b_sz) -{ - char *al = str_tolower(a, a_sz, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID); - char *bl = str_tolower(b, b_sz, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID); + char *fpred; /* casefolded predicate */ + size_t fpred_len; + char *flabel; /* casefolded label */ + size_t flabel_len; bool res; - res = (strncmp(al, bl, a_sz) == 0); + /* fast path for binary match or binary prefix match */ + if ((pred_len == label_len || (prefix && pred_len < label_len)) && + strncmp(pred, label, pred_len) == 0) + return true; + else if (!ci) + return false; + + fpred = str_tolower(pred, pred_len, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID); + fpred_len = strlen(fpred); + flabel = str_tolower(label, label_len, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID); + flabel_len = strlen(flabel); + + if ((fpred_len == flabel_len || (prefix && fpred_len < flabel_len)) && + strncmp(fpred, flabel, fpred_len) == 0) + res = true; + else + res = false; - pfree(al); - pfree(bl); + pfree(fpred); + pfree(flabel); return res; } @@ -125,19 +131,16 @@ for (int i = 0; i < curq->numvar; i++) { - ltree_prefix_eq_func prefix_eq; - - prefix_eq = (curvar->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? ltree_prefix_eq_ci : ltree_prefix_eq; + bool prefix = (curvar->flag & LVAR_ANYEND); + bool ci = (curvar->flag & LVAR_INCASE); if (curvar->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) { - if (compare_subnode(curt, curvar->name, curvar->len, prefix_eq, - (curvar->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))) + if (compare_subnode(curt, curvar->name, curvar->len, prefix, ci)) return success; } - else if ((curvar->len == curt->len || - (curt->len > curvar->len && (curvar->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))) && - (*prefix_eq) (curvar->name, curvar->len, curt->name, curt->len)) + else if (ltree_label_match(curvar->name, curvar->len, curt->name, + curt->len, prefix, ci)) return success; curvar = LVAR_NEXT(curvar); diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltree.h postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltree.h --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltree.h 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltree.h 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -157,8 +157,6 @@ char data[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER]; } ltxtquery; -typedef bool (*ltree_prefix_eq_func) (const char *, size_t, const char *, size_t); - #define HDRSIZEQT MAXALIGN(VARHDRSZ + sizeof(int32)) #define COMPUTESIZE(size,lenofoperand) ( HDRSIZEQT + (size) * sizeof(ITEM) + (lenofoperand) ) #define LTXTQUERY_TOO_BIG(size,lenofoperand) \ @@ -209,11 +207,11 @@ int ltree_compare(const ltree *a, const ltree *b); bool inner_isparent(const ltree *c, const ltree *p); -bool compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *qn, int len, - ltree_prefix_eq_func prefix_eq, bool anyend); +bool compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *qn, int len, bool prefix, bool ci); ltree *lca_inner(ltree **a, int len); -bool ltree_prefix_eq(const char *a, size_t a_sz, const char *b, size_t b_sz); -bool ltree_prefix_eq_ci(const char *a, size_t a_sz, const char *b, size_t b_sz); +bool ltree_label_match(const char *pred, size_t pred_len, + const char *label, size_t label_len, + bool prefix, bool ci); /* fmgr macros for ltree objects */ #define DatumGetLtreeP(X) ((ltree *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X)) diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ #include +#include "common/int.h" #include "crc32.h" #include "libpq/pqformat.h" #include "ltree.h" @@ -338,7 +339,12 @@ lptr++; lptr->start = ptr; state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM; - curqlevel->numvar++; + if (pg_add_u16_overflow(curqlevel->numvar, 1, &curqlevel->numvar)) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED), + errmsg("lquery level has too many variants"), + errdetail("Number of variants exceeds the maximum allowed (%d).", + PG_UINT16_MAX))); } else UNCHAR; @@ -530,7 +536,16 @@ lptr = GETVAR(curqlevel); while (lptr - GETVAR(curqlevel) < curqlevel->numvar) { - cur->totallen += MAXALIGN(LVAR_HDRSIZE + lptr->len); + int newlen = cur->totallen + MAXALIGN(LVAR_HDRSIZE + lptr->len); + + if (newlen > PG_UINT16_MAX) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED), + errmsg("lquery level is too large"), + errdetail("Total size of level exceeds the maximum allowed (%d bytes).", + PG_UINT16_MAX))); + cur->totallen = (uint16) newlen; + lrptr->len = lptr->len; lrptr->flag = lptr->flag; lrptr->val = ltree_crc32_sz(lptr->start, lptr->len); diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -270,31 +270,60 @@ return END; } +/* + * Recursively fill the "left" fields of an ITEM array that represents + * a valid postfix tree. + * + * ptr: starting element of array + * pos: in/out argument, the array index this call is responsible to fill + * + * At exit, *pos has been incremented to point after the sub-tree whose + * top is the entry-time value of *pos. + */ static void findoprnd(ITEM *ptr, int32 *pos) { + int32 mypos; + /* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow. */ check_stack_depth(); - if (ptr[*pos].type == VAL || ptr[*pos].type == VALTRUE) + /* get the position this call is supposed to update */ + mypos = *pos; + + /* in all cases, we should increment *pos to advance over this item */ + (*pos)++; + + if (ptr[mypos].type == VAL || ptr[mypos].type == VALTRUE) { - ptr[*pos].left = 0; - (*pos)++; + /* base case: a VAL has no operand, so just set its left to zero */ + ptr[mypos].left = 0; } - else if (ptr[*pos].val == (int32) '!') + else if (ptr[mypos].val == (int32) '!') { - ptr[*pos].left = 1; - (*pos)++; + /* unary operator, likewise easy: operand is just after it */ + ptr[mypos].left = 1; + /* recurse to scan operand */ findoprnd(ptr, pos); } else { - ITEM *curitem = &ptr[*pos]; - int32 tmp = *pos; + /* binary operator */ + int32 delta; - (*pos)++; + /* recurse to scan right operand */ findoprnd(ptr, pos); - curitem->left = *pos - tmp; + /* we must fill left with offset to left operand's top */ + /* delta can't overflow, see LTXTQUERY_TOO_BIG ... */ + delta = *pos - mypos; + /* ... but it might be too large to fit in the 16-bit left field */ + Assert(delta > 0); + if (unlikely(delta > PG_INT16_MAX)) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED), + errmsg("ltxtquery is too large"))); + ptr[mypos].left = (int16) delta; + /* recurse to scan left operand */ findoprnd(ptr, pos); } } @@ -371,6 +400,8 @@ /* set left operand's position for every operator */ pos = 0; findoprnd(ptr, &pos); + /* if successful, findoprnd should have scanned the whole array */ + Assert(pos == state.num); return query; } diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -58,19 +58,18 @@ ltree_level *level = LTREE_FIRST(((CHKVAL *) checkval)->node); int tlen = ((CHKVAL *) checkval)->node->numlevel; char *op = ((CHKVAL *) checkval)->operand + val->distance; - ltree_prefix_eq_func prefix_eq; + bool prefix = (val->flag & LVAR_ANYEND); + bool ci = (val->flag & LVAR_INCASE); - prefix_eq = (val->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? ltree_prefix_eq_ci : ltree_prefix_eq; while (tlen > 0) { if (val->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME) { - if (compare_subnode(level, op, val->length, prefix_eq, (val->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))) + if (compare_subnode(level, op, val->length, prefix, ci)) return true; } - else if ((val->length == level->len || - (level->len > val->length && (val->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))) && - (*prefix_eq) (op, val->length, level->name, level->len)) + else if (ltree_label_match(op, val->length, level->name, level->len, + prefix, ci)) return true; tlen--; diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ if (fwrite(&pgss->stats, sizeof(pgssGlobalStats), 1, file) != 1) goto error; - free(qbuffer); + pfree(qbuffer); qbuffer = NULL; if (FreeFile(file)) @@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ errmsg("could not write file \"%s\": %m", PGSS_DUMP_FILE ".tmp"))); if (qbuffer) - free(qbuffer); + pfree(qbuffer); if (file) FreeFile(file); unlink(PGSS_DUMP_FILE ".tmp"); @@ -1670,7 +1670,7 @@ pgss->gc_count != gc_count) { if (qbuffer) - free(qbuffer); + pfree(qbuffer); qbuffer = qtext_load_file(&qbuffer_size); } } @@ -1855,7 +1855,7 @@ LWLockRelease(pgss->lock); if (qbuffer) - free(qbuffer); + pfree(qbuffer); } /* Number of output arguments (columns) for pg_stat_statements_info */ @@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ } /* - * Read the external query text file into a malloc'd buffer. + * Read the external query text file into a palloc'd buffer. * * Returns NULL (without throwing an error) if unable to read, eg * file not there or insufficient memory. @@ -2205,7 +2205,7 @@ /* Allocate buffer; beware that off_t might be wider than size_t */ if (stat.st_size <= MaxAllocHugeSize) - buf = (char *) malloc(stat.st_size); + buf = (char *) palloc_extended(stat.st_size, MCXT_ALLOC_HUGE | MCXT_ALLOC_NO_OOM); else buf = NULL; if (buf == NULL) @@ -2244,7 +2244,7 @@ (errcode_for_file_access(), errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": %m", PGSS_TEXT_FILE))); - free(buf); + pfree(buf); CloseTransientFile(fd); return NULL; } @@ -2459,7 +2459,7 @@ else pgss->mean_query_len = ASSUMED_LENGTH_INIT; - free(qbuffer); + pfree(qbuffer); /* * OK, count a garbage collection cycle. (Note: even though we have @@ -2477,7 +2477,7 @@ if (qfile) FreeFile(qfile); if (qbuffer) - free(qbuffer); + pfree(qbuffer); /* * Since the contents of the external file are now uncertain, mark all diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -535,8 +535,9 @@ } /* - * Return true if the password_required is defined and false for this user - * mapping, otherwise false. The mapping has been pre-validated. + * Check and return the value of password_required, if defined; otherwise, + * return true, which is the default value of it. The mapping has been + * pre-validated. */ static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user) @@ -1193,6 +1194,11 @@ * Such connections can't safely be further used. Re-establishing the * connection would change the snapshot and roll back any writes already * performed, so that's not an option, either. Thus, we must abort. + * + * Note: there might be open cursors that use the connection, so even if the + * connection cache entry is marked as such, we will retain it until abort + * cleanup of the main transaction, to ensure such open cursors can safely + * refer to the PGconn for the connection. */ static void pgfdw_reject_incomplete_xact_state_change(ConnCacheEntry *entry) @@ -1203,15 +1209,12 @@ if (entry->conn == NULL || !entry->changing_xact_state) return; - /* make sure this entry is inactive */ - disconnect_pg_server(entry); - /* find server name to be shown in the message below */ server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid); ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_EXCEPTION), - errmsg("connection to server \"%s\" was lost", + errmsg("connection to server \"%s\" cannot be used due to abort cleanup failure", server->servername))); } diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -11838,3 +11838,79 @@ ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit); ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit); +-- =================================================================== +-- test cleanup of failed connections on abort +-- =================================================================== +CREATE VIEW my_backend_pid (pid) AS SELECT pg_backend_pid(); +CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_backend_pid (pid int) + SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'my_backend_pid'); +CREATE FUNCTION wait_for_backend_termination(int) RETURNS void AS $$ + BEGIN + WHILE (SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE pid = $1) > 0 + LOOP + PERFORM pg_stat_clear_snapshot(); + END LOOP; + END +$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; +SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR'; +BEGIN; +DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1; +SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid AS remote_pid FROM remote_backend_pid \gset +SELECT pg_terminate_backend(:remote_pid); + pg_terminate_backend +---------------------- + t +(1 row) + +SELECT wait_for_backend_termination(:remote_pid); + wait_for_backend_termination +------------------------------ + +(1 row) + +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid FROM remote_backend_pid; +ERROR: connection to server "loopback" cannot be used due to abort cleanup failure +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +RELEASE SAVEPOINT s; +FETCH c; +ERROR: no connection to the server +CONTEXT: remote SQL command: DECLARE c1 CURSOR FOR +SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST +ABORT; +BEGIN; +DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1; +FETCH c; + c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 +----+----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+----- + 1 | 2 | 00001_trig_update | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1 | 1 | foo +(1 row) + +SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid AS remote_pid FROM remote_backend_pid \gset +SELECT pg_terminate_backend(:remote_pid); + pg_terminate_backend +---------------------- + t +(1 row) + +SELECT wait_for_backend_termination(:remote_pid); + wait_for_backend_termination +------------------------------ + +(1 row) + +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid FROM remote_backend_pid; +ERROR: connection to server "loopback" cannot be used due to abort cleanup failure +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +RELEASE SAVEPOINT s; +CLOSE c; +ERROR: no connection to the server +CONTEXT: remote SQL command: CLOSE c1 +ABORT; +RESET client_min_messages; +DROP FUNCTION wait_for_backend_termination(int); +DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_backend_pid; +DROP VIEW my_backend_pid; diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -3931,3 +3931,54 @@ ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit); ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit); + +-- =================================================================== +-- test cleanup of failed connections on abort +-- =================================================================== + +CREATE VIEW my_backend_pid (pid) AS SELECT pg_backend_pid(); +CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_backend_pid (pid int) + SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'my_backend_pid'); +CREATE FUNCTION wait_for_backend_termination(int) RETURNS void AS $$ + BEGIN + WHILE (SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE pid = $1) > 0 + LOOP + PERFORM pg_stat_clear_snapshot(); + END LOOP; + END +$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; + +SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR'; + +BEGIN; +DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1; +SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid AS remote_pid FROM remote_backend_pid \gset +SELECT pg_terminate_backend(:remote_pid); +SELECT wait_for_backend_termination(:remote_pid); +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid FROM remote_backend_pid; +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +RELEASE SAVEPOINT s; +FETCH c; +ABORT; + +BEGIN; +DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1; +FETCH c; +SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid AS remote_pid FROM remote_backend_pid \gset +SELECT pg_terminate_backend(:remote_pid); +SELECT wait_for_backend_termination(:remote_pid); +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +SELECT pid FROM remote_backend_pid; +ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s; +RELEASE SAVEPOINT s; +CLOSE c; +ABORT; + +RESET client_min_messages; + +DROP FUNCTION wait_for_backend_termination(int); +DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_backend_pid; +DROP VIEW my_backend_pid; diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/spi/refint.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/spi/refint.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/spi/refint.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/spi/refint.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -166,21 +166,24 @@ if (plan->nplans <= 0) { SPIPlanPtr pplan; - char sql[8192]; + StringInfoData sql; + + initStringInfo(&sql); /* * Construct query: SELECT 1 FROM _referenced_relation_ WHERE Pkey1 = * $1 [AND Pkey2 = $2 [...]] */ - snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "select 1 from %s where ", relname); - for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) + appendStringInfo(&sql, "select 1 from %s where ", relname); + for (i = 1; i <= nkeys; i++) { - snprintf(sql + strlen(sql), sizeof(sql) - strlen(sql), "%s = $%d %s", - args[i + nkeys + 1], i + 1, (i < nkeys - 1) ? "and " : ""); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "%s = $%d ", args[i + nkeys], i); + if (i < nkeys) + appendStringInfoString(&sql, "and "); } /* Prepare plan for query */ - pplan = SPI_prepare(sql, nkeys, argtypes); + pplan = SPI_prepare(sql.data, nkeys, argtypes); if (pplan == NULL) /* internal error */ elog(ERROR, "check_primary_key: SPI_prepare returned %s", SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result)); @@ -196,6 +199,8 @@ sizeof(SPIPlanPtr)); *(plan->splan) = pplan; plan->nplans = 1; + + pfree(sql.data); } /* @@ -416,7 +421,6 @@ if (plan->nplans <= 0) { SPIPlanPtr pplan; - char sql[8192]; char **args2 = args; plan->splan = (SPIPlanPtr *) MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, @@ -424,6 +428,10 @@ for (r = 0; r < nrefs; r++) { + StringInfoData sql; + + initStringInfo(&sql); + relname = args2[0]; /*--------- @@ -437,8 +445,7 @@ *--------- */ if (action == 'r') - - snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "select 1 from %s where ", relname); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "select 1 from %s where ", relname); /*--------- * For 'C'ascade action we construct DELETE query @@ -465,42 +472,23 @@ char *nv; int k; - snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "update %s set ", relname); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "update %s set ", relname); for (k = 1; k <= nkeys; k++) { - int is_char_type = 0; - char *type; - fn = SPI_fnumber(tupdesc, args_temp[k - 1]); Assert(fn > 0); /* already checked above */ nv = SPI_getvalue(newtuple, tupdesc, fn); - type = SPI_gettype(tupdesc, fn); - if (strcmp(type, "text") == 0 || - strcmp(type, "varchar") == 0 || - strcmp(type, "char") == 0 || - strcmp(type, "bpchar") == 0 || - strcmp(type, "date") == 0 || - strcmp(type, "timestamp") == 0) - is_char_type = 1; -#ifdef DEBUG_QUERY - elog(DEBUG4, "check_foreign_key Debug value %s type %s %d", - nv, type, is_char_type); -#endif - - /* - * is_char_type =1 i set ' ' for define a new value - */ - snprintf(sql + strlen(sql), sizeof(sql) - strlen(sql), - " %s = %s%s%s %s ", - args2[k], (is_char_type > 0) ? "'" : "", - nv, (is_char_type > 0) ? "'" : "", (k < nkeys) ? ", " : ""); + appendStringInfo(&sql, " %s = %s ", + args2[k], quote_literal_cstr(nv)); + if (k < nkeys) + appendStringInfoString(&sql, ", "); } - strcat(sql, " where "); + appendStringInfoString(&sql, " where "); } else /* DELETE */ - snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "delete from %s where ", relname); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "delete from %s where ", relname); } /* @@ -511,25 +499,26 @@ */ else if (action == 's') { - snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "update %s set ", relname); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "update %s set ", relname); for (i = 1; i <= nkeys; i++) { - snprintf(sql + strlen(sql), sizeof(sql) - strlen(sql), - "%s = null%s", - args2[i], (i < nkeys) ? ", " : ""); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "%s = null", args2[i]); + if (i < nkeys) + appendStringInfoString(&sql, ", "); } - strcat(sql, " where "); + appendStringInfoString(&sql, " where "); } /* Construct WHERE qual */ for (i = 1; i <= nkeys; i++) { - snprintf(sql + strlen(sql), sizeof(sql) - strlen(sql), "%s = $%d %s", - args2[i], i, (i < nkeys) ? "and " : ""); + appendStringInfo(&sql, "%s = $%d ", args2[i], i); + if (i < nkeys) + appendStringInfoString(&sql, "and "); } /* Prepare plan for query */ - pplan = SPI_prepare(sql, nkeys, argtypes); + pplan = SPI_prepare(sql.data, nkeys, argtypes); if (pplan == NULL) /* internal error */ elog(ERROR, "check_foreign_key: SPI_prepare returned %s", SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result)); @@ -545,11 +534,14 @@ plan->splan[r] = pplan; args2 += nkeys + 1; /* to the next relation */ + +#ifdef DEBUG_QUERY + elog(DEBUG4, "check_foreign_key Debug Query is : %s ", sql.data); +#endif + + pfree(sql.data); } plan->nplans = nrefs; -#ifdef DEBUG_QUERY - elog(DEBUG4, "check_foreign_key Debug Query is : %s ", sql); -#endif } /* diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2.out postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2.out --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2.out 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2.out 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -222,3 +222,13 @@ $$); ERROR: failed to apply stylesheet +-- empty output +select xslt_process('', +$$ +$$); + xslt_process +-------------- + +(1 row) + diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2_1.out postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2_1.out --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2_1.out 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/expected/xml2_1.out 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -166,3 +166,9 @@ $$); ERROR: xslt_process() is not available without libxslt +-- empty output +select xslt_process('', +$$ +$$); +ERROR: xslt_process() is not available without libxslt diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/sql/xml2.sql postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/sql/xml2.sql --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/sql/xml2.sql 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/sql/xml2.sql 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -137,3 +137,9 @@ $$); + +-- empty output +select xslt_process('', +$$ +$$); diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/xslt_proc.c postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/xslt_proc.c --- postgresql-15-15.17/contrib/xml2/xslt_proc.c 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/contrib/xml2/xslt_proc.c 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -179,7 +179,14 @@ if (resstat < 0) PG_RETURN_NULL(); - result = cstring_to_text_with_len((char *) resstr, reslen); + /* + * If an empty string has been returned, resstr would be NULL. In + * this case, assume that the result is an empty string. + */ + if (reslen == 0) + result = cstring_to_text(""); + else + result = cstring_to_text_with_len((char *) resstr, reslen); if (resstr) xmlFree(resstr); diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/debian/changelog postgresql-15-15.18/debian/changelog --- postgresql-15-15.17/debian/changelog 2026-02-24 11:48:56.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/debian/changelog 2026-05-12 10:51:10.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,3 +1,124 @@ +postgresql-15 (15.18-0+deb12u1) bookworm-security; urgency=medium + + * New upstream version 15.18. + + + Prevent unbounded recursion while processing startup packets + (Michael Paquier) + + A malicious client could crash the connected backend by alternating + rejected SSL and GSS encryption requests indefinitely. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Calif.io (in collaboration with Claude and + Anthropic Research) for reporting this problem. (CVE-2026-6479) + + + Fix assorted integer overflows in memory-allocation calculations + (Tom Lane, Nathan Bossart, Heikki Linnakangas) + + Various places were incautious about the possibility of integer overflow + in calculations of how much memory to allocate. Overflow would lead to + allocating a too-small buffer which the caller would then write past the + end of. This would at least trigger server crashes, and probably could + be exploited for arbitrary code execution. In many but by no means all + cases, the hazard exists only in 32-bit builds. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Xint Code, Bruce Dang, Sven Klemm, and + Pavel Kohout for reporting these problems. (CVE-2026-6473) + + + Reject over-length options in ts_headline() (Michael Paquier) + + The StartSel, StopSel and FragmentDelimiter strings must not exceed 32Kb + in length, but this was not checked for. An over-length value would + typically crash the server. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Xint Code for reporting this problem. + (CVE-2026-6473) + + + Guard against malicious time zone names in timeofday() and pg_strftime() + (Tom Lane) + + A crafted time zone setting could pass % sequences to snprintf(), + potentially causing crashes or disclosure of server memory. Another + path to similar results was to overflow the limited-size output buffer + used by pg_strftime(). + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Xint Code for reporting this problem. + (CVE-2026-6474) + + + When creating a multirange type, ensure the user has CREATE privilege on + the schema specified for the multirange type (Jelte Fennema-Nio) + + The multirange type can be put into a different schema than its parent + range type, but we neglected to apply the required privilege check when + doing so. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Jelte Fennema-Nio for reporting this + problem. (CVE-2026-6472) + + + Use timing-safe string comparisons in authentication code + (Michael Paquier) + + Use timingsafe_bcmp() instead of memcpy() or strcmp() when checking + passwords, hashes, etc. It is not known whether the data dependency of + those functions is usefully exploitable in any of these places, but in + the interests of safety, replace them. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Joe Conway for reporting this problem. + (CVE-2026-6478) + + + Mark PQfn() as unsafe, and avoid using it within libpq (Nathan Bossart) + + For a non-integral result type, PQfn() is not passed the size of the + output buffer, so it cannot check that the data returned by the server + will fit. A malicious server could therefore overwrite client memory. + This is unfixable without an API change, so mark the function as + deprecated. Internally to libpq, use a variant version that can apply + the missing check. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Yu Kunpeng and Martin Heistermann for + reporting this problem. (CVE-2026-6477) + + + Prevent path traversal in pg_basebackup and pg_rewind (Michael Paquier) + + These applications failed to validate output file paths read from their + input, so that a malicious source could overwrite any file writable by + these applications. Constrain where data can be written by rejecting + paths that are absolute or contain parent-directory references. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab and + Valery Gubanov for reporting this problem. (CVE-2026-6475) + + + Guard against field overflow within contrib/intarray's query_int type + and contrib/ltree's ltxtquery type (Tom Lane) + + Parsing of these query structures did not check for overflow of 16-bit + fields, so that construction of an invalid query tree was possible. + This can crash the server when executing the query. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Xint Code for reporting this problem. + (CVE-2026-6473) + + + Guard against overly long values of contrib/ltree's lquery type + (Michael Paquier) + + Values with more than 64K items caused internal overflows, potentially + resulting in stack smashes or wrong answers. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Vergissmeinnicht, A1ex, and Jihe Wang for + reporting this problem. (CVE-2026-6473) + + + Prevent SQL injection and buffer overruns in contrib/spi + (Nathan Bossart) + + check_foreign_key() was insufficiently careful about quoting key values, + and also used fixed-length buffers for constructing queries. While this + module is only meant as example code, it still shouldn't contain such + dangerous errors. + + The PostgreSQL Project thanks Nikolay Samokhvalov for reporting this + problem. (CVE-2026-6637) + + -- Christoph Berg Tue, 12 May 2026 12:51:10 +0200 + postgresql-15 (15.17-0+deb12u1) bookworm; urgency=medium * New upstream version 15.17. diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml 2026-02-23 22:01:47.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml 2026-05-11 19:49:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -11444,7 +11444,9 @@ If LLVM has the required functionality, register generated functions with GDB. This makes debugging easier. The default setting is off. - This parameter can only be set at server start. + Only superusers and users with the appropriate SET + privilege can change this parameter at session start, + and it cannot be changed at all within a session. @@ -11495,7 +11497,9 @@ This writes out files to ~/.debug/jit/; the user is responsible for performing cleanup when desired. The default setting is off. - This parameter can only be set at server start. + Only superusers and users with the appropriate SET + privilege can change this parameter at session start, + and it cannot be changed at all within a session. diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/acronyms.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/acronyms.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/acronyms.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/acronyms.html 2026-05-11 20:02:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix L. Acronyms
Appendix L. Acronyms
Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

Appendix L. Acronyms

+Appendix L. Acronyms

Appendix L. Acronyms
Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

Appendix L. Acronyms

This is a list of acronyms commonly used in the PostgreSQL documentation and in discussions about PostgreSQL. @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Pluggable Authentication Modules

PGSQL

- PostgreSQL + PostgreSQL

PGXS

PostgreSQL Extension System

PID

@@ -216,4 +216,4 @@ Extensible Markup Language

-

Prev Up Next
Appendix K. PostgreSQL Limits Home Appendix M. Glossary
\ No newline at end of file +

Prev Up Next
Appendix K. PostgreSQL Limits Home Appendix M. Glossary
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/admin.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/admin.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/admin.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/admin.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Part III. Server Administration
Part III. Server Administration
Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.17 DocumentationHome Next

Part III. Server Administration

+Part III. Server Administration

Part III. Server Administration
Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.18 DocumentationHome Next

Part III. Server Administration

This part covers topics that are of interest to a PostgreSQL database administrator. This includes installation of the software, set up and configuration of the @@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ the PostgreSQL database system. Readers are encouraged to look at Part I and Part II for additional information.

Table of Contents

16. Installation from Binaries
17. Installation from Source Code
17.1. Short Version
17.2. Requirements
17.3. Getting the Source
17.4. Installation Procedure
17.5. Post-Installation Setup
17.6. Supported Platforms
17.7. Platform-Specific Notes
18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the - Microsoft Windows SDK
19. Server Setup and Operation
19.1. The PostgreSQL User Account
19.2. Creating a Database Cluster
19.3. Starting the Database Server
19.4. Managing Kernel Resources
19.5. Shutting Down the Server
19.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
19.7. Preventing Server Spoofing
19.8. Encryption Options
19.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
19.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows
20. Server Configuration
20.1. Setting Parameters
20.2. File Locations
20.3. Connections and Authentication
20.4. Resource Consumption
20.5. Write Ahead Log
20.6. Replication
20.7. Query Planning
20.8. Error Reporting and Logging
20.9. Run-time Statistics
20.10. Automatic Vacuuming
20.11. Client Connection Defaults
20.12. Lock Management
20.13. Version and Platform Compatibility
20.14. Error Handling
20.15. Preset Options
20.16. Customized Options
20.17. Developer Options
20.18. Short Options
21. Client Authentication
21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
21.2. User Name Maps
21.3. Authentication Methods
21.4. Trust Authentication
21.5. Password Authentication
21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
21.7. SSPI Authentication
21.8. Ident Authentication
21.9. Peer Authentication
21.10. LDAP Authentication
21.11. RADIUS Authentication
21.12. Certificate Authentication
21.13. PAM Authentication
21.14. BSD Authentication
21.15. Authentication Problems
22. Database Roles
22.1. Database Roles
22.2. Role Attributes
22.3. Role Membership
22.4. Dropping Roles
22.5. Predefined Roles
22.6. Function Security
23. Managing Databases
23.1. Overview
23.2. Creating a Database
23.3. Template Databases
23.4. Database Configuration
23.5. Destroying a Database
23.6. Tablespaces
24. Localization
24.1. Locale Support
24.2. Collation Support
24.3. Character Set Support
25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
25.1. Routine Vacuuming
25.2. Routine Reindexing
25.3. Log File Maintenance
26. Backup and Restore
26.1. SQL Dump
26.2. File System Level Backup
26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers
27.3. Failover
27.4. Hot Standby
28. Monitoring Database Activity
28.1. Standard Unix Tools
28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
28.3. Viewing Locks
28.4. Progress Reporting
28.5. Dynamic Tracing
29. Monitoring Disk Usage
29.1. Determining Disk Usage
29.2. Disk Full Failure
30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
30.1. Reliability
30.2. Data Checksums
30.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
30.4. Asynchronous Commit
30.5. WAL Configuration
30.6. WAL Internals
31. Logical Replication
31.1. Publication
31.2. Subscription
31.3. Row Filters
31.4. Column Lists
31.5. Conflicts
31.6. Restrictions
31.7. Architecture
31.8. Monitoring
31.9. Security
31.10. Configuration Settings
31.11. Quick Setup
32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
32.2. When to JIT?
32.3. Configuration
32.4. Extensibility
33. Regression Tests
33.1. Running the Tests
33.2. Test Evaluation
33.3. Variant Comparison Files
33.4. TAP Tests
33.5. Test Coverage Examination
Prev Up Next
15.4. Parallel Safety Home Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries
\ No newline at end of file + Microsoft Windows SDK
19. Server Setup and Operation
19.1. The PostgreSQL User Account
19.2. Creating a Database Cluster
19.3. Starting the Database Server
19.4. Managing Kernel Resources
19.5. Shutting Down the Server
19.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
19.7. Preventing Server Spoofing
19.8. Encryption Options
19.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
19.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows
20. Server Configuration
20.1. Setting Parameters
20.2. File Locations
20.3. Connections and Authentication
20.4. Resource Consumption
20.5. Write Ahead Log
20.6. Replication
20.7. Query Planning
20.8. Error Reporting and Logging
20.9. Run-time Statistics
20.10. Automatic Vacuuming
20.11. Client Connection Defaults
20.12. Lock Management
20.13. Version and Platform Compatibility
20.14. Error Handling
20.15. Preset Options
20.16. Customized Options
20.17. Developer Options
20.18. Short Options
21. Client Authentication
21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
21.2. User Name Maps
21.3. Authentication Methods
21.4. Trust Authentication
21.5. Password Authentication
21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
21.7. SSPI Authentication
21.8. Ident Authentication
21.9. Peer Authentication
21.10. LDAP Authentication
21.11. RADIUS Authentication
21.12. Certificate Authentication
21.13. PAM Authentication
21.14. BSD Authentication
21.15. Authentication Problems
22. Database Roles
22.1. Database Roles
22.2. Role Attributes
22.3. Role Membership
22.4. Dropping Roles
22.5. Predefined Roles
22.6. Function Security
23. Managing Databases
23.1. Overview
23.2. Creating a Database
23.3. Template Databases
23.4. Database Configuration
23.5. Destroying a Database
23.6. Tablespaces
24. Localization
24.1. Locale Support
24.2. Collation Support
24.3. Character Set Support
25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
25.1. Routine Vacuuming
25.2. Routine Reindexing
25.3. Log File Maintenance
26. Backup and Restore
26.1. SQL Dump
26.2. File System Level Backup
26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers
27.3. Failover
27.4. Hot Standby
28. Monitoring Database Activity
28.1. Standard Unix Tools
28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
28.3. Viewing Locks
28.4. Progress Reporting
28.5. Dynamic Tracing
29. Monitoring Disk Usage
29.1. Determining Disk Usage
29.2. Disk Full Failure
30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
30.1. Reliability
30.2. Data Checksums
30.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
30.4. Asynchronous Commit
30.5. WAL Configuration
30.6. WAL Internals
31. Logical Replication
31.1. Publication
31.2. Subscription
31.3. Row Filters
31.4. Column Lists
31.5. Conflicts
31.6. Restrictions
31.7. Architecture
31.8. Monitoring
31.9. Security
31.10. Configuration Settings
31.11. Quick Setup
32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
32.2. When to JIT?
32.3. Configuration
32.4. Extensibility
33. Regression Tests
33.1. Running the Tests
33.2. Test Evaluation
33.3. Variant Comparison Files
33.4. TAP Tests
33.5. Test Coverage Examination
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15.4. Parallel Safety Home Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/adminpack.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/adminpack.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/adminpack.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/adminpack.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.1. adminpack
F.1. adminpack
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.1. adminpack

+F.1. adminpack

F.1. adminpack
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.1. adminpack

adminpack provides a number of support functions which pgAdmin and other administration and management tools can use to provide additional functionality, such as remote management @@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ directory. The log_filename parameter must have its default setting (postgresql-%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S.log) to use this function. -

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Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules Home F.2. amcheck
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Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules Home F.2. amcheck
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F.2. amcheck
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.2. amcheck

F.2.1. Functions
F.2.2. Optional heapallindexed Verification
F.2.3. Using amcheck Effectively
F.2.4. Repairing Corruption

+F.2. amcheck

F.2. amcheck
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.2. amcheck

F.2.1. Functions
F.2.2. Optional heapallindexed Verification
F.2.3. Using amcheck Effectively
F.2.4. Repairing Corruption

The amcheck module provides functions that allow you to verify the logical consistency of the structure of relations.

@@ -374,4 +374,4 @@ an invariant violation should be sought. pageinspect may play a useful role in diagnosing corruption that amcheck detects. A REINDEX may not be effective in repairing corruption. -

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F.1. adminpack Home F.3. auth_delay
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F.1. adminpack Home F.3. auth_delay
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-clusterdb.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-clusterdb.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-clusterdb.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-clusterdb.html 2026-05-11 20:02:48.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -clusterdb
clusterdb
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

clusterdb

clusterdb — cluster a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

clusterdb [connection-option...] [ --verbose | -v ] +clusterdb

clusterdb
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clusterdb

clusterdb — cluster a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

clusterdb [connection-option...] [ --verbose | -v ] [ --table | -t table @@ -118,4 +118,4 @@ xyzzy: 

 $ clusterdb --table=foo xyzzy
-

See Also

CLUSTER
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PostgreSQL Client Applications Home createdb
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See Also

CLUSTER
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PostgreSQL Client Applications Home createdb
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createdb.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createdb.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createdb.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createdb.html 2026-05-11 20:02:48.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -createdb
createdb
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createdb

createdb — create a new PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

createdb [connection-option...] [option...] [dbname +createdb

createdb
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createdb

createdb — create a new PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

createdb [connection-option...] [option...] [dbname [description]]

Description

createdb creates a new PostgreSQL database. @@ -146,4 +146,4 @@ 

 $ createdb -p 5000 -h eden -T template0 -e demo
 CREATE DATABASE demo TEMPLATE template0;
-
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clusterdb Home createuser
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clusterdb Home createuser
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createuser.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createuser.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createuser.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-createuser.html 2026-05-11 20:02:48.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -createuser
createuser
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createuser

createuser — define a new PostgreSQL user account

Synopsis

createuser [connection-option...] [option...] [username]

Description

+createuser

createuser
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createuser

createuser — define a new PostgreSQL user account

Synopsis

createuser [connection-option...] [option...] [username]

Description

createuser creates a new PostgreSQL user (or more precisely, a role). Only superusers and users with CREATEROLE privilege can create @@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ In the above example, the new password isn't actually echoed when typed, but we show what was typed for clarity. As you see, the password is encrypted before it is sent to the client. -

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createdb Home dropdb
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createdb Home dropdb
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropdb.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropdb.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropdb.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropdb.html 2026-05-11 20:02:48.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dropdb
dropdb
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dropdb

dropdb — remove a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

dropdb [connection-option...] [option...] dbname

Description

+dropdb

dropdb
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dropdb

dropdb — remove a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

dropdb [connection-option...] [option...] dbname

Description

dropdb destroys an existing PostgreSQL database. The user who executes this command must be a database @@ -108,4 +108,4 @@ Database "demo" will be permanently deleted. Are you sure? (y/n) y DROP DATABASE demo; -

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createuser Home dropuser
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createuser Home dropuser
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropuser.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropuser.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropuser.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-dropuser.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dropuser
dropuser
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dropuser

dropuser — remove a PostgreSQL user account

Synopsis

dropuser [connection-option...] [option...] [username]

Description

+dropuser

dropuser
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dropuser

dropuser — remove a PostgreSQL user account

Synopsis

dropuser [connection-option...] [option...] [username]

Description

dropuser removes an existing PostgreSQL user. Only superusers and users with the CREATEROLE privilege can @@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ Role "joe" will be permanently removed. Are you sure? (y/n) y DROP ROLE joe; -

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dropdb Home ecpg
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dropdb Home ecpg
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-ecpg.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-ecpg.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-ecpg.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-ecpg.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -ecpg
ecpg
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ecpg

ecpg — embedded SQL C preprocessor

Synopsis

ecpg [option...] file...

Description

+ecpg

ecpg
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ecpg

ecpg — embedded SQL C preprocessor

Synopsis

ecpg [option...] file...

Description

ecpg is the embedded SQL preprocessor for C programs. It converts C programs with embedded SQL statements to normal C code by replacing the SQL invocations with special @@ -105,4 +105,4 @@ ecpg prog1.pgc cc -I/usr/local/pgsql/include -c prog1.c cc -o prog1 prog1.o -L/usr/local/pgsql/lib -lecpg -

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dropuser Home pg_amcheck
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dropuser Home pg_amcheck
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-initdb.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-initdb.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-initdb.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-initdb.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -initdb
initdb
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initdb

initdb — create a new PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

initdb [option...] [ --pgdata | -D ] directory

Description

+initdb

initdb
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

initdb

initdb — create a new PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

initdb [option...] [ --pgdata | -D ] directory

Description

initdb creates a new PostgreSQL database cluster. A database cluster is a collection of databases that are managed by a single @@ -244,4 +244,4 @@

Notes

initdb can also be invoked via pg_ctl initdb. -

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PostgreSQL Server Applications Home pg_archivecleanup
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PostgreSQL Server Applications Home pg_archivecleanup
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-ctl.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-ctl.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-ctl.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-ctl.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_ctl
pg_ctl
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pg_ctl

pg_ctl — initialize, start, stop, or control a PostgreSQL server

Synopsis

pg_ctl init[db] [-D datadir] [-s] [-o initdb-options]

pg_ctl start [-D datadir] [-l filename] [-W] [-t seconds] [-s] [-o options] [-p path] [-c]

pg_ctl stop [-D datadir] [-m +pg_ctl

pg_ctl
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pg_ctl

pg_ctl — initialize, start, stop, or control a PostgreSQL server

Synopsis

pg_ctl init[db] [-D datadir] [-s] [-o initdb-options]

pg_ctl start [-D datadir] [-l filename] [-W] [-t seconds] [-s] [-o options] [-p path] [-c]

pg_ctl stop [-D datadir] [-m s[mart] | f[ast] | i[mmediate] ] [-W] [-t seconds] [-s]

pg_ctl restart [-D datadir] [-m s[mart] | f[ast] | i[mmediate] @@ -111,8 +111,9 @@

-l filename
--log=filename

Append the server log output to filename. If the file does not - exist, it is created. The umask is set to 077, - so access to the log file is disallowed to other users by default. + exist, it is created. By default, only the cluster owner can + access the log file. If group access is enabled in the cluster, + users in the same group as the cluster owner can also read it.

-m mode
--mode=mode

Specifies the shutdown mode. mode can be smart, fast, or @@ -280,4 +281,4 @@ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres "-D" "/usr/local/pgsql/data" "-p" "5433" "-B" "128"

The second line is the command that would be invoked in restart mode. -

See Also

initdb, postgres
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pg_controldata Home pg_resetwal
\ No newline at end of file +

See Also

initdb, postgres
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pg_controldata Home pg_resetwal
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-dumpall.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-dumpall.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-dumpall.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-dumpall.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_dumpall
pg_dumpall
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pg_dumpall

pg_dumpall — extract a PostgreSQL database cluster into a script file

Synopsis

pg_dumpall [connection-option...] [option...]

Description

+pg_dumpall

pg_dumpall
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_dumpall

pg_dumpall — extract a PostgreSQL database cluster into a script file

Synopsis

pg_dumpall [connection-option...] [option...]

Description

pg_dumpall is a utility for writing out (“dumping”) all PostgreSQL databases of a cluster into one script file. The script file contains @@ -388,4 +388,4 @@

See Also

Check pg_dump for details on possible error conditions. -

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pg_dump Home pg_isready
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pg_dump Home pg_isready
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-isready.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-isready.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-isready.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pg-isready.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_isready
pg_isready
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pg_isready

pg_isready — check the connection status of a PostgreSQL server

Synopsis

pg_isready [connection-option...] [option...]

Description

+pg_isready

pg_isready
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_isready

pg_isready — check the connection status of a PostgreSQL server

Synopsis

pg_isready [connection-option...] [option...]

Description

pg_isready is a utility for checking the connection status of a PostgreSQL database server. The exit status specifies the result of the connection check. @@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ $ echo $? 2

-

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pg_dumpall Home pg_receivewal
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pg_dumpall Home pg_receivewal
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgamcheck.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgamcheck.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgamcheck.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgamcheck.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_amcheck
pg_amcheck
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pg_amcheck

pg_amcheck — checks for corruption in one or more +pg_amcheck

pg_amcheck
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pg_amcheck

pg_amcheck — checks for corruption in one or more PostgreSQL databases

Synopsis

pg_amcheck [option...] [dbname]

Description

pg_amcheck supports running amcheck's corruption checking functions against one or @@ -292,4 +292,4 @@

Notes

pg_amcheck is designed to work with PostgreSQL 14.0 and later. -

See Also

amcheck
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ecpg Home pg_basebackup
\ No newline at end of file +

See Also

amcheck
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ecpg Home pg_basebackup
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgbasebackup.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgbasebackup.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgbasebackup.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgbasebackup.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_basebackup
pg_basebackup
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pg_basebackup

pg_basebackup — take a base backup of a PostgreSQL cluster

Synopsis

pg_basebackup [option...]

Description

+pg_basebackup

pg_basebackup
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pg_basebackup

pg_basebackup — take a base backup of a PostgreSQL cluster

Synopsis

pg_basebackup [option...]

Description

pg_basebackup is used to take a base backup of a running PostgreSQL database cluster. The backup is taken without affecting other clients of the database, and can be used @@ -548,4 +548,4 @@ directory backup: 

 $ pg_basebackup -D backup -Ft --compress=gzip:9
-
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pg_amcheck Home pgbench
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pg_amcheck Home pgbench
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgchecksums.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgchecksums.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgchecksums.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgchecksums.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_checksums
pg_checksums
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pg_checksums

pg_checksums — enable, disable or check data checksums in a PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

pg_checksums [option...] [[ -D | --pgdata ]datadir]

Description

+pg_checksums

pg_checksums
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pg_checksums

pg_checksums — enable, disable or check data checksums in a PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

pg_checksums [option...] [[ -D | --pgdata ]datadir]

Description

pg_checksums checks, enables or disables data checksums in a PostgreSQL cluster. The server must be shut down cleanly before running @@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ enabling or disabling checksums, the cluster's data checksum configuration remains unchanged, and pg_checksums can be re-run to perform the same operation. -

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pg_archivecleanup Home pg_controldata
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pg_archivecleanup Home pg_controldata
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgconfig.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgconfig.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgconfig.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgconfig.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_config
pg_config
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pg_config

pg_config — retrieve information about the installed version of PostgreSQL

Synopsis

pg_config [option...]

Description

+pg_config

pg_config
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pg_config

pg_config — retrieve information about the installed version of PostgreSQL

Synopsis

pg_config [option...]

Description

The pg_config utility prints configuration parameters of the currently installed version of PostgreSQL. It is intended, for example, to be used by software packages that want to interface @@ -107,4 +107,4 @@ shell quotation marks so arguments with spaces are represented correctly. Therefore, using eval is required for proper results. -

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pgbench Home pg_dump
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pgbench Home pg_dump
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgcontroldata.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgcontroldata.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgcontroldata.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgcontroldata.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_controldata
pg_controldata
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pg_controldata

pg_controldata — display control information of a PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

pg_controldata [option] [[ -D | --pgdata ]datadir]

Description

+pg_controldata

pg_controldata
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pg_controldata

pg_controldata — display control information of a PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

pg_controldata [option] [[ -D | --pgdata ]datadir]

Description

pg_controldata prints information initialized during initdb, such as the catalog version. It also shows information about write-ahead logging and checkpoint @@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ Specifies whether to use color in diagnostic messages. Possible values are always, auto and never. -

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pg_checksums Home pg_ctl
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pg_checksums Home pg_ctl
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgdump.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgdump.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgdump.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgdump.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_dump
pg_dump
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pg_dump

pg_dump — +pg_dump

pg_dump
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pg_dump

pg_dump — extract a PostgreSQL database into a script file or other archive file

Synopsis

pg_dump [connection-option...] [option...] [dbname]

Description

pg_dump is a utility for backing up a @@ -854,4 +854,4 @@ 

 $ pg_dump -t "\"MixedCaseName\"" mydb > mytab.sql
-
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pg_config Home pg_dumpall
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pg_config Home pg_dumpall
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivewal.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivewal.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivewal.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivewal.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_receivewal
pg_receivewal
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pg_receivewal

pg_receivewal — stream write-ahead logs from a PostgreSQL server

Synopsis

pg_receivewal [option...]

Description

+pg_receivewal

pg_receivewal
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pg_receivewal

pg_receivewal — stream write-ahead logs from a PostgreSQL server

Synopsis

pg_receivewal [option...]

Description

pg_receivewal is used to stream the write-ahead log from a running PostgreSQL cluster. The write-ahead log is streamed using the streaming replication protocol, and is written @@ -246,4 +246,4 @@ /usr/local/pgsql/archive: 

 $ pg_receivewal -h mydbserver -D /usr/local/pgsql/archive
-
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pg_isready Home pg_recvlogical
\ No newline at end of file +
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pg_isready Home pg_recvlogical
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html 2026-05-11 20:02:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
Prev UpAppendix O. Obsolete or Renamed FeaturesHome Next

O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal

+O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal

O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
Prev UpAppendix O. Obsolete or Renamed FeaturesHome Next

O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal

PostgreSQL 9.6 and below provided a command named pg_receivexlog to fetch write-ahead-log (WAL) files. This command was renamed to pg_receivewal, see pg_receivewal for documentation of pg_receivewal and see - the release notes for PostgreSQL 10 for details + the release notes for PostgreSQL 10 for details on this change. -

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O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal Home Bibliography
\ No newline at end of file +

Prev Up Next
O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal Home Bibliography
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrecvlogical.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrecvlogical.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrecvlogical.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrecvlogical.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_recvlogical
pg_recvlogical
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_recvlogical

pg_recvlogical — control PostgreSQL logical decoding streams

Synopsis

pg_recvlogical [option...]

Description

+pg_recvlogical

pg_recvlogical
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_recvlogical

pg_recvlogical — control PostgreSQL logical decoding streams

Synopsis

pg_recvlogical [option...]

Description

pg_recvlogical controls logical decoding replication slots and streams data from such replication slots.

@@ -182,4 +182,4 @@ cluster.

Examples

See Section 49.1 for an example. -

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pg_receivewal Home pg_restore
\ No newline at end of file +

Prev Up Next
pg_receivewal Home pg_restore
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetwal.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetwal.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetwal.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetwal.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_resetwal
pg_resetwal
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

pg_resetwal

pg_resetwal — reset the write-ahead log and other control information of a PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

pg_resetwal [ -f | --force ] [ -n | --dry-run ] [option...] [ -D | --pgdata ]datadir

Description

+pg_resetwal

pg_resetwal
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

pg_resetwal

pg_resetwal — reset the write-ahead log and other control information of a PostgreSQL database cluster

Synopsis

pg_resetwal [ -f | --force ] [ -n | --dry-run ] [option...] [ -D | --pgdata ]datadir

Description

pg_resetwal clears the write-ahead log (WAL) and optionally resets some other control information stored in the pg_control file. This function is sometimes needed @@ -166,4 +166,4 @@

pg_resetwal works only with servers of the same major version. -

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pg_ctl Home pg_rewind
\ No newline at end of file +

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pg_ctl Home pg_rewind
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetxlog.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetxlog.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetxlog.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgresetxlog.html 2026-05-11 20:02:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
Prev UpAppendix O. Obsolete or Renamed FeaturesHome Next

O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal

+O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal

O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
Prev UpAppendix O. Obsolete or Renamed FeaturesHome Next

O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal

PostgreSQL 9.6 and below provided a command named pg_resetxlog to reset the write-ahead-log (WAL) files. This command was renamed to pg_resetwal, see pg_resetwal for documentation of pg_resetwal and see - the release notes for PostgreSQL 10 for details + the release notes for PostgreSQL 10 for details on this change. -

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O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump Home O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
\ No newline at end of file +

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O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump Home O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrestore.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrestore.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrestore.html 2026-02-23 22:14:37.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrestore.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_restore
pg_restore
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_restore

pg_restore — +pg_restore

pg_restore
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_restore

pg_restore — restore a PostgreSQL database from an archive file created by pg_dump

Synopsis

pg_restore [connection-option...] [option...] [filename]

Description

@@ -523,4 +523,4 @@ items 10 and 6, in that order: 

 $ pg_restore -L db.list db.dump
-
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pg_recvlogical Home pg_verifybackup
\ No newline at end of file +
Prev Up Next
pg_recvlogical Home pg_verifybackup
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrewind.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrewind.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrewind.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgrewind.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_rewind
pg_rewind
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

pg_rewind

pg_rewind — synchronize a PostgreSQL data directory with another data directory that was forked from it

Synopsis

pg_rewind [option...] { -D | --target-pgdata } directory { --source-pgdata=directory | --source-server=connstr }

Description

+pg_rewind

pg_rewind
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

pg_rewind

pg_rewind — synchronize a PostgreSQL data directory with another data directory that was forked from it

Synopsis

pg_rewind [option...] { -D | --target-pgdata } directory { --source-pgdata=directory | --source-server=connstr }

Description

pg_rewind is a tool for synchronizing a PostgreSQL cluster with another copy of the same cluster, after the clusters' timelines have diverged. A typical scenario is to bring an old primary server back online @@ -214,4 +214,4 @@ When starting the target, PostgreSQL replays all the required WAL, resulting in a data directory in a consistent state. -

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pg_resetwal Home pg_test_fsync
\ No newline at end of file +

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pg_resetwal Home pg_test_fsync
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgverifybackup.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgverifybackup.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgverifybackup.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-pgverifybackup.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -pg_verifybackup
pg_verifybackup
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_verifybackup

pg_verifybackup — verify the integrity of a base backup of a +pg_verifybackup

pg_verifybackup
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

pg_verifybackup

pg_verifybackup — verify the integrity of a base backup of a PostgreSQL cluster

Synopsis

pg_verifybackup [option...]

Description

pg_verifybackup is used to check the integrity of a database cluster backup taken using @@ -141,4 +141,4 @@ $ pg_basebackup -h mydbserver -D /usr/local/pgsql/data $ edit /usr/local/pgsql/data/note.to.self $ pg_verifybackup --ignore=note.to.self --skip-checksums /usr/local/pgsql/data -

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pg_restore Home psql
\ No newline at end of file +
Prev Up Next
pg_restore Home psql
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postgres.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postgres.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postgres.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postgres.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -postgres
postgres
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postgres

postgres — PostgreSQL database server

Synopsis

postgres [option...]

Description

+postgres

postgres
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

postgres

postgres — PostgreSQL database server

Synopsis

postgres [option...]

Description

postgres is the PostgreSQL database server. In order for a client application to access a database it connects (over a @@ -429,4 +429,4 @@

See Also

initdb, pg_ctl -

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pg_waldump Home postmaster
\ No newline at end of file +

Prev Up Next
pg_waldump Home postmaster
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postmaster.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postmaster.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postmaster.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-postmaster.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -postmaster
postmaster
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postmaster

postmaster — PostgreSQL database server

Synopsis

postmaster [option...]

Description

+postmaster

postmaster
Prev UpPostgreSQL Server ApplicationsHome Next

postmaster

postmaster — PostgreSQL database server

Synopsis

postmaster [option...]

Description

postmaster is a deprecated alias of postgres.

See Also

postgres -

Prev Up Next
postgres Home Part VII. Internals
\ No newline at end of file +

Prev Up Next
postgres Home Part VII. Internals
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -psql
psql
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

psql

psql — +psql

psql
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

psql

psql — PostgreSQL interactive terminal

Synopsis

psql [option...] [dbname [username]]

Description

@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ the string =>. For example: 

 $ psql testdb
-psql (15.17)
+psql (15.18)
 Type "help" for help.
 
 testdb=>
@@ -2743,7 +2743,7 @@
      by appending a dash and the PostgreSQL
      major or minor release identifier to the file name,
      for example ~/.psqlrc-15 or
-     ~/.psqlrc-15.17.
+     ~/.psqlrc-15.18.
      The most specific version-matching file will be read in preference
      to a non-version-specific file.
      These version suffixes are added after determining the file path
@@ -2974,4 +2974,4 @@
  2 | 202 | 204 | 206 | 208
  1 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104
 (4 rows)
-
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pg_verifybackup Home reindexdb
\ No newline at end of file +
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pg_verifybackup Home reindexdb
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-reindexdb.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-reindexdb.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-reindexdb.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-reindexdb.html 2026-05-11 20:02:49.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -reindexdb
reindexdb
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reindexdb

reindexdb — reindex a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

reindexdb [connection-option...] [option...] +reindexdb

reindexdb
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

reindexdb

reindexdb — reindex a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

reindexdb [connection-option...] [option...] [ -S | --schema schema @@ -160,4 +160,4 @@ bar in a database named abcd: 

 $ reindexdb --table=foo --index=bar abcd
-

See Also

REINDEX
Prev Up Next
psql Home vacuumdb
\ No newline at end of file +

See Also

REINDEX
Prev Up Next
psql Home vacuumdb
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-vacuumdb.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-vacuumdb.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/app-vacuumdb.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/app-vacuumdb.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -vacuumdb
vacuumdb
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vacuumdb

vacuumdb — garbage-collect and analyze a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

vacuumdb [connection-option...] [option...] +vacuumdb

vacuumdb
Prev UpPostgreSQL Client ApplicationsHome Next

vacuumdb

vacuumdb — garbage-collect and analyze a PostgreSQL database

Synopsis

vacuumdb [connection-option...] [option...] [ -t | --table table @@ -240,4 +240,4 @@ bar of the table for the optimizer: 

 $ vacuumdb --analyze --verbose --table='foo(bar)' xyzzy
-

See Also

VACUUM
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reindexdb Home PostgreSQL Server Applications
\ No newline at end of file +

See Also

VACUUM
Prev Up Next
reindexdb Home PostgreSQL Server Applications
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/appendix-obsolete.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/appendix-obsolete.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/appendix-obsolete.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/appendix-obsolete.html 2026-05-11 20:02:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features

Table of Contents

O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal

+Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features

Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features

Table of Contents

O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal

Functionality is sometimes removed from PostgreSQL, feature, setting and file names sometimes change, or documentation moves to different places. This section directs users coming from old versions of the documentation or from external links to the appropriate new location for the information they need. -

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N.2. Configuring the Colors Home O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
\ No newline at end of file +

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N.2. Configuring the Colors Home O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/appendixes.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/appendixes.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/appendixes.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/appendixes.html 2026-05-11 20:02:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -Part VIII. Appendixes
Part VIII. Appendixes
Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.17 DocumentationHome Next

Part VIII. Appendixes

Table of Contents

A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
B. Date/Time Support
B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
B.3. Date/Time Key Words
B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
B.6. History of Units
B.7. Julian Dates
C. SQL Key Words
D. SQL Conformance
D.1. Supported Features
D.2. Unsupported Features
D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
E. Release Notes
E.1. Release 15.17
E.2. Release 15.16
E.3. Release 15.15
E.4. Release 15.14
E.5. Release 15.13
E.6. Release 15.12
E.7. Release 15.11
E.8. Release 15.10
E.9. Release 15.9
E.10. Release 15.8
E.11. Release 15.7
E.12. Release 15.6
E.13. Release 15.5
E.14. Release 15.4
E.15. Release 15.3
E.16. Release 15.2
E.17. Release 15.1
E.18. Release 15
E.19. Prior Releases
F. Additional Supplied Modules
F.1. adminpack
F.2. amcheck
F.3. auth_delay
F.4. auto_explain
F.5. basebackup_to_shell
F.6. basic_archive
F.7. bloom
F.8. btree_gin
F.9. btree_gist
F.10. citext
F.11. cube
F.12. dblink
F.13. dict_int
F.14. dict_xsyn
F.15. earthdistance
F.16. file_fdw
F.17. fuzzystrmatch
F.18. hstore
F.19. intagg
F.20. intarray
F.21. isn
F.22. lo
F.23. ltree
F.24. old_snapshot
F.25. pageinspect
F.26. passwordcheck
F.27. pg_buffercache
F.28. pgcrypto
F.29. pg_freespacemap
F.30. pg_prewarm
F.31. pgrowlocks
F.32. pg_stat_statements
F.33. pgstattuple
F.34. pg_surgery
F.35. pg_trgm
F.36. pg_visibility
F.37. pg_walinspect
F.38. postgres_fdw
F.39. seg
F.40. sepgsql
F.41. spi
F.42. sslinfo
F.43. tablefunc
F.44. tcn
F.45. test_decoding
F.46. tsm_system_rows
F.47. tsm_system_time
F.48. unaccent
F.49. uuid-ossp
F.50. xml2
G. Additional Supplied Programs
G.1. Client Applications
G.2. Server Applications
H. External Projects
H.1. Client Interfaces
H.2. Administration Tools
H.3. Procedural Languages
H.4. Extensions
I. The Source Code Repository
I.1. Getting the Source via Git
J. Documentation
J.1. DocBook
J.2. Tool Sets
J.3. Building the Documentation
J.4. Documentation Authoring
J.5. Style Guide
K. PostgreSQL Limits
L. Acronyms
M. Glossary
N. Color Support
N.1. When Color is Used
N.2. Configuring the Colors
O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
Prev Up Next
76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object Home Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
\ No newline at end of file +Part VIII. Appendixes
Part VIII. Appendixes
Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.18 DocumentationHome Next

Part VIII. Appendixes

Table of Contents

A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
B. Date/Time Support
B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
B.3. Date/Time Key Words
B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
B.6. History of Units
B.7. Julian Dates
C. SQL Key Words
D. SQL Conformance
D.1. Supported Features
D.2. Unsupported Features
D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
E. Release Notes
E.1. Release 15.18
E.2. Release 15.17
E.3. Release 15.16
E.4. Release 15.15
E.5. Release 15.14
E.6. Release 15.13
E.7. Release 15.12
E.8. Release 15.11
E.9. Release 15.10
E.10. Release 15.9
E.11. Release 15.8
E.12. Release 15.7
E.13. Release 15.6
E.14. Release 15.5
E.15. Release 15.4
E.16. Release 15.3
E.17. Release 15.2
E.18. Release 15.1
E.19. Release 15
E.20. Prior Releases
F. Additional Supplied Modules
F.1. adminpack
F.2. amcheck
F.3. auth_delay
F.4. auto_explain
F.5. basebackup_to_shell
F.6. basic_archive
F.7. bloom
F.8. btree_gin
F.9. btree_gist
F.10. citext
F.11. cube
F.12. dblink
F.13. dict_int
F.14. dict_xsyn
F.15. earthdistance
F.16. file_fdw
F.17. fuzzystrmatch
F.18. hstore
F.19. intagg
F.20. intarray
F.21. isn
F.22. lo
F.23. ltree
F.24. old_snapshot
F.25. pageinspect
F.26. passwordcheck
F.27. pg_buffercache
F.28. pgcrypto
F.29. pg_freespacemap
F.30. pg_prewarm
F.31. pgrowlocks
F.32. pg_stat_statements
F.33. pgstattuple
F.34. pg_surgery
F.35. pg_trgm
F.36. pg_visibility
F.37. pg_walinspect
F.38. postgres_fdw
F.39. seg
F.40. sepgsql
F.41. spi
F.42. sslinfo
F.43. tablefunc
F.44. tcn
F.45. test_decoding
F.46. tsm_system_rows
F.47. tsm_system_time
F.48. unaccent
F.49. uuid-ossp
F.50. xml2
G. Additional Supplied Programs
G.1. Client Applications
G.2. Server Applications
H. External Projects
H.1. Client Interfaces
H.2. Administration Tools
H.3. Procedural Languages
H.4. Extensions
I. The Source Code Repository
I.1. Getting the Source via Git
J. Documentation
J.1. DocBook
J.2. Tool Sets
J.3. Building the Documentation
J.4. Documentation Authoring
J.5. Style Guide
K. PostgreSQL Limits
L. Acronyms
M. Glossary
N. Color Support
N.1. When Color is Used
N.2. Configuring the Colors
O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
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76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object Home Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/applevel-consistency.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/applevel-consistency.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/applevel-consistency.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/applevel-consistency.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level

13.4.1. Enforcing Consistency with Serializable Transactions
13.4.2. Enforcing Consistency with Explicit Blocking Locks

+13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level

13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level

13.4.1. Enforcing Consistency with Serializable Transactions
13.4.2. Enforcing Consistency with Explicit Blocking Locks

It is very difficult to enforce business rules regarding data integrity using Read Committed transactions because the view of the data is shifting with each statement, and even a single statement may not @@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE), so it is possible to obtain locks explicitly before the snapshot is frozen. -

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13.3. Explicit Locking Home 13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
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13.3. Explicit Locking Home 13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-callbacks.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-callbacks.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-callbacks.html 2026-02-23 22:14:31.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-callbacks.html 2026-05-11 20:02:43.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
Prev UpChapter 51. Archive ModulesHome Next

51.2. Archive Module Callbacks

51.2.1. Check Callback
51.2.2. Archive Callback
51.2.3. Shutdown Callback

+51.2. Archive Module Callbacks

51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
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51.2. Archive Module Callbacks

51.2.1. Check Callback
51.2.2. Archive Callback
51.2.3. Shutdown Callback

The archive callbacks define the actual archiving behavior of the module. The server will call them as required to process each individual WAL file.

51.2.1. Check Callback

@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ 

 typedef void (*ArchiveShutdownCB) (void);

-

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51.1. Initialization Functions Home Part VI. Reference
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51.1. Initialization Functions Home Part VI. Reference
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-init.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-init.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-init.html 2026-02-23 22:14:31.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-module-init.html 2026-05-11 20:02:43.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -51.1. Initialization Functions
51.1. Initialization Functions
Prev UpChapter 51. Archive ModulesHome Next

51.1. Initialization Functions

+51.1. Initialization Functions

51.1. Initialization Functions
Prev UpChapter 51. Archive ModulesHome Next

51.1. Initialization Functions

An archive library is loaded by dynamically loading a shared library with the archive_library's name as the library base name. The normal library search path is used to locate the library. To provide the @@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ Only the archive_file_cb callback is required. The others are optional. -

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Chapter 51. Archive Modules Home 51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
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Chapter 51. Archive Modules Home 51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-modules.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-modules.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-modules.html 2026-02-23 22:14:31.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/archive-modules.html 2026-05-11 20:02:43.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 51. Archive Modules
Chapter 51. Archive Modules
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Chapter 51. Archive Modules

Table of Contents

51.1. Initialization Functions
51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
51.2.1. Check Callback
51.2.2. Archive Callback
51.2.3. Shutdown Callback

+Chapter 51. Archive Modules

Chapter 51. Archive Modules
Prev UpPart V. Server ProgrammingHome Next

Chapter 51. Archive Modules

Table of Contents

51.1. Initialization Functions
51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
51.2.1. Check Callback
51.2.2. Archive Callback
51.2.3. Shutdown Callback

PostgreSQL provides infrastructure to create custom modules for continuous archiving (see Section 26.3). While archiving via a shell command (i.e., archive_command) is much @@ -21,4 +21,4 @@

The contrib/basic_archive module contains a working example, which demonstrates some useful techniques. -

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Chapter 50. Replication Progress Tracking Home 51.1. Initialization Functions
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Chapter 50. Replication Progress Tracking Home 51.1. Initialization Functions
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/arrays.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/arrays.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/arrays.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/arrays.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.15. Arrays
8.15. Arrays
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8.15. Arrays

8.15.1. Declaration of Array Types
8.15.2. Array Value Input
8.15.3. Accessing Arrays
8.15.4. Modifying Arrays
8.15.5. Searching in Arrays
8.15.6. Array Input and Output Syntax

+8.15. Arrays

8.15. Arrays
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8.15. Arrays

8.15.1. Declaration of Array Types
8.15.2. Array Value Input
8.15.3. Accessing Arrays
8.15.4. Modifying Arrays
8.15.5. Searching in Arrays
8.15.6. Array Input and Output Syntax

PostgreSQL allows columns of a table to be defined as variable-length multidimensional arrays. Arrays of any built-in or user-defined base type, enum type, composite type, range type, @@ -644,4 +644,4 @@ with than the array-literal syntax when writing array values in SQL commands. In ARRAY, individual element values are written the same way they would be written when not members of an array. -

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8.14. JSON Types Home 8.16. Composite Types
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8.14. JSON Types Home 8.16. Composite Types
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-bsd.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-bsd.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-bsd.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-bsd.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.14. BSD Authentication
21.14. BSD Authentication
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21.14. BSD Authentication

+21.14. BSD Authentication

21.14. BSD Authentication
Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

21.14. BSD Authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to password except that it uses BSD Authentication to verify the password. BSD Authentication is used only @@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ operating system user running the server) must first be added to the auth group. The auth group exists by default on OpenBSD systems. -

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21.13. PAM Authentication Home 21.15. Authentication Problems
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21.13. PAM Authentication Home 21.15. Authentication Problems
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-cert.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-cert.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-cert.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-cert.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.12. Certificate Authentication
21.12. Certificate Authentication
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21.12. Certificate Authentication

+21.12. Certificate Authentication

21.12. Certificate Authentication
Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

21.12. Certificate Authentication

This authentication method uses SSL client certificates to perform authentication. It is therefore only available for SSL connections; see Section 19.9.2 for SSL configuration instructions. @@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ cert authentication because cert authentication is effectively trust authentication with clientcert=verify-full. -

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21.11. RADIUS Authentication Home 21.13. PAM Authentication
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21.11. RADIUS Authentication Home 21.13. PAM Authentication
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-delay.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-delay.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-delay.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-delay.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.3. auth_delay
F.3. auth_delay
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F.3. auth_delay

F.3.1. Configuration Parameters
F.3.2. Author

+F.3. auth_delay

F.3. auth_delay
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.3. auth_delay

F.3.1. Configuration Parameters
F.3.2. Author

auth_delay causes the server to pause briefly before reporting authentication failure, to make brute-force attacks on database passwords more difficult. Note that it does nothing to prevent @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ auth_delay.milliseconds = '500'

F.3.2. Author

KaiGai Kohei -

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F.2. amcheck Home F.4. auto_explain
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F.2. amcheck Home F.4. auto_explain
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-ident.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-ident.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-ident.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-ident.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.8. Ident Authentication
21.8. Ident Authentication
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21.8. Ident Authentication

+21.8. Ident Authentication

21.8. Ident Authentication
Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

21.8. Ident Authentication

The ident authentication method works by obtaining the client's operating system user name from an ident server and using it as the allowed database user name (with an optional user name mapping). @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ used when using the ident server with PostgreSQL, since PostgreSQL does not have any way to decrypt the returned string to determine the actual user name. -

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21.7. SSPI Authentication Home 21.9. Peer Authentication
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21.7. SSPI Authentication Home 21.9. Peer Authentication
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21.10. LDAP Authentication
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21.10. LDAP Authentication

+21.10. LDAP Authentication

21.10. LDAP Authentication
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21.10. LDAP Authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to password except that it uses LDAP as the password verification method. LDAP is used only to validate @@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ Since LDAP often uses commas and spaces to separate the different parts of a DN, it is often necessary to use double-quoted parameter values when configuring LDAP options, as shown in the examples. -

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21.9. Peer Authentication Home 21.11. RADIUS Authentication
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21.9. Peer Authentication Home 21.11. RADIUS Authentication
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21.3. Authentication Methods
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21.3. Authentication Methods

+21.3. Authentication Methods

21.3. Authentication Methods
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21.3. Authentication Methods

PostgreSQL provides various methods for authenticating users: @@ -56,4 +56,4 @@

The following sections describe each of these authentication methods in more detail. -

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21.2. User Name Maps Home 21.4. Trust Authentication
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21.2. User Name Maps Home 21.4. Trust Authentication
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pam.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pam.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pam.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pam.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.13. PAM Authentication
21.13. PAM Authentication
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21.13. PAM Authentication

+21.13. PAM Authentication

21.13. PAM Authentication
Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

21.13. PAM Authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to password except that it uses PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) as the authentication mechanism. The @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ will fail because the PostgreSQL server is started by a non-root user. However, this is not an issue when PAM is configured to use LDAP or other authentication methods. -

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21.12. Certificate Authentication Home 21.14. BSD Authentication
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21.12. Certificate Authentication Home 21.14. BSD Authentication
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21.5. Password Authentication
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21.5. Password Authentication

+21.5. Password Authentication

21.5. Password Authentication
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21.5. Password Authentication

There are several password-based authentication methods. These methods operate similarly but differ in how the users' passwords are stored on the server and how the password provided by a client is sent across the @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ in postgresql.conf, make all users set new passwords, and change the authentication method specifications in pg_hba.conf to scram-sha-256. -

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21.4. Trust Authentication Home 21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
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21.4. Trust Authentication Home 21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
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21.9. Peer Authentication
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21.9. Peer Authentication

+21.9. Peer Authentication

21.9. Peer Authentication
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21.9. Peer Authentication

The peer authentication method works by obtaining the client's operating system user name from the kernel and using it as the allowed database user name (with optional user name mapping). This @@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ most flavors of BSD including macOS, and Solaris. -

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21.8. Ident Authentication Home 21.10. LDAP Authentication
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21.8. Ident Authentication Home 21.10. LDAP Authentication
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
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21.1. The pg_hba.conf File

+21.1. The pg_hba.conf File

21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
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21.1. The pg_hba.conf File

Client authentication is controlled by a configuration file, which traditionally is named pg_hba.conf and is stored in the database @@ -489,4 +489,4 @@ # The database column can also use lists and file names: local db1,db2,@demodbs all md5 -


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Chapter 21. Client Authentication Home 21.2. User Name Maps
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Chapter 21. Client Authentication Home 21.2. User Name Maps
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-radius.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-radius.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-radius.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-radius.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.11. RADIUS Authentication
21.11. RADIUS Authentication
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21.11. RADIUS Authentication

+21.11. RADIUS Authentication

21.11. RADIUS Authentication
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21.11. RADIUS Authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to password except that it uses RADIUS as the password verification method. RADIUS is used only to validate @@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ 

 host ... radius radiusservers="server1,server2" radiussecrets="""secret one"",""secret two"""

-

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21.10. LDAP Authentication Home 21.12. Certificate Authentication
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21.10. LDAP Authentication Home 21.12. Certificate Authentication
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-trust.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-trust.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-trust.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-trust.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.4. Trust Authentication
21.4. Trust Authentication
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21.4. Trust Authentication

+21.4. Trust Authentication

21.4. Trust Authentication
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21.4. Trust Authentication

When trust authentication is specified, PostgreSQL assumes that anyone who can connect to the server is authorized to access the database with @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ to the server by the pg_hba.conf lines that specify trust. It is seldom reasonable to use trust for any TCP/IP connections other than those from localhost (127.0.0.1). -

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21.3. Authentication Methods Home 21.5. Password Authentication
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21.3. Authentication Methods Home 21.5. Password Authentication
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-username-maps.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-username-maps.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-username-maps.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auth-username-maps.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.2. User Name Maps
21.2. User Name Maps
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21.2. User Name Maps

+21.2. User Name Maps

21.2. User Name Maps
Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

21.2. User Name Maps

When using an external authentication system such as Ident or GSSAPI, the name of the operating system user that initiated the connection might not be the same as the database user (role) that is to be used. @@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ omicron robert bob # bryanh can also connect as guest1 omicron bryanh guest1 -


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21.1. The pg_hba.conf File Home 21.3. Authentication Methods
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21.1. The pg_hba.conf File Home 21.3. Authentication Methods
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auto-explain.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auto-explain.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/auto-explain.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/auto-explain.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.4. auto_explain
F.4. auto_explain
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F.4. auto_explain

F.4.1. Configuration Parameters
F.4.2. Example
F.4.3. Author

+F.4. auto_explain

F.4. auto_explain
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.4. auto_explain

F.4.1. Configuration Parameters
F.4.2. Example
F.4.3. Author

The auto_explain module provides a means for logging execution plans of slow statements automatically, without having to run EXPLAIN @@ -186,4 +186,4 @@ Filter: indisunique

F.4.3. Author

Takahiro Itagaki -

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F.3. auth_delay Home F.5. basebackup_to_shell
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F.3. auth_delay Home F.5. basebackup_to_shell
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -26.1. SQL Dump
26.1. SQL Dump
Prev UpChapter 26. Backup and RestoreHome Next

26.1. SQL Dump

26.1.1. Restoring the Dump
26.1.2. Using pg_dumpall
26.1.3. Handling Large Databases

+26.1. SQL Dump

26.1. SQL Dump
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26.1. SQL Dump

26.1.1. Restoring the Dump
26.1.2. Using pg_dumpall
26.1.3. Handling Large Databases

The idea behind this dump method is to generate a file with SQL commands that, when fed back to the server, will recreate the database in the same state as it was at the time of the dump. @@ -248,4 +248,4 @@ You can use pg_restore -j to restore a dump in parallel. This will work for any archive of either the "custom" or the "directory" archive mode, whether or not it has been created with pg_dump -j. -

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Chapter 26. Backup and Restore Home 26.2. File System Level Backup
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Chapter 26. Backup and Restore Home 26.2. File System Level Backup
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-file.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-file.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-file.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-file.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -26.2. File System Level Backup
26.2. File System Level Backup
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26.2. File System Level Backup

+26.2. File System Level Backup

26.2. File System Level Backup
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26.2. File System Level Backup

An alternative backup strategy is to directly copy the files that PostgreSQL uses to store the data in the database; Section 19.2 explains where these files @@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ than an SQL dump. (pg_dump does not need to dump the contents of indexes for example, just the commands to recreate them.) However, taking a file system backup might be faster. -

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26.1. SQL Dump Home 26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
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26.1. SQL Dump Home 26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
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76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
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76.2. Backup Manifest File Object

+76.2. Backup Manifest File Object

76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
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76.2. Backup Manifest File Object

The object which describes a single file contains either a Path key or an Encoded-Path key. Normally, the Path key will be present. The @@ -36,4 +36,4 @@

Checksum

The checksum computed for this file, stored as a series of hexadecimal characters, two for each byte of the checksum. -

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76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object Home 76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
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76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object Home 76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
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Chapter 76. Backup Manifest Format
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Chapter 76. Backup Manifest Format

Table of Contents

76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object

+Chapter 76. Backup Manifest Format

Chapter 76. Backup Manifest Format
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Chapter 76. Backup Manifest Format

Table of Contents

76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object

The backup manifest generated by pg_basebackup is primarily intended to permit the backup to be verified using pg_verifybackup. However, it is @@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ supported server encoding. There is no similar exception for backup manifests.) The JSON document is always an object; the keys that are present in this object are described in the next section. -

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75.3. Planner Statistics and Security Home 76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
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75.3. Planner Statistics and Security Home 76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
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76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
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76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object

+76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object

76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
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76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object

The backup manifest JSON document contains the following keys.

PostgreSQL-Backup-Manifest-Version

The associated value is always the integer 1. @@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ is significantly more expensive than a CRC32C checksum, the manifest should normally be small enough that the extra computation won't matter very much. -

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Chapter 76. Backup Manifest Format Home 76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
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76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object

+76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object

76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
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76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object

The object which describes a WAL range always has three keys:

Timeline

The timeline for this range of WAL records, as an integer. @@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ upstream promotion, it is possible for multiple ranges to be present, each with a different timeline. There will never be multiple WAL ranges present for the same timeline. -

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Chapter 26. Backup and Restore
Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

Chapter 26. Backup and Restore

Table of Contents

26.1. SQL Dump
26.1.1. Restoring the Dump
26.1.2. Using pg_dumpall
26.1.3. Handling Large Databases
26.2. File System Level Backup
26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
26.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving
26.3.2. Making a Base Backup
26.3.3. Making a Base Backup Using the Low Level API
26.3.4. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup
26.3.5. Timelines
26.3.6. Tips and Examples
26.3.7. Caveats

+Chapter 26. Backup and Restore

Chapter 26. Backup and Restore
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Chapter 26. Backup and Restore

Table of Contents

26.1. SQL Dump
26.1.1. Restoring the Dump
26.1.2. Using pg_dumpall
26.1.3. Handling Large Databases
26.2. File System Level Backup
26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
26.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving
26.3.2. Making a Base Backup
26.3.3. Making a Base Backup Using the Low Level API
26.3.4. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup
26.3.5. Timelines
26.3.6. Tips and Examples
26.3.7. Caveats

As with everything that contains valuable data, PostgreSQL databases should be backed up regularly. While the procedure is essentially simple, it is important to have a clear understanding of @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@

  • SQL dump

  • File system level backup

  • Continuous archiving

Each has its own strengths and weaknesses; each is discussed in turn in the following sections. -

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25.3. Log File Maintenance Home 26.1. SQL Dump
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25.3. Log File Maintenance Home 26.1. SQL Dump
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F.5. basebackup_to_shell
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F.5. basebackup_to_shell

F.5.1. Configuration Parameters
F.5.2. Author

+F.5. basebackup_to_shell

F.5. basebackup_to_shell
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F.5. basebackup_to_shell

F.5.1. Configuration Parameters
F.5.2. Author

basebackup_to_shell adds a custom basebackup target called shell. This makes it possible to run pg_basebackup --target=shell or, depending on how this @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ the shell backup target.

F.5.2. Author

Robert Haas -

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F.6. basic_archive
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F.6. basic_archive

F.6.1. Configuration Parameters
F.6.2. Notes
F.6.3. Author

+F.6. basic_archive

F.6. basic_archive
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F.6. basic_archive

F.6.1. Configuration Parameters
F.6.2. Notes
F.6.3. Author

basic_archive is an example of an archive module. This module copies completed WAL segment files to the specified directory. This may not be especially useful, but it can serve as a starting point for @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ doing so.

F.6.3. Author

Nathan Bossart -

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F.5. basebackup_to_shell Home F.7. bloom
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F.5. basebackup_to_shell Home F.7. bloom
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bgworker.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bgworker.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bgworker.html 2026-02-23 22:14:31.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bgworker.html 2026-05-11 20:02:42.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes
Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes
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Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes

+Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes

Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes
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Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes

PostgreSQL can be extended to run user-supplied code in separate processes. Such processes are started, stopped and monitored by postgres, which permits them to have a lifetime closely linked to the server's status. @@ -228,4 +228,4 @@

The maximum number of registered background workers is limited by max_worker_processes. -

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SPI_start_transaction Home Chapter 49. Logical Decoding
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SPI_start_transaction Home Chapter 49. Logical Decoding
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Bibliography
Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.17 DocumentationHome Next

Bibliography

+Bibliography

Bibliography
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Bibliography

Selected references and readings for SQL and PostgreSQL.

@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ implementation of POSTGRES”. M. Stonebraker, L. A. Rowe, and M. Hirohama. Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 2(1). IEEE. March 1990.

[ston90b] “On Rules, Procedures, Caching and Views in Database Systems”. M. Stonebraker, A. Jhingran, J. Goh, and S. Potamianos. ACM-SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, June 1990.

[ston92] “ An overview of the Sequoia 2000 project - ”. M. Stonebraker. Digest of Papers COMPCON Spring 1992. 1992. 383–388.

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O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal Home Index
\ No newline at end of file + ”. M. Stonebraker. Digest of Papers COMPCON Spring 1992. 1992. 383–388.

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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-commands.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-commands.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-commands.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-commands.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -74.4. BKI Commands
74.4. BKI Commands
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74.4. BKI Commands

+74.4. BKI Commands
74.4. BKI Commands
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74.4. BKI Commands

create tablename tableoid @@ -108,4 +108,4 @@ is postponed.

build indices

Fill in the indices that have previously been declared. -

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74.3. BKI File Format Home 74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-example.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-example.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-example.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-example.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -74.6. BKI Example
74.6. BKI Example
Prev UpChapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial ContentsHome Next

74.6. BKI Example

+74.6. BKI Example

74.6. BKI Example
Prev UpChapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial ContentsHome Next

74.6. BKI Example

The following sequence of commands will create the table test_table with OID 420, having three columns oid, cola and colb @@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ insert ( 422 2 _null_ ) close test_table

-

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74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File Home Chapter 75. How the Planner Uses Statistics
\ No newline at end of file +

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74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File Home Chapter 75. How the Planner Uses Statistics
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-format.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-format.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-format.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-format.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -74.3. BKI File Format
74.3. BKI File Format
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74.3. BKI File Format

+74.3. BKI File Format

74.3. BKI File Format
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74.3. BKI File Format

This section describes how the PostgreSQL backend interprets BKI files. This description will be easier to understand if the postgres.bki @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ single-quoted strings. Everything is case sensitive.

Lines starting with # are ignored. -

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74.2. System Catalog Initial Data Home 74.4. BKI Commands
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74.2. System Catalog Initial Data Home 74.4. BKI Commands
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-structure.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-structure.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-structure.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki-structure.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
Prev UpChapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial ContentsHome Next

74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File

+74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File

74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
Prev UpChapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial ContentsHome Next

74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File

The open command cannot be used until the tables it uses exist and have entries for the table that is to be opened. (These minimum tables are pg_class, @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@

There are doubtless other, undocumented ordering dependencies. -

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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bki.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bki.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
Chapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
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Chapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents

Table of Contents

74.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules
74.2. System Catalog Initial Data
74.2.1. Data File Format
74.2.2. OID Assignment
74.2.3. OID Reference Lookup
74.2.4. Automatic Creation of Array Types
74.2.5. Recipes for Editing Data Files
74.3. BKI File Format
74.4. BKI Commands
74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
74.6. BKI Example

+Chapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents

Chapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
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Chapter 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents

Table of Contents

74.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules
74.2. System Catalog Initial Data
74.2.1. Data File Format
74.2.2. OID Assignment
74.2.3. OID Reference Lookup
74.2.4. Automatic Creation of Array Types
74.2.5. Recipes for Editing Data Files
74.3. BKI File Format
74.4. BKI Commands
74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
74.6. BKI Example

PostgreSQL uses many different system catalogs to keep track of the existence and properties of database objects, such as tables and functions. Physically there is no difference between a system @@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ and/or initial data files. The rest of this chapter gives some information about that, and for completeness describes the BKI file format. -

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73.7. Heap-Only Tuples (HOT) Home 74.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules
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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bloom.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bloom.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/bloom.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/bloom.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.7. bloom
F.7. bloom
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F.7. bloom

F.7.1. Parameters
F.7.2. Examples
F.7.3. Operator Class Interface
F.7.4. Limitations
F.7.5. Authors

+F.7. bloom

F.7. bloom
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F.7. bloom

F.7.1. Parameters
F.7.2. Examples
F.7.3. Operator Class Interface
F.7.4. Limitations
F.7.5. Authors

bloom provides an index access method based on Bloom filters.

@@ -187,4 +187,4 @@

Oleg Bartunov , Postgres Professional, Moscow, Russia -

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Symbols | A | @@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ | Y | - Z

A

abbrev, Network Address Functions and Operators
ABORT, ABORT
abs, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ACL, Privileges
aclcontains, System Information Functions and Operators
acldefault, System Information Functions and Operators
aclexplode, System Information Functions and Operators
aclitem, Privileges
aclitemeq, System Information Functions and Operators
acos, Mathematical Functions and Operators
acosd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
acosh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
administration tools
externally maintained, Administration Tools
adminpack, adminpack
advisory lock, Advisory Locks
age, Date/Time Functions and Operators, System Information Functions and Operators
aggregate function, Aggregate Functions, Aggregate Expressions, Aggregate Functions, User-Defined Aggregates
built-in, Aggregate Functions
invocation, Aggregate Expressions
moving aggregate, Moving-Aggregate Mode
ordered set, Ordered-Set Aggregates
partial aggregation, Partial Aggregation
polymorphic, Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
support functions for, Support Functions for Aggregates
user-defined, User-Defined Aggregates
variadic, Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
AIX, AIX
installation on, AIX
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
akeys, hstore Operators and Functions
alias, Table and Column Aliases, Column Labels
for table name in query, Joins Between Tables
in the FROM clause, Table and Column Aliases
in the select list, Column Labels
ALL, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP, DISTINCT, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
GROUP BY ALL, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
SELECT ALL, DISTINCT
allow_in_place_tablespaces configuration parameter, Developer Options
allow_system_table_mods configuration parameter, Developer Options
ALTER AGGREGATE, ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER COLLATION, ALTER COLLATION
ALTER CONVERSION, ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES, ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
ALTER DOMAIN, ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER EVENT TRIGGER, ALTER EVENT TRIGGER
ALTER EXTENSION, ALTER EXTENSION
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE, ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
ALTER FUNCTION, ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP, ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX, ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE, ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER LARGE OBJECT, ALTER LARGE OBJECT
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER OPERATOR, ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS, ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY, ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER POLICY, ALTER POLICY
ALTER PROCEDURE, ALTER PROCEDURE
ALTER PUBLICATION, ALTER PUBLICATION
ALTER ROLE, Role Attributes, ALTER ROLE
ALTER ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE
ALTER RULE, ALTER RULE
ALTER SCHEMA, ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE, ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER SERVER, ALTER SERVER
ALTER STATISTICS, ALTER STATISTICS
ALTER SUBSCRIPTION, ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
ALTER SYSTEM, ALTER SYSTEM
ALTER TABLE, ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE, ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER, ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ALTER TRIGGER, ALTER TRIGGER
ALTER TYPE, ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER, ALTER USER
ALTER USER MAPPING, ALTER USER MAPPING
ALTER VIEW, ALTER VIEW
amcheck, amcheck
ANALYZE, Updating Planner Statistics, ANALYZE
AND (operator), Logical Operators
anonymous code blocks, DO
any, Pseudo-Types
ANY, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
anyarray, Pseudo-Types
anycompatible, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblearray, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblemultirange, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblenonarray, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblerange, Pseudo-Types
anyelement, Pseudo-Types
anyenum, Pseudo-Types
anymultirange, Pseudo-Types
anynonarray, Pseudo-Types
anyrange, Pseudo-Types
applicable role, applicable_roles
application_name configuration parameter, What to Log
arbitrary precision numbers, Arbitrary Precision Numbers
Archive Modules, Archive Modules
archive_cleanup_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery
archive_command configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_library configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_mode configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_timeout configuration parameter, Archiving
area, Geometric Functions and Operators
armor, armor(), dearmor()
array, Arrays
accessing, Accessing Arrays
constant, Array Value Input
constructor, Array Constructors
declaration, Declaration of Array Types
I/O, Array Input and Output Syntax
modifying, Modifying Arrays
of user-defined type, User-Defined Types
searching, Searching in Arrays
ARRAY, Array Constructors, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
array_agg, Aggregate Functions, Functions
array_append, Array Functions and Operators
array_cat, Array Functions and Operators
array_dims, Array Functions and Operators
array_fill, Array Functions and Operators
array_length, Array Functions and Operators
array_lower, Array Functions and Operators
array_ndims, Array Functions and Operators
array_nulls configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
array_position, Array Functions and Operators
array_positions, Array Functions and Operators
array_prepend, Array Functions and Operators
array_remove, Array Functions and Operators
array_replace, Array Functions and Operators
array_to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data
array_to_string, Array Functions and Operators
array_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
array_upper, Array Functions and Operators
ascii, String Functions and Operators
asin, Mathematical Functions and Operators
asind, Mathematical Functions and Operators
asinh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ASSERT
in PL/pgSQL, Checking Assertions
assertions
in PL/pgSQL, Checking Assertions
asynchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit
AT TIME ZONE, AT TIME ZONE
atan, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atan2, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atan2d, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atand, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atanh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
authentication_timeout configuration parameter, Authentication
auth_delay, auth_delay
auth_delay.milliseconds configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto-increment (see serial)
autocommit
bulk-loading data, Disable Autocommit
psql, Variables
autosummarize storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
autovacuum
configuration parameters, Automatic Vacuuming
general information, The Autovacuum Daemon
autovacuum configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_analyze_threshold
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_enabled storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_freeze_max_age
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_freeze_min_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_freeze_table_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_max_workers configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_naptime configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
auto_explain, auto_explain
auto_explain.log_analyze configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_buffers configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_format configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_level configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_min_duration configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_nested_statements configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_settings configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_timing configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_triggers configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_verbose configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_wal configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.sample_rate configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
avals, hstore Operators and Functions
average, Aggregate Functions
avg, Aggregate Functions

B

B-Tree (see index)
backend_flush_after configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
Background workers, Background Worker Processes
backslash escapes, String Constants with C-Style Escapes
backslash_quote configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
backtrace_functions configuration parameter, Developer Options
backup, Backup Control Functions, Backup and Restore
Backup Manifest, Backup Manifest Format
base type, The PostgreSQL Type System
base64 format, Binary String Functions and Operators
basebackup_to_shell, basebackup_to_shell
basebackup_to_shell.command configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
basebackup_to_shell.required_role configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
BASE_BACKUP, Streaming Replication Protocol
basic_archive, basic_archive
basic_archive.archive_directory configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
batch mode, Pipeline Mode
in libpq, Pipeline Mode
BEGIN, BEGIN
BETWEEN, Comparison Functions and Operators
BETWEEN SYMMETRIC, Comparison Functions and Operators
BGWORKER_BACKEND_​DATABASE_CONNECTION, Background Worker Processes
BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS, Background Worker Processes
bgwriter_delay configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_flush_after configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_lru_maxpages configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_lru_multiplier configuration parameter, Background Writer
bigint, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
bigserial, Serial Types
binary data, Binary Data Types, Binary String Functions and Operators
functions, Binary String Functions and Operators
binary string
concatenation, Binary String Functions and Operators
converting to character string, Binary String Functions and Operators
length, Binary String Functions and Operators
bison, Requirements
bit string, Bit-String Constants, Bit String Types
constant, Bit-String Constants
data type, Bit String Types
length, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit strings, Bit String Functions and Operators
functions, Bit String Functions and Operators
bitmap scan, Combining Multiple Indexes, Planner Method Configuration
bit_and, Aggregate Functions
bit_count, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit_length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit_or, Aggregate Functions
bit_xor, Aggregate Functions
BLOB (see large object)
block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
bloom, bloom
bonjour configuration parameter, Connection Settings
bonjour_name configuration parameter, Connection Settings
Boolean, Boolean Type
data type, Boolean Type
operators (see operators, logical)
bool_and, Aggregate Functions
bool_or, Aggregate Functions
booting
starting the server during, Starting the Database Server
bound_box, Geometric Functions and Operators
box, Geometric Functions and Operators
box (data type), Boxes
BRIN (see index)
brin_desummarize_range, Index Maintenance Functions
brin_metapage_info, BRIN Functions
brin_page_items, BRIN Functions
brin_page_type, BRIN Functions
brin_revmap_data, BRIN Functions
brin_summarize_new_values, Index Maintenance Functions
brin_summarize_range, Index Maintenance Functions
broadcast, Network Address Functions and Operators
BSD Authentication, BSD Authentication
btree_gin, btree_gin
btree_gist, btree_gist
btrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
bt_index_check, Functions
bt_index_parent_check, Functions
bt_metap, B-Tree Functions
bt_page_items, B-Tree Functions
bt_page_stats, B-Tree Functions
buffering storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
bytea, Binary Data Types
bytea_output configuration parameter, Statement Behavior

C

C, libpq — C Library, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
C++, Using C++ for Extensibility
CALL, CALL
canceling, Canceling Queries in Progress
SQL command, Canceling Queries in Progress
cardinality, Array Functions and Operators
CASCADE, Dependency Tracking
with DROP, Dependency Tracking
foreign key action, Foreign Keys
Cascading Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
CASE, Conditional Expressions, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
case sensitivity
of SQL commands, Identifiers and Key Words
cast, CREATE CAST
I/O conversion, CREATE CAST
cbrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ceil, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ceiling, Mathematical Functions and Operators
center, Geometric Functions and Operators
Certificate, Certificate Authentication
chained transactions, Transaction Management, Parameters, Parameters
in PL/pgSQL, Transaction Management
char, Character Types
character, Character Types
character set, Locale and Formatting, Preset Options, Character Set Support
character string, String Constants, Character Types
concatenation, String Functions and Operators
constant, String Constants
converting to binary string, Binary String Functions and Operators
data types, Character Types
length, String Functions and Operators
prefix test, String Functions and Operators
character varying, Character Types
character_length, String Functions and Operators
char_length, String Functions and Operators
check constraint, Check Constraints
CHECK OPTION, CREATE VIEW
checkpoint, WAL Configuration
CHECKPOINT, CHECKPOINT
checkpoint_completion_target configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_flush_after configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_timeout configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_warning configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checksums, Data Checksums
check_function_bodies configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
chr, String Functions and Operators
cid, Object Identifier Types
cidr, cidr
circle, Circles, Geometric Functions and Operators
citext, citext
client authentication, Client Authentication
timeout during, Authentication
client_connection_check_interval configuration parameter, Connection Settings
client_encoding configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
client_min_messages configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
clock_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
CLOSE, CLOSE
cluster
of databases (see database cluster)
CLUSTER, CLUSTER
clusterdb, clusterdb
clustering, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
cluster_name configuration parameter, Process Title
cmax, System Columns
cmin, System Columns
COALESCE, COALESCE
COLLATE, Collation Expressions
collation, Collation Support
in PL/pgSQL, Collation of PL/pgSQL Variables
in SQL functions, SQL Functions with Collations
COLLATION FOR, System Information Functions and Operators
color, Color Support
column, Concepts, Table Basics
adding, Adding a Column
removing, Removing a Column
renaming, Renaming a Column
system column, System Columns
column data type
changing, Changing a Column's Data Type
column reference, Column References
col_description, System Information Functions and Operators
comment, Comments
about database objects, System Information Functions and Operators
in SQL, Comments
COMMENT, COMMENT
COMMIT, COMMIT
COMMIT PREPARED, COMMIT PREPARED
commit_delay configuration parameter, Settings
commit_siblings configuration parameter, Settings
common table expression (see WITH)
comparison, Comparison Functions and Operators, Subquery Expressions
composite type, Row and Array Comparisons
operators, Comparison Functions and Operators
row constructor, Row and Array Comparisons
subquery result row, Subquery Expressions
compiling, Building libpq Programs
libpq applications, Building libpq Programs
composite type, Composite Types, The PostgreSQL Type System
comparison, Row and Array Comparisons
constant, Constructing Composite Values
constructor, Row Constructors
computed field, Using Composite Types in Queries
compute_query_id configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
concat, String Functions and Operators
concat_ws, String Functions and Operators
concurrency, Concurrency Control
conditional expression, Conditional Expressions
configuration
of recovery
general settings, Recovery
of a standby server, Archive Recovery
of the server, Server Configuration
of the server
functions, Configuration Settings Functions
configure, Installation Procedure
configure environment variables, configure Environment Variables
configure options, configure Options
config_file configuration parameter, File Locations
conjunction, Logical Operators
connectby, Functions Provided, connectby
connection service file, The Connection Service File
conninfo, Connection Strings
constant, Constants
constraint, Constraints
adding, Adding a Constraint
check, Check Constraints
exclusion, Exclusion Constraints
foreign key, Foreign Keys
name, Check Constraints
NOT NULL, Not-Null Constraints
primary key, Primary Keys
removing, Removing a Constraint
unique, Unique Constraints
constraint exclusion, Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion, Other Planner Options
constraint_exclusion configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
container type, The PostgreSQL Type System
CONTINUE
in PL/pgSQL, CONTINUE
continuous archiving, Backup and Restore
in standby, Continuous Archiving in Standby
control file, Extension Files
convert, Binary String Functions and Operators
convert_from, Binary String Functions and Operators
convert_to, Binary String Functions and Operators
COPY, Populating a Table With Rows, Functions Associated with the COPY Command, COPY
with libpq, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
corr, Aggregate Functions
correlation, Aggregate Functions
in the query planner, Extended Statistics
cos, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cosd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cosh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cot, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cotd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
count, Aggregate Functions
covariance
population, Aggregate Functions
sample, Aggregate Functions
covar_pop, Aggregate Functions
covar_samp, Aggregate Functions
covering index, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
cpu_index_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_operator_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
CREATE ACCESS METHOD, CREATE ACCESS METHOD
CREATE AGGREGATE, CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST, CREATE CAST
CREATE COLLATION, CREATE COLLATION
CREATE CONVERSION, CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE, Creating a Database, CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN, CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER, CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
CREATE EXTENSION, CREATE EXTENSION
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE, CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP, CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX, CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE, CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS, CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY, CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
CREATE POLICY, CREATE POLICY
CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE PUBLICATION, CREATE PUBLICATION
CREATE ROLE, Database Roles, CREATE ROLE
CREATE RULE, CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA, CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SERVER, CREATE SERVER
CREATE STATISTICS, CREATE STATISTICS
CREATE SUBSCRIPTION, CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
CREATE TABLE, Creating a New Table, CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE, Tablespaces, CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER, CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE TRANSFORM, CREATE TRANSFORM
CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE, CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER, CREATE USER
CREATE USER MAPPING, CREATE USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW, CREATE VIEW
createdb, Creating a Database, Creating a Database, createdb
createuser, Database Roles, createuser
CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol
cross compilation, Build Process Details
cross join, Joined Tables
crosstab, crosstab(text), crosstabN(text), crosstab(text, text)
crypt, crypt()
cstring, Pseudo-Types
CSV (Comma-Separated Values) format
in psql, Meta-Commands
ctid, System Columns
CTID, View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements
CUBE, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
cube (extension), cube
cume_dist, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
current_catalog, System Information Functions and Operators
current_database, System Information Functions and Operators
current_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_logfiles
and the log_destination configuration parameter, Where to Log
and the pg_current_logfile function, System Information Functions and Operators
current_query, System Information Functions and Operators
current_role, System Information Functions and Operators
current_schema, System Information Functions and Operators
current_schemas, System Information Functions and Operators
current_setting, Configuration Settings Functions
current_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_user, System Information Functions and Operators
currval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
cursor, Cursors, CLOSE, DECLARE, EXPLAIN, FETCH, MOVE
CLOSE, CLOSE
DECLARE, DECLARE
FETCH, FETCH
in PL/pgSQL, Cursors
MOVE, MOVE
showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
cursor_tuple_fraction configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
custom scan provider, Writing a Custom Scan Provider
handler for, Writing a Custom Scan Provider
Cygwin, Cygwin
installation on, Cygwin

D

data area (see database cluster)
data partitioning, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
data type, Data Types, Numeric Types, Enumerated Types, Domain Types, Type Conversion, The PostgreSQL Type System, The PostgreSQL Type System, The PostgreSQL Type System, Polymorphic Types, Base Types in C-Language Functions, User-Defined Types
base, The PostgreSQL Type System
category, Overview
composite, The PostgreSQL Type System
constant, Constants of Other Types
container, The PostgreSQL Type System
conversion, Type Conversion
domain, Domain Types
enumerated (enum), Enumerated Types
internal organization, Base Types in C-Language Functions
numeric, Numeric Types
polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
type cast, Type Casts
user-defined, User-Defined Types
database, Creating a Database, Managing Databases
creating, Creating a Database
privilege to create, Role Attributes
database activity, Monitoring Database Activity
monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity
database cluster, Concepts, Creating a Database Cluster
data_checksums configuration parameter, Preset Options
data_directory configuration parameter, File Locations
data_directory_mode configuration parameter, Preset Options
data_sync_retry configuration parameter, Error Handling
date, Date/Time Types, Dates
constants, Special Values
current, Current Date/Time
output format, Date/Time Output
(see also formatting)
DateStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
date_bin, date_bin
date_part, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part
date_trunc, Date/Time Functions and Operators, date_trunc
dblink, dblink, dblink
dblink_build_sql_delete, dblink_build_sql_delete
dblink_build_sql_insert, dblink_build_sql_insert
dblink_build_sql_update, dblink_build_sql_update
dblink_cancel_query, dblink_cancel_query
dblink_close, dblink_close
dblink_connect, dblink_connect
dblink_connect_u, dblink_connect_u
dblink_disconnect, dblink_disconnect
dblink_error_message, dblink_error_message
dblink_exec, dblink_exec
dblink_fetch, dblink_fetch
dblink_get_connections, dblink_get_connections
dblink_get_notify, dblink_get_notify
dblink_get_pkey, dblink_get_pkey
dblink_get_result, dblink_get_result
dblink_is_busy, dblink_is_busy
dblink_open, dblink_open
dblink_send_query, dblink_send_query
db_user_namespace configuration parameter, Authentication
deadlock, Deadlocks
timeout during, Lock Management
deadlock_timeout configuration parameter, Lock Management
DEALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE
dearmor, armor(), dearmor()
debug_assertions configuration parameter, Preset Options
debug_deadlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_discard_caches configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_pretty_print configuration parameter, What to Log
debug_print_parse configuration parameter, What to Log
debug_print_plan configuration parameter, What to Log
debug_print_rewritten configuration parameter, What to Log
decimal (see numeric)
DECLARE, DECLARE
decode, Binary String Functions and Operators
decode_bytea
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
decrypt, Raw Encryption Functions
decrypt_iv, Raw Encryption Functions
deduplicate_items storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
default value, Default Values
changing, Changing a Column's Default Value
default-roles, Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
default_statistics_target configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
default_tablespace configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_table_access_method configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_text_search_config configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
default_toast_compression configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_deferrable configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
deferrable transaction, Statement Behavior
setting, SET TRANSACTION
setting default, Statement Behavior
defined, hstore Operators and Functions
degrees, Mathematical Functions and Operators
delay, Delaying Execution
DELETE, Deletions, Deleting Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, DELETE
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
delete, hstore Operators and Functions
deleting, Deleting Data
dense_rank, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
diagonal, Geometric Functions and Operators
diameter, Geometric Functions and Operators
dict_int, dict_int
dict_xsyn, dict_xsyn
difference, Soundex
digest, digest()
dirty read, Transaction Isolation
DISCARD, DISCARD
disjunction, Logical Operators
disk drive, WAL Internals
disk space, Recovering Disk Space
disk usage, Determining Disk Usage
DISTINCT, Querying a Table, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP, DISTINCT
GROUP BY DISTINCT, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
SELECT DISTINCT, DISTINCT
div, Mathematical Functions and Operators
dmetaphone, Double Metaphone
dmetaphone_alt, Double Metaphone
DO, DO
document, What Is a Document?
text search, What Is a Document?
dollar quoting, Dollar-Quoted String Constants
domain, Domain Types
double precision, Floating-Point Types
DROP ACCESS METHOD, DROP ACCESS METHOD
DROP AGGREGATE, DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST, DROP CAST
DROP COLLATION, DROP COLLATION
DROP CONVERSION, DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE, Destroying a Database, DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN, DROP DOMAIN
DROP EVENT TRIGGER, DROP EVENT TRIGGER
DROP EXTENSION, DROP EXTENSION
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP FOREIGN TABLE, DROP FOREIGN TABLE
DROP FUNCTION, DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP, DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX, DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE, DROP LANGUAGE
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
DROP OPERATOR, DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS, DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY, DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP OWNED, DROP OWNED
DROP POLICY, DROP POLICY
DROP PROCEDURE, DROP PROCEDURE
DROP PUBLICATION, DROP PUBLICATION
DROP ROLE, Database Roles, DROP ROLE
DROP ROUTINE, DROP ROUTINE
DROP RULE, DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA, DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SERVER, DROP SERVER
DROP STATISTICS, DROP STATISTICS
DROP SUBSCRIPTION, DROP SUBSCRIPTION
DROP TABLE, Creating a New Table, DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE, DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER, DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
DROP TRANSFORM, DROP TRANSFORM
DROP TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER
DROP TYPE, DROP TYPE
DROP USER, DROP USER
DROP USER MAPPING, DROP USER MAPPING
DROP VIEW, DROP VIEW
dropdb, Destroying a Database, dropdb
dropuser, Database Roles, dropuser
DROP_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol
DTD, Creating XML Values
DTrace, Developer Options, Dynamic Tracing
duplicate, Querying a Table
duplicates, DISTINCT
dynamic loading, Other Defaults, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path configuration parameter, Other Defaults
dynamic_shared_memory_type configuration parameter, Memory

E

each, hstore Operators and Functions
earth, Cube-Based Earth Distances
earthdistance, earthdistance
earth_box, Cube-Based Earth Distances
earth_distance, Cube-Based Earth Distances
ECPG, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
ecpg, ecpg
effective_cache_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
effective_io_concurrency configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
elog, Reporting Errors Within the Server
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
in PL/Python, Utility Functions
in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
embedded SQL, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
in C, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
enabled role, enabled_roles
enable_async_append configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_bitmapscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_gathermerge configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashagg configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashjoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_incremental_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_indexonlyscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_indexscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_material configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_memoize configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_mergejoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_nestloop configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_parallel_append configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_parallel_hash configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_partitionwise_aggregate configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_partitionwise_join configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_partition_pruning configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_seqscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_tidscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
encode, Binary String Functions and Operators
encode_array_constructor
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encode_array_literal
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encode_bytea
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encode_typed_literal
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encrypt, Raw Encryption Functions
encryption, Encryption Options, pgcrypto
for specific columns, pgcrypto
encrypt_iv, Raw Encryption Functions
END, END
enumerated types, Enumerated Types
enum_first, Enum Support Functions
enum_last, Enum Support Functions
enum_range, Enum Support Functions
environment variable, Environment Variables
ephemeral named relation
registering with SPI, SPI_register_relation, SPI_register_trigger_data
unregistering from SPI, SPI_unregister_relation
ereport, Reporting Errors Within the Server
error codes, PostgreSQL Error Codes
libpq, Main Functions
list of, PostgreSQL Error Codes
error message, Connection Status Functions
escape format, Binary String Functions and Operators
escape string syntax, String Constants with C-Style Escapes
escape_string_warning configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
escaping strings, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
in libpq, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
event log, Registering Event Log on Windows
event log, Registering Event Log on Windows
event trigger, Event Triggers, Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
in C, Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
in PL/Tcl, Event Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl
event_source configuration parameter, Where to Log
event_trigger, Pseudo-Types
every, Aggregate Functions
EXCEPT, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
exceptions
in PL/pgSQL, Trapping Errors
in PL/Tcl, Error Handling in PL/Tcl
exclusion constraint, Exclusion Constraints
EXECUTE, EXECUTE
exist, hstore Operators and Functions
EXISTS, Subquery Expressions
EXIT
in PL/pgSQL, EXIT
exit_on_error configuration parameter, Error Handling
exp, Mathematical Functions and Operators
EXPLAIN, Using EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN
expression, Value Expressions
order of evaluation, Expression Evaluation Rules
syntax, Value Expressions
extending SQL, Extending SQL
extension, Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
externally maintained, Extensions
external_pid_file configuration parameter, File Locations
extract, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part
extra_float_digits configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting

F

factorial, Mathematical Functions and Operators
failover, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
false, Boolean Type
family, Network Address Functions and Operators
fast path, The Fast-Path Interface
fastupdate storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
fdw_handler, Pseudo-Types
FETCH, FETCH
field
computed, Using Composite Types in Queries
field selection, Field Selection
file system mount points, Use of Secondary File Systems
file_fdw, file_fdw
fillfactor storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters, Storage Parameters
FILTER, Aggregate Expressions
first_value, Window Functions
flex, Requirements
float4 (see real)
float8 (see double precision)
floating point, Floating-Point Types
floating-point
display, Locale and Formatting
floor, Mathematical Functions and Operators
force_parallel_mode configuration parameter, Developer Options
foreign data, Foreign Data
foreign data wrapper, Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
handler for, Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
foreign key, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
self-referential, Foreign Keys
foreign table, Foreign Data
format, String Functions and Operators, format
use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands
formatting, Data Type Formatting Functions
format_type, System Information Functions and Operators
Free Space Map, Free Space Map
FreeBSD
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
from_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
FSM (see Free Space Map)
fsm_page_contents, General Functions
fsync configuration parameter, Settings
full text search, Text Search Types, Text Search Types, Full Text Search
data types, Text Search Types
functions and operators, Text Search Types
full_page_writes configuration parameter, Settings
function, Table Functions, Functions and Operators, Statistics Information Functions, Functions, Polymorphic Types, User-Defined Functions, Query Language (SQL) Functions, Internal Functions, C-Language Functions
default values for arguments, SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments
in the FROM clause, Table Functions
internal, Internal Functions
invocation, Function Calls
mixed notation, Using Mixed Notation
named argument, Arguments for SQL Functions
named notation, Using Named Notation
output parameter, SQL Functions with Output Parameters
polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
positional notation, Using Positional Notation
RETURNS TABLE, SQL Functions Returning TABLE
statistics, Statistics Information Functions
type resolution in an invocation, Functions
user-defined, User-Defined Functions, Query Language (SQL) Functions, C-Language Functions
in C, C-Language Functions
in SQL, Query Language (SQL) Functions
variadic, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
with SETOF, SQL Functions Returning Sets
functional dependency, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
fuzzystrmatch, fuzzystrmatch

G

gcd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
gc_to_sec, Cube-Based Earth Distances
generated column, Generated Columns, Parameters, Parameters
in - triggers, Overview of Trigger Behavior
generate_series, Set Returning Functions
generate_subscripts, Set Returning Functions
genetic query optimization, Genetic Query Optimizer
gen_random_bytes, Random-Data Functions
gen_random_uuid, UUID Functions, Random-Data Functions
gen_salt, gen_salt()
GEQO (see genetic query optimization)
geqo configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_effort configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_generations configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_pool_size configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_seed configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_selection_bias configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_threshold configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
get_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
get_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
get_current_ts_config, Text Search Functions and Operators
get_raw_page, General Functions
GIN (see index)
gin_clean_pending_list, Index Maintenance Functions
gin_fuzzy_search_limit configuration parameter, Other Defaults
gin_leafpage_items, GIN Functions
gin_metapage_info, GIN Functions
gin_page_opaque_info, GIN Functions
gin_pending_list_limit
configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
GiST (see index)
gist_page_items, GiST Functions
gist_page_items_bytea, GiST Functions
gist_page_opaque_info, GiST Functions
global data, Global Data in PL/Tcl
in PL/Python, Sharing Data
in PL/Tcl, Global Data in PL/Tcl
GRANT, Privileges, GRANT
GREATEST, GREATEST and LEAST, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
Gregorian calendar, History of Units
GROUP BY, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
grouping, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
GROUPING, Aggregate Functions
GROUPING SETS, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
gssapi, Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
GSSAPI, GSSAPI Authentication
with - libpq, Parameter Key Words
GUID, UUID Type

H

hash (see index)
hash_bitmap_info, Hash Functions
hash_mem_multiplier configuration parameter, Memory
hash_metapage_info, Hash Functions
hash_page_items, Hash Functions
hash_page_stats, Hash Functions
hash_page_type, Hash Functions
has_any_column_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_column_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_database_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_foreign_data_wrapper_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_function_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_language_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_parameter_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_schema_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_sequence_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_server_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_tablespace_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_table_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_type_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
HAVING, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
hba_file configuration parameter, File Locations
heap_page_items, Heap Functions
heap_page_item_attrs, Heap Functions
heap_tuple_infomask_flags, Heap Functions
height, Geometric Functions and Operators
hex format, Binary String Functions and Operators
hierarchical database, Concepts
high availability, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
history, A Brief History of PostgreSQL
of PostgreSQL, A Brief History of PostgreSQL
hmac, hmac()
host, Network Address Functions and Operators
host - name, Parameter Key Words
hostmask, Network Address Functions and Operators
hot standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
hot_standby configuration parameter, Standby Servers
hot_standby_feedback configuration parameter, Standby Servers
HP-UX
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
hstore, hstore, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_array, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_json, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_jsonb, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_jsonb_loose, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_json_loose, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_matrix, hstore Operators and Functions
huge_pages configuration parameter, Memory
huge_page_size configuration parameter, Memory
hypothetical-set aggregate
built-in, Aggregate Functions

I

icount, intarray Functions and Operators
ICU, PostgreSQL Features, Locale Providers, Managing Collations, Parameters, Parameters
ident, Ident Authentication
identifier, Identifiers and Key Words
length, Identifiers and Key Words
syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
IDENTIFY_SYSTEM, Streaming Replication Protocol
ident_file configuration parameter, File Locations
idle_in_transaction_session_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
idle_session_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
idx, intarray Functions and Operators
IFNULL, COALESCE
ignore_checksum_failure configuration parameter, Developer Options
ignore_invalid_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options
ignore_system_indexes configuration parameter, Developer Options
IMMUTABLE, Function Volatility Categories
IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA, IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
INCLUDE
in index definitions, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
include
in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents
include_dir
in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents
include_if_exists
in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents
index, Indexes, Multicolumn Indexes, Indexes and ORDER BY, Combining Multiple Indexes, Unique Indexes, Indexes on Expressions, Partial Indexes, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes, Examining Index Usage, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, Locking and Indexes, Interfacing Extensions to Indexes, Building Indexes Concurrently, Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently, Operators and Functions
and ORDER BY, Indexes and ORDER BY
B-Tree, B-Tree, B-Tree Indexes
BRIN, BRIN, BRIN Indexes
building concurrently, Building Indexes Concurrently
combining multiple indexes, Combining Multiple Indexes
covering, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
examining usage, Examining Index Usage
on expressions, Indexes on Expressions
for user-defined data type, Interfacing Extensions to Indexes
GIN, GIN, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, GIN Indexes
text search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
GiST, GiST, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, GiST Indexes
text search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
hash, Hash
Hash, Hash Indexes
index-only scans, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
locks, Locking and Indexes
multicolumn, Multicolumn Indexes
partial, Partial Indexes
rebuilding concurrently, Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently
SP-GiST, SP-GiST, SP-GiST Indexes
unique, Unique Indexes
Index Access Method, Index Access Method Interface Definition
index scan, Planner Method Configuration
index-only scan, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
indexam
Index Access Method, Index Access Method Interface Definition
index_am_handler, Pseudo-Types
inet (data type), inet
inet_client_addr, System Information Functions and Operators
inet_client_port, System Information Functions and Operators
inet_merge, Network Address Functions and Operators
inet_same_family, Network Address Functions and Operators
inet_server_addr, System Information Functions and Operators
inet_server_port, System Information Functions and Operators
infinity
floating point, Floating-Point Types
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
information schema, The Information Schema
inheritance, Inheritance, Inheritance
initcap, String Functions and Operators
initdb, Creating a Database Cluster, initdb
Initialization Fork, The Initialization Fork
input function, User-Defined Types
INSERT, Populating a Table With Rows, Inserting Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, INSERT
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
inserting, Inserting Data
installation, Installation from Source Code
binaries, Installation from Binaries
on Windows, Installation from Source Code on Windows
instr function, Appendix
int2 (see smallint)
int4 (see integer)
int8 (see bigint)
intagg, intagg
intarray, intarray
integer, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
integer_datetimes configuration parameter, Preset Options
interfaces
externally maintained, Client Interfaces
internal, Pseudo-Types
INTERSECT, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
interval, Date/Time Types, Interval Input
output format, Interval Output
(see also formatting)
IntervalStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
intset, intarray Functions and Operators
int_array_aggregate, Functions
int_array_enum, Functions
inverse distribution, Aggregate Functions
in_hot_standby configuration parameter, Preset Options
in_range support functions, B-Tree Support Functions
IS DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Functions and Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS DOCUMENT, IS DOCUMENT
IS FALSE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Functions and Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS NOT DOCUMENT, IS NOT DOCUMENT
IS NOT FALSE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT NULL, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT TRUE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT UNKNOWN, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NULL, Comparison Functions and Operators, Platform and Client Compatibility
IS TRUE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS UNKNOWN, Comparison Functions and Operators
isclosed, Geometric Functions and Operators
isempty, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
isfinite, Date/Time Functions and Operators
isn, isn
ISNULL, Comparison Functions and Operators
isn_weak, Functions and Operators
isopen, Geometric Functions and Operators
is_array_ref
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
is_valid, Functions and Operators

J

JIT, Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
jit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
jit_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
jit_debugging_support configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_dump_bitcode configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_expressions configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_inline_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
jit_optimize_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
jit_profiling_support configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_provider configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
jit_tuple_deforming configuration parameter, Developer Options
join, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
controlling the order, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
cross, Joined Tables
left, Joined Tables
natural, Joined Tables
outer, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables
right, Joined Tables
self, Joins Between Tables
join_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
JSON, JSON Types, JSON Functions and Operators
functions and operators, JSON Functions and Operators
JSONB, JSON Types
jsonb
containment, jsonb Containment and Existence
existence, jsonb Containment and Existence
indexes on, jsonb Indexing
jsonb_agg, Aggregate Functions
jsonb_array_elements, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_array_elements_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_array_length, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_build_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_build_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_each, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_each_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_extract_path, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_extract_path_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_insert, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_object_agg, Aggregate Functions
jsonb_object_keys, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_exists, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_exists_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_match, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_match_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_array_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_first, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_first_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_populate_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_populate_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_pretty, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_set, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_set_lax, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_strip_nulls, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_to_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_to_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
jsonb_typeof, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonpath, jsonpath Type
json_agg, Aggregate Functions
json_array_elements, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_array_elements_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_array_length, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_build_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_build_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_each, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_each_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_extract_path, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_extract_path_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_object_agg, Aggregate Functions
json_object_keys, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_populate_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_populate_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_strip_nulls, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_to_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_to_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
json_typeof, Processing and Creating JSON Data
Julian date, Julian Dates
Just-In-Time compilation (see JIT)
justify_days, Date/Time Functions and Operators
justify_hours, Date/Time Functions and Operators
justify_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators

K

key word, Identifiers and Key Words, SQL Key Words
list of, SQL Key Words
syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
krb_caseins_users configuration parameter, Authentication
krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter, Authentication

L

label (see alias)
lag, Window Functions
language_handler, Pseudo-Types
large object, Large Objects
lastval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
last_value, Window Functions
LATERAL, LATERAL Subqueries
in the FROM clause, LATERAL Subqueries
latitude, Cube-Based Earth Distances
lca, Operators and Functions
lcm, Mathematical Functions and Operators
lc_collate configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_ctype configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_messages configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_monetary configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_numeric configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_time configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
LDAP, PostgreSQL Features, LDAP Authentication
LDAP connection parameter lookup, LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
ldconfig, Shared Libraries
lead, Window Functions
LEAST, GREATEST and LEAST, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
left, String Functions and Operators
left join, Joined Tables
length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators, Geometric Functions and Operators, Text Search Functions and Operators
of a binary string (see binary strings, length)
of a character string (see character string, length)
length(tsvector), Manipulating Documents
levenshtein, Levenshtein
levenshtein_less_equal, Levenshtein
lex, Requirements
libedit, Requirements
in psql, Command-Line Editing
libperl, Requirements
libpq, libpq — C Library, Pipeline Mode, Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
pipeline mode, Pipeline Mode
single-row mode, Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
libpq-fe.h, libpq — C Library, Connection Status Functions
libpq-int.h, Connection Status Functions
libpython, Requirements
library initialization function, Dynamic Loading
LIKE, LIKE
and locales, Behavior
LIKE_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery, SQL/JSON Regular Expressions
in SQL/JSON, SQL/JSON Regular Expressions
LIMIT, LIMIT and OFFSET
line, Lines, Geometric Functions and Operators
line segment, Line Segments
linear regression, Aggregate Functions
Linux
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
LISTEN, LISTEN
listen_addresses configuration parameter, Connection Settings
llvm-config, PostgreSQL Features
ll_to_earth, Cube-Based Earth Distances
ln, Mathematical Functions and Operators
lo, lo
LOAD, LOAD
load balancing, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
locale, Creating a Database Cluster, Locale Support
localtime, Date/Time Functions and Operators
localtimestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
local_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
lock, Explicit Locking, Advisory Locks, Viewing Locks
advisory, Advisory Locks
monitoring, Viewing Locks
LOCK, Table-Level Locks, LOCK
lock_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
log, Mathematical Functions and Operators
log shipping, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
log10, Mathematical Functions and Operators
Logging
current_logfiles file and the pg_current_logfile - function, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_logfile function, System Information Functions and Operators
logging_collector configuration parameter, Where to Log
Logical Decoding, Logical Decoding, Logical Decoding
logical_decoding_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
login privilege, Role Attributes
log_autovacuum_min_duration
configuration parameter, What to Log
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
log_btree_build_stats configuration parameter, Developer Options
log_checkpoints configuration parameter, What to Log
log_connections configuration parameter, What to Log
log_destination configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_directory configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_disconnections configuration parameter, What to Log
log_duration configuration parameter, What to Log
log_error_verbosity configuration parameter, What to Log
log_executor_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_filename configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_file_mode configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_hostname configuration parameter, What to Log
log_line_prefix configuration parameter, What to Log
log_lock_waits configuration parameter, What to Log
log_min_duration_sample configuration parameter, When to Log
log_min_duration_statement configuration parameter, When to Log
log_min_error_statement configuration parameter, When to Log
log_min_messages configuration parameter, When to Log
log_parameter_max_length configuration parameter, What to Log
log_parameter_max_length_on_error configuration parameter, What to Log
log_parser_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_planner_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_recovery_conflict_waits configuration parameter, What to Log
log_replication_commands configuration parameter, What to Log
log_rotation_age configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_rotation_size configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_startup_progress_interval configuration parameter, When to Log
log_statement configuration parameter, What to Log
log_statement_sample_rate configuration parameter, When to Log
log_statement_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_temp_files configuration parameter, What to Log
log_timezone configuration parameter, What to Log
log_transaction_sample_rate configuration parameter, When to Log
log_truncate_on_rotation configuration parameter, Where to Log
longitude, Cube-Based Earth Distances
looks_like_number
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
loop, Simple Loops
in PL/pgSQL, Simple Loops
lower, String Functions and Operators, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
and locales, Behavior
lower_inc, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
lower_inf, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
lo_close, Closing a Large Object Descriptor
lo_compat_privileges configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
lo_creat, Creating a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_create, Creating a Large Object
lo_export, Exporting a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_from_bytea, Server-Side Functions
lo_get, Server-Side Functions
lo_import, Importing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_import_with_oid, Importing a Large Object
lo_lseek, Seeking in a Large Object
lo_lseek64, Seeking in a Large Object
lo_open, Opening an Existing Large Object
lo_put, Server-Side Functions
lo_read, Reading Data from a Large Object
lo_tell, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
lo_tell64, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
lo_truncate, Truncating a Large Object
lo_truncate64, Truncating a Large Object
lo_unlink, Removing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_write, Writing Data to a Large Object
lpad, String Functions and Operators
lseg, Line Segments, Geometric Functions and Operators
LSN, WAL Internals
ltree, ltree
ltree2text, Operators and Functions
ltrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators

M

MAC address (see macaddr)
MAC address (EUI-64 format) (see macaddr)
macaddr (data type), macaddr
macaddr8 (data type), macaddr8
macaddr8_set7bit, Network Address Functions and Operators
macOS, macOS
installation on, macOS
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
magic block, Dynamic Loading
maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
maintenance_io_concurrency configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
maintenance_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
make, Requirements
makeaclitem, System Information Functions and Operators
make_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_timestamptz, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_valid, Functions and Operators
MANPATH, Environment Variables
masklen, Network Address Functions and Operators
materialized view, Materialized Views
implementation through rules, Materialized Views
materialized views, pg_matviews
max, Aggregate Functions
max_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
max_files_per_process configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage
max_function_args configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_identifier_length configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_index_keys configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_logical_replication_workers configuration parameter, Subscribers
max_parallel_maintenance_workers configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
max_parallel_workers configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
max_parallel_workers_per_gather configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
max_pred_locks_per_page configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_pred_locks_per_relation configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_pred_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_prepared_transactions configuration parameter, Memory
max_replication_slots configuration parameter, Sending Servers
max_slot_wal_keep_size configuration parameter, Sending Servers
max_stack_depth configuration parameter, Memory
max_standby_archive_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers
max_standby_streaming_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers
max_sync_workers_per_subscription configuration parameter, Subscribers
max_wal_senders configuration parameter, Sending Servers
max_wal_size configuration parameter, Checkpoints
max_worker_processes configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
md5, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
MD5, Password Authentication
median, Aggregate Expressions
(see also percentile)
memory context
in SPI, Memory Management
memory overcommit, Linux Memory Overcommit
MERGE, MERGE
metaphone, Metaphone
min, Aggregate Functions
MinGW, MinGW/Native Windows
installation on, MinGW/Native Windows
min_dynamic_shared_memory configuration parameter, Memory
min_parallel_index_scan_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
min_parallel_table_scan_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
min_scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators
min_wal_size configuration parameter, Checkpoints
mod, Mathematical Functions and Operators
mode
statistical, Aggregate Functions
monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity
database activity, Monitoring Database Activity
MOVE, MOVE
moving-aggregate mode, Moving-Aggregate Mode
multirange (function), Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
multirange type, Range Types
Multiversion Concurrency Control, Introduction
MultiXactId, Multixacts and Wraparound
MVCC, Introduction
mxid_age, System Information Functions and Operators

N

name, Identifiers and Key Words
qualified, Creating a Schema
syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
unqualified, The Schema Search Path
NaN (see not a number)
natural join, Joined Tables
negation, Logical Operators
NetBSD
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
netmask, Network Address Functions and Operators
network, Network Address Types, Network Address Functions and Operators
data types, Network Address Types
nextval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
NFS, NFS
nlevel, Operators and Functions
non-durable, Non-Durable Settings
nonblocking connection, Database Connection Control Functions, Asynchronous Command Processing
nonrepeatable read, Transaction Isolation
normalize, String Functions and Operators
normalized, String Functions and Operators
normal_rand, normal_rand
NOT (operator), Logical Operators
not a number
floating point, Floating-Point Types
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
NOT IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
not-null constraint, Not-Null Constraints
notation, Calling Functions
functions, Calling Functions
notice processing, Notice Processing
in libpq, Notice Processing
notice processor, Notice Processing
notice receiver, Notice Processing
NOTIFY, Asynchronous Notification, NOTIFY
in libpq, Asynchronous Notification
NOTNULL, Comparison Functions and Operators
now, Date/Time Functions and Operators
npoints, Geometric Functions and Operators
nth_value, Window Functions
ntile, Window Functions
null value
with check constraints, Check Constraints
comparing, Comparison Functions and Operators
default value, Default Values
in DISTINCT, DISTINCT
in libpq, Retrieving Query Result Information
in PL/Perl, PL/Perl Functions and Arguments
in PL/Python, Null, None
with unique constraints, Unique Constraints
NULLIF, NULLIF
number
constant, Numeric Constants
numeric, Numeric Constants
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
numnode, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries
num_nonnulls, Comparison Functions and Operators
num_nulls, Comparison Functions and Operators
NVL, COALESCE

O

object identifier, Object Identifier Types
data type, Object Identifier Types
object-oriented database, Concepts
obj_description, System Information Functions and Operators
OCCURRENCES_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
octet_length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
OFFSET, LIMIT and OFFSET
oid, Object Identifier Types
OID
in libpq, Retrieving Other Result Information
oid2name, oid2name
old_snapshot, old_snapshot
old_snapshot_threshold configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
ON CONFLICT, INSERT
ONLY, The FROM Clause
OOM, Linux Memory Overcommit
OpenBSD
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
OpenSSL, PostgreSQL Features
(see also SSL)
operator, Operators, Operator Precedence, Functions and Operators, Logical Operators, Operators, User-Defined Operators
invocation, Operator Invocations
logical, Logical Operators
precedence, Operator Precedence
syntax, Operators
type resolution in an invocation, Operators
user-defined, User-Defined Operators
operator class, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Index Methods and Operator Classes
operator family, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Operator Classes and Operator Families
optimization information, Function Optimization Information, Operator Optimization Information
for functions, Function Optimization Information
for operators, Operator Optimization Information
OR (operator), Logical Operators
Oracle, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
porting from PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
ORDER BY, Querying a Table, Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)
and locales, Behavior
ordered-set aggregate, Aggregate Expressions
built-in, Aggregate Functions
ordering operator, System Dependencies on Operator Classes
ordinality, Set Returning Functions
outer join, Joined Tables
output function, User-Defined Types
OVER clause, Window Function Calls
overcommit, Linux Memory Overcommit
OVERLAPS, Date/Time Functions and Operators
overlay, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
overloading, Function Overloading
functions, Function Overloading
operators, User-Defined Operators
owner, Privileges

P

pageinspect, pageinspect
pages_per_range storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
page_checksum, General Functions
page_header, General Functions
palloc, Writing Code
PAM, PostgreSQL Features, PAM Authentication
parallel query, Parallel Query
parallel_leader_participation configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
parallel_setup_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
parallel_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
parallel_workers storage parameter, Storage Parameters
parameter
syntax, Positional Parameters
parenthesis, Value Expressions
parse_ident, String Functions and Operators
partition pruning, Partition Pruning
partitioned table, Table Partitioning
partitioning, Table Partitioning
password, Role Attributes
authentication, Password Authentication
of the superuser, Creating a Database Cluster
password file, The Password File
passwordcheck, passwordcheck
password_encryption configuration parameter, Authentication
path, Geometric Functions and Operators
for schemas, Statement Behavior
PATH, Environment Variables
path (data type), Paths
pattern matching, Pattern Matching
patterns
in psql and pg_dump, Patterns
pclose, Geometric Functions and Operators
peer, Peer Authentication
percentile
continuous, Aggregate Functions
discrete, Aggregate Functions
percent_rank, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
performance, Performance Tips
perl, Requirements
Perl, PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
permission (see privilege)
pfree, Writing Code
PGAPPNAME, Environment Variables
pgbench, pgbench
PGcancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PGCHANNELBINDING, Environment Variables
PGCLIENTENCODING, Environment Variables
PGconn, Database Connection Control Functions
PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT, Environment Variables
pgcrypto, pgcrypto
PGDATA, Creating a Database Cluster
PGDATABASE, Environment Variables
PGDATESTYLE, Environment Variables
PGEventProc, Event Callback Procedure
PGGEQO, Environment Variables
PGGSSENCMODE, Environment Variables
PGGSSLIB, Environment Variables
PGHOST, Environment Variables
PGHOSTADDR, Environment Variables
PGKRBSRVNAME, Environment Variables
PGLOCALEDIR, Environment Variables
PGOPTIONS, Environment Variables
PGPASSFILE, Environment Variables
PGPASSWORD, Environment Variables
PGPORT, Environment Variables
pgp_armor_headers, pgp_armor_headers
pgp_key_id, pgp_key_id()
pgp_pub_decrypt, pgp_pub_decrypt()
pgp_pub_decrypt_bytea, pgp_pub_decrypt()
pgp_pub_encrypt, pgp_pub_encrypt()
pgp_pub_encrypt_bytea, pgp_pub_encrypt()
pgp_sym_decrypt, pgp_sym_decrypt()
pgp_sym_decrypt_bytea, pgp_sym_decrypt()
pgp_sym_encrypt, pgp_sym_encrypt()
pgp_sym_encrypt_bytea, pgp_sym_encrypt()
PGREQUIREPEER, Environment Variables
PGREQUIRESSL, Environment Variables
PGresult, Main Functions
pgrowlocks, pgrowlocks, Overview
PGSERVICE, Environment Variables
PGSERVICEFILE, Environment Variables
PGSSLCERT, Environment Variables
PGSSLCOMPRESSION, Environment Variables
PGSSLCRL, Environment Variables
PGSSLCRLDIR, Environment Variables
PGSSLKEY, Environment Variables
PGSSLMAXPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables
PGSSLMINPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables
PGSSLMODE, Environment Variables
PGSSLROOTCERT, Environment Variables
PGSSLSNI, Environment Variables
pgstatginindex, Functions
pgstathashindex, Functions
pgstatindex, Functions
pgstattuple, pgstattuple, Functions
pgstattuple_approx, Functions
PGSYSCONFDIR, Environment Variables
PGTARGETSESSIONATTRS, Environment Variables
PGTZ, Environment Variables
PGUSER, Environment Variables
pgxs, Extension Building Infrastructure
pg_advisory_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_unlock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_unlock_all, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_unlock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_xact_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_xact_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_aggregate, pg_aggregate
pg_am, pg_am
pg_amcheck, pg_amcheck
pg_amop, pg_amop
pg_amproc, pg_amproc
pg_archivecleanup, pg_archivecleanup
pg_attrdef, pg_attrdef
pg_attribute, pg_attribute
pg_authid, pg_authid
pg_auth_members, pg_auth_members
pg_available_extensions, pg_available_extensions
pg_available_extension_versions, pg_available_extension_versions
pg_backend_memory_contexts, pg_backend_memory_contexts
pg_backend_pid, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_backup_start, Backup Control Functions
pg_backup_stop, Backup Control Functions
pg_basebackup, pg_basebackup
pg_blocking_pids, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_buffercache, pg_buffercache
pg_buffercache_pages, pg_buffercache
pg_cancel_backend, Server Signaling Functions
pg_cast, pg_cast
pg_char_to_encoding, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_checksums, pg_checksums
pg_class, pg_class
pg_client_encoding, String Functions and Operators
pg_collation, pg_collation
pg_collation_actual_version, Database Object Management Functions
pg_collation_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
PG_COLOR, When Color is Used
PG_COLORS, Configuring the Colors
pg_column_compression, Database Object Management Functions
pg_column_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_config, pg_config, pg_config
with - ecpg, Processing Embedded SQL Programs
with libpq, Building libpq Programs
with user-defined C functions, Writing Code
pg_conf_load_time, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_constraint, pg_constraint
pg_controldata, pg_controldata
pg_control_checkpoint, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_control_init, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_control_recovery, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_control_system, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_conversion, pg_conversion
pg_conversion_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_copy_logical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_copy_physical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_create_logical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_create_physical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_create_restore_point, Backup Control Functions
pg_ctl, Creating a Database Cluster, Starting the Database Server, pg_ctl
pg_current_logfile, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_wal_flush_lsn, Backup Control Functions
pg_current_wal_insert_lsn, Backup Control Functions
pg_current_wal_lsn, Backup Control Functions
pg_current_xact_id, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_xact_id_if_assigned, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_cursors, pg_cursors
pg_database, Template Databases, pg_database
pg_database_collation_actual_version, Database Object Management Functions
pg_database_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_db_role_setting, pg_db_role_setting
pg_ddl_command, Pseudo-Types
pg_default_acl, pg_default_acl
pg_depend, pg_depend
pg_describe_object, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_description, pg_description
pg_drop_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_dump, pg_dump
pg_dumpall, pg_dumpall
use during upgrade, Upgrading Data via pg_dumpall
pg_encoding_to_char, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_enum, pg_enum
pg_event_trigger, pg_event_trigger
pg_event_trigger_ddl_commands, Capturing Changes at Command End
pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects, Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_oid, Handling a Table Rewrite Event
pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_reason, Handling a Table Rewrite Event
pg_export_snapshot, Snapshot Synchronization Functions
pg_extension, pg_extension
pg_extension_config_dump, Extension Configuration Tables
pg_filenode_relation, Database Object Management Functions
pg_file_rename, adminpack
pg_file_settings, pg_file_settings
pg_file_sync, adminpack
pg_file_unlink, adminpack
pg_file_write, adminpack
pg_foreign_data_wrapper, pg_foreign_data_wrapper
pg_foreign_server, pg_foreign_server
pg_foreign_table, pg_foreign_table
pg_freespace, Functions
pg_freespacemap, pg_freespacemap
pg_function_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_catalog_foreign_keys, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_constraintdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_expr, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_functiondef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_function_arguments, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_function_identity_arguments, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_function_result, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_indexdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_keywords, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_multixact_members, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_object_address, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_partition_constraintdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_ruledef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_serial_sequence, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_statisticsobjdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_triggerdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_userbyid, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_viewdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_wal_replay_pause_state, Recovery Control Functions
pg_get_wal_resource_managers, Recovery Control Functions
pg_group, pg_group
pg_has_role, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_hba.conf, The pg_hba.conf File
pg_hba_file_rules, pg_hba_file_rules
pg_ident.conf, User Name Maps
pg_identify_object, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_identify_object_as_address, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ident_file_mappings, pg_ident_file_mappings
pg_import_system_collations, Database Object Management Functions
pg_index, pg_index
pg_indexam_has_property, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_indexes, pg_indexes
pg_indexes_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_index_column_has_property, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_index_has_property, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_inherits, pg_inherits
pg_init_privs, pg_init_privs
pg_isready, pg_isready
pg_is_in_recovery, Recovery Control Functions
pg_is_other_temp_schema, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_is_wal_replay_paused, Recovery Control Functions
pg_jit_available, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_language, pg_language
pg_largeobject, pg_largeobject
pg_largeobject_metadata, pg_largeobject_metadata
pg_last_committed_xact, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_last_wal_receive_lsn, Recovery Control Functions
pg_last_wal_replay_lsn, Recovery Control Functions
pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp, Recovery Control Functions
pg_listening_channels, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_locks, pg_locks
pg_logdir_ls, adminpack
pg_logical_emit_message, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_get_binary_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_get_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_peek_binary_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_peek_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_log_backend_memory_contexts, Server Signaling Functions
pg_lsn, pg_lsn Type
pg_ls_archive_statusdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_dir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_logdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_logicalmapdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_logicalsnapdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_replslotdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_tmpdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_waldir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_matviews, pg_matviews
pg_mcv_list_items, Inspecting MCV Lists
pg_my_temp_schema, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_namespace, pg_namespace
pg_notification_queue_usage, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_notify, pg_notify
pg_opclass, pg_opclass
pg_opclass_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_operator, pg_operator
pg_operator_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_opfamily, pg_opfamily
pg_opfamily_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_options_to_table, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_parameter_acl, pg_parameter_acl
pg_partitioned_table, pg_partitioned_table
pg_partition_ancestors, Database Object Management Functions
pg_partition_root, Database Object Management Functions
pg_partition_tree, Database Object Management Functions
pg_policies, pg_policies
pg_policy, pg_policy
pg_postmaster_start_time, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_prepared_statements, pg_prepared_statements
pg_prepared_xacts, pg_prepared_xacts
pg_prewarm, pg_prewarm
pg_prewarm.autoprewarm configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_prewarm.autoprewarm_interval configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_proc, pg_proc
pg_promote, Recovery Control Functions
pg_publication, pg_publication
pg_publication_namespace, pg_publication_namespace
pg_publication_rel, pg_publication_rel
pg_publication_tables, pg_publication_tables
pg_range, pg_range
pg_read_binary_file, Generic File Access Functions
pg_read_file, Generic File Access Functions
pg_receivewal, pg_receivewal
pg_receivexlog, pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal (see pg_receivewal)
pg_recvlogical, pg_recvlogical
pg_relation_filenode, Database Object Management Functions
pg_relation_filepath, Database Object Management Functions
pg_relation_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_reload_conf, Server Signaling Functions
pg_relpages, Functions
pg_replication_origin, pg_replication_origin
pg_replication_origin_advance, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_create, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_drop, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_oid, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_progress, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_is_setup, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_progress, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_reset, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_setup, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_status, pg_replication_origin_status
pg_replication_origin_xact_reset, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_xact_setup, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_slots, pg_replication_slots
pg_replication_slot_advance, Replication Management Functions
pg_resetwal, pg_resetwal
pg_resetxlog, pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal (see pg_resetwal)
pg_restore, pg_restore
pg_rewind, pg_rewind
pg_rewrite, pg_rewrite
pg_roles, pg_roles
pg_rotate_logfile, Server Signaling Functions
pg_rules, pg_rules
pg_safe_snapshot_blocking_pids, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_seclabel, pg_seclabel
pg_seclabels, pg_seclabels
pg_sequence, pg_sequence
pg_sequences, pg_sequences
pg_service.conf, The Connection Service File
pg_settings, pg_settings
pg_settings_get_flags, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_shadow, pg_shadow
pg_shdepend, pg_shdepend
pg_shdescription, pg_shdescription
pg_shmem_allocations, pg_shmem_allocations
pg_shseclabel, pg_shseclabel
pg_size_bytes, Database Object Management Functions
pg_size_pretty, Database Object Management Functions
pg_sleep, Delaying Execution
pg_sleep_for, Delaying Execution
pg_sleep_until, Delaying Execution
pg_snapshot_xip, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_snapshot_xmax, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_snapshot_xmin, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_statio_all_indexes, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_indexes
pg_statio_all_sequences, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_sequences
pg_statio_all_tables, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_tables
pg_statio_sys_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_sys_sequences, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_user_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_user_sequences, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_user_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_statistic, Single-Column Statistics, pg_statistic
pg_statistics_obj_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_statistic_ext, Extended Statistics, pg_statistic_ext
pg_statistic_ext_data, Extended Statistics, pg_statistic_ext
pg_stats, Single-Column Statistics, pg_stats
pg_stats_ext, pg_stats_ext
pg_stats_ext_exprs, pg_stats_ext_exprs
pg_stat_activity, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_activity
pg_stat_all_indexes, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_all_indexes
pg_stat_all_tables, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_all_tables
pg_stat_archiver, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_archiver
pg_stat_bgwriter, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_bgwriter
pg_stat_clear_snapshot, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_database, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_database
pg_stat_database_conflicts, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_database_conflicts
pg_stat_file, Generic File Access Functions
pg_stat_get_activity, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_activity, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_activity_start, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_client_addr, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_client_port, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_dbid, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_idset, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_pid, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_start, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_userid, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_wait_event, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_wait_event_type, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_xact_start, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_snapshot_timestamp, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_fetched, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_hit, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_gssapi, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_gssapi
pg_stat_progress_analyze, Viewing Statistics, ANALYZE Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_basebackup, Viewing Statistics, Base Backup Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_cluster, Viewing Statistics, CLUSTER Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_copy, Viewing Statistics, COPY Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_create_index, Viewing Statistics, CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_vacuum, Viewing Statistics, VACUUM Progress Reporting
pg_stat_recovery_prefetch, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_recovery_prefetch
pg_stat_replication, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_replication
pg_stat_replication_slots, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_replication_slots
pg_stat_reset, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_replication_slot, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_shared, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_single_function_counters, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_single_table_counters, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_slru, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_subscription_stats, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_slru, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_slru
pg_stat_ssl, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_ssl
pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements
function, Functions
pg_stat_statements.max configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.save configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.track configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.track_planning configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.track_utility configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements_info, The pg_stat_statements_info View
pg_stat_statements_reset, Functions
pg_stat_subscription, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_subscription
pg_stat_subscription_stats, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_subscription_stats
pg_stat_sys_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_user_functions, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_user_functions
pg_stat_user_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_user_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_wal, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_wal
pg_stat_wal_receiver, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_wal_receiver
pg_stat_xact_all_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_xact_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_xact_user_functions, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_xact_user_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_subscription, pg_subscription
pg_subscription_rel, pg_subscription_rel
pg_surgery, pg_surgery
pg_switch_wal, Backup Control Functions
pg_tables, pg_tables
pg_tablespace, pg_tablespace
pg_tablespace_databases, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_tablespace_location, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_tablespace_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_table_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_table_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_temp, Statement Behavior
securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely
pg_terminate_backend, Server Signaling Functions
pg_test_fsync, pg_test_fsync
pg_test_timing, pg_test_timing
pg_timezone_abbrevs, pg_timezone_abbrevs
pg_timezone_names, pg_timezone_names
pg_total_relation_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_transform, pg_transform
pg_trgm, pg_trgm
pg_trgm.similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
pg_trgm.strict_word_similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
pg_trgm.word_similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
pg_trigger, pg_trigger
pg_trigger_depth, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_try_advisory_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_try_advisory_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_try_advisory_xact_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_try_advisory_xact_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_ts_config, pg_ts_config
pg_ts_config_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ts_config_map, pg_ts_config_map
pg_ts_dict, pg_ts_dict
pg_ts_dict_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ts_parser, pg_ts_parser
pg_ts_parser_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ts_template, pg_ts_template
pg_ts_template_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_type, pg_type
pg_typeof, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_type_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_upgrade, pg_upgrade
pg_user, pg_user
pg_user_mapping, pg_user_mapping
pg_user_mappings, pg_user_mappings
pg_verifybackup, pg_verifybackup
pg_views, pg_views
pg_visibility, pg_visibility
pg_visible_in_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_waldump, pg_waldump
pg_walfile_name, Backup Control Functions
pg_walfile_name_offset, Backup Control Functions
pg_walinspect, pg_walinspect
pg_wal_lsn_diff, Backup Control Functions
pg_wal_replay_pause, Recovery Control Functions
pg_wal_replay_resume, Recovery Control Functions
pg_xact_commit_timestamp, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_xact_commit_timestamp_origin, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_xact_status, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_xlogdump, pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump (see pg_waldump)
phantom read, Transaction Isolation
phraseto_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries
pi, Mathematical Functions and Operators
PIC, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
PID
determining PID of server process
in libpq, Connection Status Functions
pipelining, Pipeline Mode, Pipelining
in libpq, Pipeline Mode
protocol specification, Pipelining
PITR, Backup and Restore
PITR standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
pkg-config, PostgreSQL Features
with + Z

A

abbrev, Network Address Functions and Operators
ABORT, ABORT
abs, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ACL, Privileges
aclcontains, System Information Functions and Operators
acldefault, System Information Functions and Operators
aclexplode, System Information Functions and Operators
aclitem, Privileges
aclitemeq, System Information Functions and Operators
acos, Mathematical Functions and Operators
acosd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
acosh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
administration tools
externally maintained, Administration Tools
adminpack, adminpack
advisory lock, Advisory Locks
age, Date/Time Functions and Operators, System Information Functions and Operators
aggregate function, Aggregate Functions, Aggregate Expressions, Aggregate Functions, User-Defined Aggregates
built-in, Aggregate Functions
invocation, Aggregate Expressions
moving aggregate, Moving-Aggregate Mode
ordered set, Ordered-Set Aggregates
partial aggregation, Partial Aggregation
polymorphic, Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
support functions for, Support Functions for Aggregates
user-defined, User-Defined Aggregates
variadic, Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
AIX, AIX
installation on, AIX
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
akeys, hstore Operators and Functions
alias, Table and Column Aliases, Column Labels
for table name in query, Joins Between Tables
in the FROM clause, Table and Column Aliases
in the select list, Column Labels
ALL, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP, DISTINCT, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
GROUP BY ALL, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
SELECT ALL, DISTINCT
allow_in_place_tablespaces configuration parameter, Developer Options
allow_system_table_mods configuration parameter, Developer Options
ALTER AGGREGATE, ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER COLLATION, ALTER COLLATION
ALTER CONVERSION, ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES, ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
ALTER DOMAIN, ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER EVENT TRIGGER, ALTER EVENT TRIGGER
ALTER EXTENSION, ALTER EXTENSION
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE, ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
ALTER FUNCTION, ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP, ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX, ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE, ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER LARGE OBJECT, ALTER LARGE OBJECT
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER OPERATOR, ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS, ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY, ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER POLICY, ALTER POLICY
ALTER PROCEDURE, ALTER PROCEDURE
ALTER PUBLICATION, ALTER PUBLICATION
ALTER ROLE, Role Attributes, ALTER ROLE
ALTER ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE
ALTER RULE, ALTER RULE
ALTER SCHEMA, ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE, ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER SERVER, ALTER SERVER
ALTER STATISTICS, ALTER STATISTICS
ALTER SUBSCRIPTION, ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
ALTER SYSTEM, ALTER SYSTEM
ALTER TABLE, ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE, ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER, ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ALTER TRIGGER, ALTER TRIGGER
ALTER TYPE, ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER, ALTER USER
ALTER USER MAPPING, ALTER USER MAPPING
ALTER VIEW, ALTER VIEW
amcheck, amcheck
ANALYZE, Updating Planner Statistics, ANALYZE
AND (operator), Logical Operators
anonymous code blocks, DO
any, Pseudo-Types
ANY, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
anyarray, Pseudo-Types
anycompatible, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblearray, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblemultirange, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblenonarray, Pseudo-Types
anycompatiblerange, Pseudo-Types
anyelement, Pseudo-Types
anyenum, Pseudo-Types
anymultirange, Pseudo-Types
anynonarray, Pseudo-Types
anyrange, Pseudo-Types
applicable role, applicable_roles
application_name configuration parameter, What to Log
arbitrary precision numbers, Arbitrary Precision Numbers
Archive Modules, Archive Modules
archive_cleanup_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery
archive_command configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_library configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_mode configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_timeout configuration parameter, Archiving
area, Geometric Functions and Operators
armor, armor(), dearmor()
array, Arrays
accessing, Accessing Arrays
constant, Array Value Input
constructor, Array Constructors
declaration, Declaration of Array Types
I/O, Array Input and Output Syntax
modifying, Modifying Arrays
of user-defined type, User-Defined Types
searching, Searching in Arrays
ARRAY, Array Constructors, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
array_agg, Aggregate Functions, Functions
array_append, Array Functions and Operators
array_cat, Array Functions and Operators
array_dims, Array Functions and Operators
array_fill, Array Functions and Operators
array_length, Array Functions and Operators
array_lower, Array Functions and Operators
array_ndims, Array Functions and Operators
array_nulls configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
array_position, Array Functions and Operators
array_positions, Array Functions and Operators
array_prepend, Array Functions and Operators
array_remove, Array Functions and Operators
array_replace, Array Functions and Operators
array_to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data
array_to_string, Array Functions and Operators
array_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
array_upper, Array Functions and Operators
ascii, String Functions and Operators
asin, Mathematical Functions and Operators
asind, Mathematical Functions and Operators
asinh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ASSERT
in PL/pgSQL, Checking Assertions
assertions
in PL/pgSQL, Checking Assertions
asynchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit
AT TIME ZONE, AT TIME ZONE
atan, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atan2, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atan2d, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atand, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atanh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
authentication_timeout configuration parameter, Authentication
auth_delay, auth_delay
auth_delay.milliseconds configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto-increment (see serial)
autocommit
bulk-loading data, Disable Autocommit
psql, Variables
autosummarize storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
autovacuum
configuration parameters, Automatic Vacuuming
general information, The Autovacuum Daemon
autovacuum configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_analyze_threshold
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_enabled storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_freeze_max_age
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_freeze_min_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_freeze_table_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_max_workers configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_naptime configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold
configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
autovacuum_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
auto_explain, auto_explain
auto_explain.log_analyze configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_buffers configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_format configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_level configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_min_duration configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_nested_statements configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_settings configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_timing configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_triggers configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_verbose configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.log_wal configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
auto_explain.sample_rate configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
avals, hstore Operators and Functions
average, Aggregate Functions
avg, Aggregate Functions

B

B-Tree (see index)
backend_flush_after configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
Background workers, Background Worker Processes
backslash escapes, String Constants with C-Style Escapes
backslash_quote configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
backtrace_functions configuration parameter, Developer Options
backup, Backup Control Functions, Backup and Restore
Backup Manifest, Backup Manifest Format
base type, The PostgreSQL Type System
base64 format, Binary String Functions and Operators
basebackup_to_shell, basebackup_to_shell
basebackup_to_shell.command configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
basebackup_to_shell.required_role configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
BASE_BACKUP, Streaming Replication Protocol
basic_archive, basic_archive
basic_archive.archive_directory configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
batch mode, Pipeline Mode
in libpq, Pipeline Mode
BEGIN, BEGIN
BETWEEN, Comparison Functions and Operators
BETWEEN SYMMETRIC, Comparison Functions and Operators
BGWORKER_BACKEND_​DATABASE_CONNECTION, Background Worker Processes
BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS, Background Worker Processes
bgwriter_delay configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_flush_after configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_lru_maxpages configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_lru_multiplier configuration parameter, Background Writer
bigint, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
bigserial, Serial Types
binary data, Binary Data Types, Binary String Functions and Operators
functions, Binary String Functions and Operators
binary string
concatenation, Binary String Functions and Operators
converting to character string, Binary String Functions and Operators
length, Binary String Functions and Operators
bison, Requirements
bit string, Bit-String Constants, Bit String Types
constant, Bit-String Constants
data type, Bit String Types
length, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit strings, Bit String Functions and Operators
functions, Bit String Functions and Operators
bitmap scan, Combining Multiple Indexes, Planner Method Configuration
bit_and, Aggregate Functions
bit_count, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit_length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit_or, Aggregate Functions
bit_xor, Aggregate Functions
BLOB (see large object)
block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
bloom, bloom
bonjour configuration parameter, Connection Settings
bonjour_name configuration parameter, Connection Settings
Boolean, Boolean Type
data type, Boolean Type
operators (see operators, logical)
bool_and, Aggregate Functions
bool_or, Aggregate Functions
booting
starting the server during, Starting the Database Server
bound_box, Geometric Functions and Operators
box, Geometric Functions and Operators
box (data type), Boxes
BRIN (see index)
brin_desummarize_range, Index Maintenance Functions
brin_metapage_info, BRIN Functions
brin_page_items, BRIN Functions
brin_page_type, BRIN Functions
brin_revmap_data, BRIN Functions
brin_summarize_new_values, Index Maintenance Functions
brin_summarize_range, Index Maintenance Functions
broadcast, Network Address Functions and Operators
BSD Authentication, BSD Authentication
btree_gin, btree_gin
btree_gist, btree_gist
btrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
bt_index_check, Functions
bt_index_parent_check, Functions
bt_metap, B-Tree Functions
bt_page_items, B-Tree Functions
bt_page_stats, B-Tree Functions
buffering storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
bytea, Binary Data Types
bytea_output configuration parameter, Statement Behavior

C

C, libpq — C Library, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
C++, Using C++ for Extensibility
CALL, CALL
canceling, Canceling Queries in Progress
SQL command, Canceling Queries in Progress
cardinality, Array Functions and Operators
CASCADE, Dependency Tracking
with DROP, Dependency Tracking
foreign key action, Foreign Keys
Cascading Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
CASE, Conditional Expressions, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
case sensitivity
of SQL commands, Identifiers and Key Words
cast, CREATE CAST
I/O conversion, CREATE CAST
cbrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ceil, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ceiling, Mathematical Functions and Operators
center, Geometric Functions and Operators
Certificate, Certificate Authentication
chained transactions, Transaction Management, Parameters, Parameters
in PL/pgSQL, Transaction Management
char, Character Types
character, Character Types
character set, Locale and Formatting, Preset Options, Character Set Support
character string, String Constants, Character Types
concatenation, String Functions and Operators
constant, String Constants
converting to binary string, Binary String Functions and Operators
data types, Character Types
length, String Functions and Operators
prefix test, String Functions and Operators
character varying, Character Types
character_length, String Functions and Operators
char_length, String Functions and Operators
check constraint, Check Constraints
CHECK OPTION, CREATE VIEW
checkpoint, WAL Configuration
CHECKPOINT, CHECKPOINT
checkpoint_completion_target configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_flush_after configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_timeout configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_warning configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checksums, Data Checksums
check_function_bodies configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
chr, String Functions and Operators
cid, Object Identifier Types
cidr, cidr
circle, Circles, Geometric Functions and Operators
citext, citext
client authentication, Client Authentication
timeout during, Authentication
client_connection_check_interval configuration parameter, Connection Settings
client_encoding configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
client_min_messages configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
clock_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
CLOSE, CLOSE
cluster
of databases (see database cluster)
CLUSTER, CLUSTER
clusterdb, clusterdb
clustering, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
cluster_name configuration parameter, Process Title
cmax, System Columns
cmin, System Columns
COALESCE, COALESCE
COLLATE, Collation Expressions
collation, Collation Support
in PL/pgSQL, Collation of PL/pgSQL Variables
in SQL functions, SQL Functions with Collations
COLLATION FOR, System Information Functions and Operators
color, Color Support
column, Concepts, Table Basics
adding, Adding a Column
removing, Removing a Column
renaming, Renaming a Column
system column, System Columns
column data type
changing, Changing a Column's Data Type
column reference, Column References
col_description, System Information Functions and Operators
comment, Comments
about database objects, System Information Functions and Operators
in SQL, Comments
COMMENT, COMMENT
COMMIT, COMMIT
COMMIT PREPARED, COMMIT PREPARED
commit_delay configuration parameter, Settings
commit_siblings configuration parameter, Settings
common table expression (see WITH)
comparison, Comparison Functions and Operators, Subquery Expressions
composite type, Row and Array Comparisons
operators, Comparison Functions and Operators
row constructor, Row and Array Comparisons
subquery result row, Subquery Expressions
compiling, Building libpq Programs
libpq applications, Building libpq Programs
composite type, Composite Types, The PostgreSQL Type System
comparison, Row and Array Comparisons
constant, Constructing Composite Values
constructor, Row Constructors
computed field, Using Composite Types in Queries
compute_query_id configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
concat, String Functions and Operators
concat_ws, String Functions and Operators
concurrency, Concurrency Control
conditional expression, Conditional Expressions
configuration
of recovery
general settings, Recovery
of a standby server, Archive Recovery
of the server, Server Configuration
of the server
functions, Configuration Settings Functions
configure, Installation Procedure
configure environment variables, configure Environment Variables
configure options, configure Options
config_file configuration parameter, File Locations
conjunction, Logical Operators
connectby, Functions Provided, connectby
connection service file, The Connection Service File
conninfo, Connection Strings
constant, Constants
constraint, Constraints
adding, Adding a Constraint
check, Check Constraints
exclusion, Exclusion Constraints
foreign key, Foreign Keys
name, Check Constraints
NOT NULL, Not-Null Constraints
primary key, Primary Keys
removing, Removing a Constraint
unique, Unique Constraints
constraint exclusion, Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion, Other Planner Options
constraint_exclusion configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
container type, The PostgreSQL Type System
CONTINUE
in PL/pgSQL, CONTINUE
continuous archiving, Backup and Restore
in standby, Continuous Archiving in Standby
control file, Extension Files
convert, Binary String Functions and Operators
convert_from, Binary String Functions and Operators
convert_to, Binary String Functions and Operators
COPY, Populating a Table With Rows, Functions Associated with the COPY Command, COPY
with libpq, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
corr, Aggregate Functions
correlation, Aggregate Functions
in the query planner, Extended Statistics
cos, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cosd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cosh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cot, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cotd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
count, Aggregate Functions
covariance
population, Aggregate Functions
sample, Aggregate Functions
covar_pop, Aggregate Functions
covar_samp, Aggregate Functions
covering index, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
cpu_index_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_operator_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
CREATE ACCESS METHOD, CREATE ACCESS METHOD
CREATE AGGREGATE, CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST, CREATE CAST
CREATE COLLATION, CREATE COLLATION
CREATE CONVERSION, CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE, Creating a Database, CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN, CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER, CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
CREATE EXTENSION, CREATE EXTENSION
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE, CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP, CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX, CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE, CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS, CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY, CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
CREATE POLICY, CREATE POLICY
CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE PUBLICATION, CREATE PUBLICATION
CREATE ROLE, Database Roles, CREATE ROLE
CREATE RULE, CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA, CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SERVER, CREATE SERVER
CREATE STATISTICS, CREATE STATISTICS
CREATE SUBSCRIPTION, CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
CREATE TABLE, Creating a New Table, CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE, Tablespaces, CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER, CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE TRANSFORM, CREATE TRANSFORM
CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE, CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER, CREATE USER
CREATE USER MAPPING, CREATE USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW, CREATE VIEW
createdb, Creating a Database, Creating a Database, createdb
createuser, Database Roles, createuser
CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol
cross compilation, Build Process Details
cross join, Joined Tables
crosstab, crosstab(text), crosstabN(text), crosstab(text, text)
crypt, crypt()
cstring, Pseudo-Types
CSV (Comma-Separated Values) format
in psql, Meta-Commands
ctid, System Columns
CTID, View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements
CUBE, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
cube (extension), cube
cume_dist, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
current_catalog, System Information Functions and Operators
current_database, System Information Functions and Operators
current_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_logfiles
and the log_destination configuration parameter, Where to Log
and the pg_current_logfile function, System Information Functions and Operators
current_query, System Information Functions and Operators
current_role, System Information Functions and Operators
current_schema, System Information Functions and Operators
current_schemas, System Information Functions and Operators
current_setting, Configuration Settings Functions
current_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_user, System Information Functions and Operators
currval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
cursor, Cursors, CLOSE, DECLARE, EXPLAIN, FETCH, MOVE
CLOSE, CLOSE
DECLARE, DECLARE
FETCH, FETCH
in PL/pgSQL, Cursors
MOVE, MOVE
showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
cursor_tuple_fraction configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
custom scan provider, Writing a Custom Scan Provider
handler for, Writing a Custom Scan Provider
Cygwin, Cygwin
installation on, Cygwin

D

data area (see database cluster)
data partitioning, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
data type, Data Types, Numeric Types, Enumerated Types, Domain Types, Type Conversion, The PostgreSQL Type System, The PostgreSQL Type System, The PostgreSQL Type System, Polymorphic Types, Base Types in C-Language Functions, User-Defined Types
base, The PostgreSQL Type System
category, Overview
composite, The PostgreSQL Type System
constant, Constants of Other Types
container, The PostgreSQL Type System
conversion, Type Conversion
domain, Domain Types
enumerated (enum), Enumerated Types
internal organization, Base Types in C-Language Functions
numeric, Numeric Types
polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
type cast, Type Casts
user-defined, User-Defined Types
database, Creating a Database, Managing Databases
creating, Creating a Database
privilege to create, Role Attributes
database activity, Monitoring Database Activity
monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity
database cluster, Concepts, Creating a Database Cluster
data_checksums configuration parameter, Preset Options
data_directory configuration parameter, File Locations
data_directory_mode configuration parameter, Preset Options
data_sync_retry configuration parameter, Error Handling
date, Date/Time Types, Dates
constants, Special Values
current, Current Date/Time
output format, Date/Time Output
(see also formatting)
DateStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
date_bin, date_bin
date_part, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part
date_trunc, Date/Time Functions and Operators, date_trunc
dblink, dblink, dblink
dblink_build_sql_delete, dblink_build_sql_delete
dblink_build_sql_insert, dblink_build_sql_insert
dblink_build_sql_update, dblink_build_sql_update
dblink_cancel_query, dblink_cancel_query
dblink_close, dblink_close
dblink_connect, dblink_connect
dblink_connect_u, dblink_connect_u
dblink_disconnect, dblink_disconnect
dblink_error_message, dblink_error_message
dblink_exec, dblink_exec
dblink_fetch, dblink_fetch
dblink_get_connections, dblink_get_connections
dblink_get_notify, dblink_get_notify
dblink_get_pkey, dblink_get_pkey
dblink_get_result, dblink_get_result
dblink_is_busy, dblink_is_busy
dblink_open, dblink_open
dblink_send_query, dblink_send_query
db_user_namespace configuration parameter, Authentication
deadlock, Deadlocks
timeout during, Lock Management
deadlock_timeout configuration parameter, Lock Management
DEALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE
dearmor, armor(), dearmor()
debug_assertions configuration parameter, Preset Options
debug_deadlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_discard_caches configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_pretty_print configuration parameter, What to Log
debug_print_parse configuration parameter, What to Log
debug_print_plan configuration parameter, What to Log
debug_print_rewritten configuration parameter, What to Log
decimal (see numeric)
DECLARE, DECLARE
decode, Binary String Functions and Operators
decode_bytea
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
decrypt, Raw Encryption Functions
decrypt_iv, Raw Encryption Functions
deduplicate_items storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
default value, Default Values
changing, Changing a Column's Default Value
default-roles, Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
default_statistics_target configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
default_tablespace configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_table_access_method configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_text_search_config configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
default_toast_compression configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_deferrable configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
deferrable transaction, Statement Behavior
setting, SET TRANSACTION
setting default, Statement Behavior
defined, hstore Operators and Functions
degrees, Mathematical Functions and Operators
delay, Delaying Execution
DELETE, Deletions, Deleting Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, DELETE
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
delete, hstore Operators and Functions
deleting, Deleting Data
dense_rank, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
diagonal, Geometric Functions and Operators
diameter, Geometric Functions and Operators
dict_int, dict_int
dict_xsyn, dict_xsyn
difference, Soundex
digest, digest()
dirty read, Transaction Isolation
DISCARD, DISCARD
disjunction, Logical Operators
disk drive, WAL Internals
disk space, Recovering Disk Space
disk usage, Determining Disk Usage
DISTINCT, Querying a Table, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP, DISTINCT
GROUP BY DISTINCT, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
SELECT DISTINCT, DISTINCT
div, Mathematical Functions and Operators
dmetaphone, Double Metaphone
dmetaphone_alt, Double Metaphone
DO, DO
document, What Is a Document?
text search, What Is a Document?
dollar quoting, Dollar-Quoted String Constants
domain, Domain Types
double precision, Floating-Point Types
DROP ACCESS METHOD, DROP ACCESS METHOD
DROP AGGREGATE, DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST, DROP CAST
DROP COLLATION, DROP COLLATION
DROP CONVERSION, DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE, Destroying a Database, DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN, DROP DOMAIN
DROP EVENT TRIGGER, DROP EVENT TRIGGER
DROP EXTENSION, DROP EXTENSION
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP FOREIGN TABLE, DROP FOREIGN TABLE
DROP FUNCTION, DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP, DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX, DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE, DROP LANGUAGE
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
DROP OPERATOR, DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS, DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY, DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP OWNED, DROP OWNED
DROP POLICY, DROP POLICY
DROP PROCEDURE, DROP PROCEDURE
DROP PUBLICATION, DROP PUBLICATION
DROP ROLE, Database Roles, DROP ROLE
DROP ROUTINE, DROP ROUTINE
DROP RULE, DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA, DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SERVER, DROP SERVER
DROP STATISTICS, DROP STATISTICS
DROP SUBSCRIPTION, DROP SUBSCRIPTION
DROP TABLE, Creating a New Table, DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE, DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER, DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
DROP TRANSFORM, DROP TRANSFORM
DROP TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER
DROP TYPE, DROP TYPE
DROP USER, DROP USER
DROP USER MAPPING, DROP USER MAPPING
DROP VIEW, DROP VIEW
dropdb, Destroying a Database, dropdb
dropuser, Database Roles, dropuser
DROP_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol
DTD, Creating XML Values
DTrace, Developer Options, Dynamic Tracing
duplicate, Querying a Table
duplicates, DISTINCT
dynamic loading, Other Defaults, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path configuration parameter, Other Defaults
dynamic_shared_memory_type configuration parameter, Memory

E

each, hstore Operators and Functions
earth, Cube-Based Earth Distances
earthdistance, earthdistance
earth_box, Cube-Based Earth Distances
earth_distance, Cube-Based Earth Distances
ECPG, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
ecpg, ecpg
effective_cache_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
effective_io_concurrency configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
elog, Reporting Errors Within the Server
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
in PL/Python, Utility Functions
in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
embedded SQL, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
in C, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
enabled role, enabled_roles
enable_async_append configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_bitmapscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_gathermerge configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashagg configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashjoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_incremental_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_indexonlyscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_indexscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_material configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_memoize configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_mergejoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_nestloop configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_parallel_append configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_parallel_hash configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_partitionwise_aggregate configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_partitionwise_join configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_partition_pruning configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_seqscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_tidscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
encode, Binary String Functions and Operators
encode_array_constructor
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encode_array_literal
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encode_bytea
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encode_typed_literal
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
encrypt, Raw Encryption Functions
encryption, Encryption Options, pgcrypto
for specific columns, pgcrypto
encrypt_iv, Raw Encryption Functions
END, END
enumerated types, Enumerated Types
enum_first, Enum Support Functions
enum_last, Enum Support Functions
enum_range, Enum Support Functions
environment variable, Environment Variables
ephemeral named relation
registering with SPI, SPI_register_relation, SPI_register_trigger_data
unregistering from SPI, SPI_unregister_relation
ereport, Reporting Errors Within the Server
error codes, PostgreSQL Error Codes
libpq, Main Functions
list of, PostgreSQL Error Codes
error message, Connection Status Functions
escape format, Binary String Functions and Operators
escape string syntax, String Constants with C-Style Escapes
escape_string_warning configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
escaping strings, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
in libpq, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
event log, Registering Event Log on Windows
event log, Registering Event Log on Windows
event trigger, Event Triggers, Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
in C, Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
in PL/Tcl, Event Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl
event_source configuration parameter, Where to Log
event_trigger, Pseudo-Types
every, Aggregate Functions
EXCEPT, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
exceptions
in PL/pgSQL, Trapping Errors
in PL/Tcl, Error Handling in PL/Tcl
exclusion constraint, Exclusion Constraints
EXECUTE, EXECUTE
exist, hstore Operators and Functions
EXISTS, Subquery Expressions
EXIT
in PL/pgSQL, EXIT
exit_on_error configuration parameter, Error Handling
exp, Mathematical Functions and Operators
EXPLAIN, Using EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN
expression, Value Expressions
order of evaluation, Expression Evaluation Rules
syntax, Value Expressions
extending SQL, Extending SQL
extension, Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
externally maintained, Extensions
external_pid_file configuration parameter, File Locations
extract, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part
extra_float_digits configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting

F

factorial, Mathematical Functions and Operators
failover, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
false, Boolean Type
family, Network Address Functions and Operators
fast path, The Fast-Path Interface
fastupdate storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
fdw_handler, Pseudo-Types
FETCH, FETCH
field
computed, Using Composite Types in Queries
field selection, Field Selection
file system mount points, Use of Secondary File Systems
file_fdw, file_fdw
fillfactor storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters, Storage Parameters
FILTER, Aggregate Expressions
first_value, Window Functions
flex, Requirements
float4 (see real)
float8 (see double precision)
floating point, Floating-Point Types
floating-point
display, Locale and Formatting
floor, Mathematical Functions and Operators
force_parallel_mode configuration parameter, Developer Options
foreign data, Foreign Data
foreign data wrapper, Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
handler for, Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
foreign key, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
self-referential, Foreign Keys
foreign table, Foreign Data
format, String Functions and Operators, format
use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands
formatting, Data Type Formatting Functions
format_type, System Information Functions and Operators
Free Space Map, Free Space Map
FreeBSD
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
from_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
FSM (see Free Space Map)
fsm_page_contents, General Functions
fsync configuration parameter, Settings
full text search, Text Search Types, Text Search Types, Full Text Search
data types, Text Search Types
functions and operators, Text Search Types
full_page_writes configuration parameter, Settings
function, Table Functions, Functions and Operators, Statistics Information Functions, Functions, Polymorphic Types, User-Defined Functions, Query Language (SQL) Functions, Internal Functions, C-Language Functions
default values for arguments, SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments
in the FROM clause, Table Functions
internal, Internal Functions
invocation, Function Calls
mixed notation, Using Mixed Notation
named argument, Arguments for SQL Functions
named notation, Using Named Notation
output parameter, SQL Functions with Output Parameters
polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
positional notation, Using Positional Notation
RETURNS TABLE, SQL Functions Returning TABLE
statistics, Statistics Information Functions
type resolution in an invocation, Functions
user-defined, User-Defined Functions, Query Language (SQL) Functions, C-Language Functions
in C, C-Language Functions
in SQL, Query Language (SQL) Functions
variadic, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
with SETOF, SQL Functions Returning Sets
functional dependency, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
fuzzystrmatch, fuzzystrmatch

G

gcd, Mathematical Functions and Operators
gc_to_sec, Cube-Based Earth Distances
generated column, Generated Columns, Parameters, Parameters
in + triggers, Overview of Trigger Behavior
generate_series, Set Returning Functions
generate_subscripts, Set Returning Functions
genetic query optimization, Genetic Query Optimizer
gen_random_bytes, Random-Data Functions
gen_random_uuid, UUID Functions, Random-Data Functions
gen_salt, gen_salt()
GEQO (see genetic query optimization)
geqo configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_effort configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_generations configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_pool_size configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_seed configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_selection_bias configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_threshold configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
get_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
get_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
get_current_ts_config, Text Search Functions and Operators
get_raw_page, General Functions
GIN (see index)
gin_clean_pending_list, Index Maintenance Functions
gin_fuzzy_search_limit configuration parameter, Other Defaults
gin_leafpage_items, GIN Functions
gin_metapage_info, GIN Functions
gin_page_opaque_info, GIN Functions
gin_pending_list_limit
configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
GiST (see index)
gist_page_items, GiST Functions
gist_page_items_bytea, GiST Functions
gist_page_opaque_info, GiST Functions
global data, Global Data in PL/Tcl
in PL/Python, Sharing Data
in PL/Tcl, Global Data in PL/Tcl
GRANT, Privileges, GRANT
GREATEST, GREATEST and LEAST, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
Gregorian calendar, History of Units
GROUP BY, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
grouping, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
GROUPING, Aggregate Functions
GROUPING SETS, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
gssapi, Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
GSSAPI, GSSAPI Authentication
with + libpq, Parameter Key Words
GUID, UUID Type

H

hash (see index)
hash_bitmap_info, Hash Functions
hash_mem_multiplier configuration parameter, Memory
hash_metapage_info, Hash Functions
hash_page_items, Hash Functions
hash_page_stats, Hash Functions
hash_page_type, Hash Functions
has_any_column_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_column_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_database_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_foreign_data_wrapper_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_function_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_language_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_parameter_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_schema_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_sequence_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_server_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_tablespace_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_table_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
has_type_privilege, System Information Functions and Operators
HAVING, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
hba_file configuration parameter, File Locations
heap_page_items, Heap Functions
heap_page_item_attrs, Heap Functions
heap_tuple_infomask_flags, Heap Functions
height, Geometric Functions and Operators
hex format, Binary String Functions and Operators
hierarchical database, Concepts
high availability, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
history, A Brief History of PostgreSQL
of PostgreSQL, A Brief History of PostgreSQL
hmac, hmac()
host, Network Address Functions and Operators
host + name, Parameter Key Words
hostmask, Network Address Functions and Operators
hot standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
hot_standby configuration parameter, Standby Servers
hot_standby_feedback configuration parameter, Standby Servers
HP-UX
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
hstore, hstore, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_array, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_json, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_jsonb, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_jsonb_loose, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_json_loose, hstore Operators and Functions
hstore_to_matrix, hstore Operators and Functions
huge_pages configuration parameter, Memory
huge_page_size configuration parameter, Memory
hypothetical-set aggregate
built-in, Aggregate Functions

I

icount, intarray Functions and Operators
ICU, PostgreSQL Features, Locale Providers, Managing Collations, Parameters, Parameters
ident, Ident Authentication
identifier, Identifiers and Key Words
length, Identifiers and Key Words
syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
IDENTIFY_SYSTEM, Streaming Replication Protocol
ident_file configuration parameter, File Locations
idle_in_transaction_session_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
idle_session_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
idx, intarray Functions and Operators
IFNULL, COALESCE
ignore_checksum_failure configuration parameter, Developer Options
ignore_invalid_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options
ignore_system_indexes configuration parameter, Developer Options
IMMUTABLE, Function Volatility Categories
IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA, IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
INCLUDE
in index definitions, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
include
in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents
include_dir
in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents
include_if_exists
in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents
index, Indexes, Multicolumn Indexes, Indexes and ORDER BY, Combining Multiple Indexes, Unique Indexes, Indexes on Expressions, Partial Indexes, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes, Examining Index Usage, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, Locking and Indexes, Interfacing Extensions to Indexes, Building Indexes Concurrently, Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently, Operators and Functions
and ORDER BY, Indexes and ORDER BY
B-Tree, B-Tree, B-Tree Indexes
BRIN, BRIN, BRIN Indexes
building concurrently, Building Indexes Concurrently
combining multiple indexes, Combining Multiple Indexes
covering, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
examining usage, Examining Index Usage
on expressions, Indexes on Expressions
for user-defined data type, Interfacing Extensions to Indexes
GIN, GIN, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, GIN Indexes
text search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
GiST, GiST, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, GiST Indexes
text search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
hash, Hash
Hash, Hash Indexes
index-only scans, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
locks, Locking and Indexes
multicolumn, Multicolumn Indexes
partial, Partial Indexes
rebuilding concurrently, Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently
SP-GiST, SP-GiST, SP-GiST Indexes
unique, Unique Indexes
Index Access Method, Index Access Method Interface Definition
index scan, Planner Method Configuration
index-only scan, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
indexam
Index Access Method, Index Access Method Interface Definition
index_am_handler, Pseudo-Types
inet (data type), inet
inet_client_addr, System Information Functions and Operators
inet_client_port, System Information Functions and Operators
inet_merge, Network Address Functions and Operators
inet_same_family, Network Address Functions and Operators
inet_server_addr, System Information Functions and Operators
inet_server_port, System Information Functions and Operators
infinity
floating point, Floating-Point Types
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
information schema, The Information Schema
inheritance, Inheritance, Inheritance
initcap, String Functions and Operators
initdb, Creating a Database Cluster, initdb
Initialization Fork, The Initialization Fork
input function, User-Defined Types
INSERT, Populating a Table With Rows, Inserting Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, INSERT
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
inserting, Inserting Data
installation, Installation from Source Code
binaries, Installation from Binaries
on Windows, Installation from Source Code on Windows
instr function, Appendix
int2 (see smallint)
int4 (see integer)
int8 (see bigint)
intagg, intagg
intarray, intarray
integer, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
integer_datetimes configuration parameter, Preset Options
interfaces
externally maintained, Client Interfaces
internal, Pseudo-Types
INTERSECT, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
interval, Date/Time Types, Interval Input
output format, Interval Output
(see also formatting)
IntervalStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
intset, intarray Functions and Operators
int_array_aggregate, Functions
int_array_enum, Functions
inverse distribution, Aggregate Functions
in_hot_standby configuration parameter, Preset Options
in_range support functions, B-Tree Support Functions
IS DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Functions and Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS DOCUMENT, IS DOCUMENT
IS FALSE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Functions and Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS NOT DOCUMENT, IS NOT DOCUMENT
IS NOT FALSE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT NULL, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT TRUE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NOT UNKNOWN, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS NULL, Comparison Functions and Operators, Platform and Client Compatibility
IS TRUE, Comparison Functions and Operators
IS UNKNOWN, Comparison Functions and Operators
isclosed, Geometric Functions and Operators
isempty, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
isfinite, Date/Time Functions and Operators
isn, isn
ISNULL, Comparison Functions and Operators
isn_weak, Functions and Operators
isopen, Geometric Functions and Operators
is_array_ref
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
is_valid, Functions and Operators

J

JIT, Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
jit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
jit_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
jit_debugging_support configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_dump_bitcode configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_expressions configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_inline_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
jit_optimize_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
jit_profiling_support configuration parameter, Developer Options
jit_provider configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
jit_tuple_deforming configuration parameter, Developer Options
join, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
controlling the order, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
cross, Joined Tables
left, Joined Tables
natural, Joined Tables
outer, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables
right, Joined Tables
self, Joins Between Tables
join_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
JSON, JSON Types, JSON Functions and Operators
functions and operators, JSON Functions and Operators
JSONB, JSON Types
jsonb
containment, jsonb Containment and Existence
existence, jsonb Containment and Existence
indexes on, jsonb Indexing
jsonb_agg, Aggregate Functions
jsonb_array_elements, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_array_elements_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_array_length, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_build_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_build_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_each, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_each_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_extract_path, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_extract_path_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_insert, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_object_agg, Aggregate Functions
jsonb_object_keys, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_exists, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_exists_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_match, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_match_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_array_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_first, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_first_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_path_query_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_populate_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_populate_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_pretty, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_set, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_set_lax, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_strip_nulls, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_to_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_to_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonb_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
jsonb_typeof, Processing and Creating JSON Data
jsonpath, jsonpath Type
json_agg, Aggregate Functions
json_array_elements, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_array_elements_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_array_length, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_build_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_build_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_each, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_each_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_extract_path, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_extract_path_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_object_agg, Aggregate Functions
json_object_keys, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_populate_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_populate_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_strip_nulls, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_to_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_to_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data
json_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
json_typeof, Processing and Creating JSON Data
Julian date, Julian Dates
Just-In-Time compilation (see JIT)
justify_days, Date/Time Functions and Operators
justify_hours, Date/Time Functions and Operators
justify_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators

K

key word, Identifiers and Key Words, SQL Key Words
list of, SQL Key Words
syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
krb_caseins_users configuration parameter, Authentication
krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter, Authentication

L

label (see alias)
lag, Window Functions
language_handler, Pseudo-Types
large object, Large Objects
lastval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
last_value, Window Functions
LATERAL, LATERAL Subqueries
in the FROM clause, LATERAL Subqueries
latitude, Cube-Based Earth Distances
lca, Operators and Functions
lcm, Mathematical Functions and Operators
lc_collate configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_ctype configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_messages configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_monetary configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_numeric configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_time configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
LDAP, PostgreSQL Features, LDAP Authentication
LDAP connection parameter lookup, LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
ldconfig, Shared Libraries
lead, Window Functions
LEAST, GREATEST and LEAST, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
left, String Functions and Operators
left join, Joined Tables
length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators, Geometric Functions and Operators, Text Search Functions and Operators
of a binary string (see binary strings, length)
of a character string (see character string, length)
length(tsvector), Manipulating Documents
levenshtein, Levenshtein
levenshtein_less_equal, Levenshtein
lex, Requirements
libedit, Requirements
in psql, Command-Line Editing
libperl, Requirements
libpq, libpq — C Library, Pipeline Mode, Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
pipeline mode, Pipeline Mode
single-row mode, Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
libpq-fe.h, libpq — C Library, Connection Status Functions
libpq-int.h, Connection Status Functions
libpython, Requirements
library initialization function, Dynamic Loading
LIKE, LIKE
and locales, Behavior
LIKE_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery, SQL/JSON Regular Expressions
in SQL/JSON, SQL/JSON Regular Expressions
LIMIT, LIMIT and OFFSET
line, Lines, Geometric Functions and Operators
line segment, Line Segments
linear regression, Aggregate Functions
Linux
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
LISTEN, LISTEN
listen_addresses configuration parameter, Connection Settings
llvm-config, PostgreSQL Features
ll_to_earth, Cube-Based Earth Distances
ln, Mathematical Functions and Operators
lo, lo
LOAD, LOAD
load balancing, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
locale, Creating a Database Cluster, Locale Support
localtime, Date/Time Functions and Operators
localtimestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
local_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
lock, Explicit Locking, Advisory Locks, Viewing Locks
advisory, Advisory Locks
monitoring, Viewing Locks
LOCK, Table-Level Locks, LOCK
lock_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
log, Mathematical Functions and Operators
log shipping, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
log10, Mathematical Functions and Operators
Logging
current_logfiles file and the pg_current_logfile + function, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_logfile function, System Information Functions and Operators
logging_collector configuration parameter, Where to Log
Logical Decoding, Logical Decoding, Logical Decoding
logical_decoding_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
login privilege, Role Attributes
log_autovacuum_min_duration
configuration parameter, What to Log
storage parameter, Storage Parameters
log_btree_build_stats configuration parameter, Developer Options
log_checkpoints configuration parameter, What to Log
log_connections configuration parameter, What to Log
log_destination configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_directory configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_disconnections configuration parameter, What to Log
log_duration configuration parameter, What to Log
log_error_verbosity configuration parameter, What to Log
log_executor_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_filename configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_file_mode configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_hostname configuration parameter, What to Log
log_line_prefix configuration parameter, What to Log
log_lock_waits configuration parameter, What to Log
log_min_duration_sample configuration parameter, When to Log
log_min_duration_statement configuration parameter, When to Log
log_min_error_statement configuration parameter, When to Log
log_min_messages configuration parameter, When to Log
log_parameter_max_length configuration parameter, What to Log
log_parameter_max_length_on_error configuration parameter, What to Log
log_parser_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_planner_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_recovery_conflict_waits configuration parameter, What to Log
log_replication_commands configuration parameter, What to Log
log_rotation_age configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_rotation_size configuration parameter, Where to Log
log_startup_progress_interval configuration parameter, When to Log
log_statement configuration parameter, What to Log
log_statement_sample_rate configuration parameter, When to Log
log_statement_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_temp_files configuration parameter, What to Log
log_timezone configuration parameter, What to Log
log_transaction_sample_rate configuration parameter, When to Log
log_truncate_on_rotation configuration parameter, Where to Log
longitude, Cube-Based Earth Distances
looks_like_number
in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl
loop, Simple Loops
in PL/pgSQL, Simple Loops
lower, String Functions and Operators, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
and locales, Behavior
lower_inc, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
lower_inf, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
lo_close, Closing a Large Object Descriptor
lo_compat_privileges configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
lo_creat, Creating a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_create, Creating a Large Object
lo_export, Exporting a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_from_bytea, Server-Side Functions
lo_get, Server-Side Functions
lo_import, Importing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_import_with_oid, Importing a Large Object
lo_lseek, Seeking in a Large Object
lo_lseek64, Seeking in a Large Object
lo_open, Opening an Existing Large Object
lo_put, Server-Side Functions
lo_read, Reading Data from a Large Object
lo_tell, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
lo_tell64, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
lo_truncate, Truncating a Large Object
lo_truncate64, Truncating a Large Object
lo_unlink, Removing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_write, Writing Data to a Large Object
lpad, String Functions and Operators
lseg, Line Segments, Geometric Functions and Operators
LSN, WAL Internals
ltree, ltree
ltree2text, Operators and Functions
ltrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators

M

MAC address (see macaddr)
MAC address (EUI-64 format) (see macaddr)
macaddr (data type), macaddr
macaddr8 (data type), macaddr8
macaddr8_set7bit, Network Address Functions and Operators
macOS, macOS
installation on, macOS
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
magic block, Dynamic Loading
maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
maintenance_io_concurrency configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
maintenance_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
make, Requirements
makeaclitem, System Information Functions and Operators
make_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_timestamptz, Date/Time Functions and Operators
make_valid, Functions and Operators
MANPATH, Environment Variables
masklen, Network Address Functions and Operators
materialized view, Materialized Views
implementation through rules, Materialized Views
materialized views, pg_matviews
max, Aggregate Functions
max_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
max_files_per_process configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage
max_function_args configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_identifier_length configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_index_keys configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_logical_replication_workers configuration parameter, Subscribers
max_parallel_maintenance_workers configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
max_parallel_workers configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
max_parallel_workers_per_gather configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
max_pred_locks_per_page configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_pred_locks_per_relation configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_pred_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_prepared_transactions configuration parameter, Memory
max_replication_slots configuration parameter, Sending Servers
max_slot_wal_keep_size configuration parameter, Sending Servers
max_stack_depth configuration parameter, Memory
max_standby_archive_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers
max_standby_streaming_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers
max_sync_workers_per_subscription configuration parameter, Subscribers
max_wal_senders configuration parameter, Sending Servers
max_wal_size configuration parameter, Checkpoints
max_worker_processes configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
md5, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
MD5, Password Authentication
median, Aggregate Expressions
(see also percentile)
memory context
in SPI, Memory Management
memory overcommit, Linux Memory Overcommit
MERGE, MERGE
metaphone, Metaphone
min, Aggregate Functions
MinGW, MinGW/Native Windows
installation on, MinGW/Native Windows
min_dynamic_shared_memory configuration parameter, Memory
min_parallel_index_scan_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
min_parallel_table_scan_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
min_scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators
min_wal_size configuration parameter, Checkpoints
mod, Mathematical Functions and Operators
mode
statistical, Aggregate Functions
monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity
database activity, Monitoring Database Activity
MOVE, MOVE
moving-aggregate mode, Moving-Aggregate Mode
multirange (function), Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
multirange type, Range Types
Multiversion Concurrency Control, Introduction
MultiXactId, Multixacts and Wraparound
MVCC, Introduction
mxid_age, System Information Functions and Operators

N

name, Identifiers and Key Words
qualified, Creating a Schema
syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
unqualified, The Schema Search Path
NaN (see not a number)
natural join, Joined Tables
negation, Logical Operators
NetBSD
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
netmask, Network Address Functions and Operators
network, Network Address Types, Network Address Functions and Operators
data types, Network Address Types
nextval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
NFS, NFS
nlevel, Operators and Functions
non-durable, Non-Durable Settings
nonblocking connection, Database Connection Control Functions, Asynchronous Command Processing
nonrepeatable read, Transaction Isolation
normalize, String Functions and Operators
normalized, String Functions and Operators
normal_rand, normal_rand
NOT (operator), Logical Operators
not a number
floating point, Floating-Point Types
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
NOT IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
not-null constraint, Not-Null Constraints
notation, Calling Functions
functions, Calling Functions
notice processing, Notice Processing
in libpq, Notice Processing
notice processor, Notice Processing
notice receiver, Notice Processing
NOTIFY, Asynchronous Notification, NOTIFY
in libpq, Asynchronous Notification
NOTNULL, Comparison Functions and Operators
now, Date/Time Functions and Operators
npoints, Geometric Functions and Operators
nth_value, Window Functions
ntile, Window Functions
null value
with check constraints, Check Constraints
comparing, Comparison Functions and Operators
default value, Default Values
in DISTINCT, DISTINCT
in libpq, Retrieving Query Result Information
in PL/Perl, PL/Perl Functions and Arguments
in PL/Python, Null, None
with unique constraints, Unique Constraints
NULLIF, NULLIF
number
constant, Numeric Constants
numeric, Numeric Constants
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
numnode, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries
num_nonnulls, Comparison Functions and Operators
num_nulls, Comparison Functions and Operators
NVL, COALESCE

O

object identifier, Object Identifier Types
data type, Object Identifier Types
object-oriented database, Concepts
obj_description, System Information Functions and Operators
OCCURRENCES_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
octet_length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
OFFSET, LIMIT and OFFSET
oid, Object Identifier Types
OID
in libpq, Retrieving Other Result Information
oid2name, oid2name
old_snapshot, old_snapshot
old_snapshot_threshold configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
ON CONFLICT, INSERT
ONLY, The FROM Clause
OOM, Linux Memory Overcommit
OpenBSD
IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
OpenSSL, PostgreSQL Features
(see also SSL)
operator, Operators, Operator Precedence, Functions and Operators, Logical Operators, Operators, User-Defined Operators
invocation, Operator Invocations
logical, Logical Operators
precedence, Operator Precedence
syntax, Operators
type resolution in an invocation, Operators
user-defined, User-Defined Operators
operator class, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Index Methods and Operator Classes
operator family, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Operator Classes and Operator Families
optimization information, Function Optimization Information, Operator Optimization Information
for functions, Function Optimization Information
for operators, Operator Optimization Information
OR (operator), Logical Operators
Oracle, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
porting from PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
ORDER BY, Querying a Table, Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)
and locales, Behavior
ordered-set aggregate, Aggregate Expressions
built-in, Aggregate Functions
ordering operator, System Dependencies on Operator Classes
ordinality, Set Returning Functions
outer join, Joined Tables
output function, User-Defined Types
OVER clause, Window Function Calls
overcommit, Linux Memory Overcommit
OVERLAPS, Date/Time Functions and Operators
overlay, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
overloading, Function Overloading
functions, Function Overloading
operators, User-Defined Operators
owner, Privileges

P

pageinspect, pageinspect
pages_per_range storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters
page_checksum, General Functions
page_header, General Functions
palloc, Writing Code
PAM, PostgreSQL Features, PAM Authentication
parallel query, Parallel Query
parallel_leader_participation configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
parallel_setup_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
parallel_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
parallel_workers storage parameter, Storage Parameters
parameter
syntax, Positional Parameters
parenthesis, Value Expressions
parse_ident, String Functions and Operators
partition pruning, Partition Pruning
partitioned table, Table Partitioning
partitioning, Table Partitioning
password, Role Attributes
authentication, Password Authentication
of the superuser, Creating a Database Cluster
password file, The Password File
passwordcheck, passwordcheck
password_encryption configuration parameter, Authentication
path, Geometric Functions and Operators
for schemas, Statement Behavior
PATH, Environment Variables
path (data type), Paths
pattern matching, Pattern Matching
patterns
in psql and pg_dump, Patterns
pclose, Geometric Functions and Operators
peer, Peer Authentication
percentile
continuous, Aggregate Functions
discrete, Aggregate Functions
percent_rank, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
performance, Performance Tips
perl, Requirements
Perl, PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
permission (see privilege)
pfree, Writing Code
PGAPPNAME, Environment Variables
pgbench, pgbench
PGcancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PGCHANNELBINDING, Environment Variables
PGCLIENTENCODING, Environment Variables
PGconn, Database Connection Control Functions
PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT, Environment Variables
pgcrypto, pgcrypto
PGDATA, Creating a Database Cluster
PGDATABASE, Environment Variables
PGDATESTYLE, Environment Variables
PGEventProc, Event Callback Procedure
PGGEQO, Environment Variables
PGGSSENCMODE, Environment Variables
PGGSSLIB, Environment Variables
PGHOST, Environment Variables
PGHOSTADDR, Environment Variables
PGKRBSRVNAME, Environment Variables
PGLOCALEDIR, Environment Variables
PGOPTIONS, Environment Variables
PGPASSFILE, Environment Variables
PGPASSWORD, Environment Variables
PGPORT, Environment Variables
pgp_armor_headers, pgp_armor_headers
pgp_key_id, pgp_key_id()
pgp_pub_decrypt, pgp_pub_decrypt()
pgp_pub_decrypt_bytea, pgp_pub_decrypt()
pgp_pub_encrypt, pgp_pub_encrypt()
pgp_pub_encrypt_bytea, pgp_pub_encrypt()
pgp_sym_decrypt, pgp_sym_decrypt()
pgp_sym_decrypt_bytea, pgp_sym_decrypt()
pgp_sym_encrypt, pgp_sym_encrypt()
pgp_sym_encrypt_bytea, pgp_sym_encrypt()
PGREQUIREPEER, Environment Variables
PGREQUIRESSL, Environment Variables
PGresult, Main Functions
pgrowlocks, pgrowlocks, Overview
PGSERVICE, Environment Variables
PGSERVICEFILE, Environment Variables
PGSSLCERT, Environment Variables
PGSSLCOMPRESSION, Environment Variables
PGSSLCRL, Environment Variables
PGSSLCRLDIR, Environment Variables
PGSSLKEY, Environment Variables
PGSSLMAXPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables
PGSSLMINPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables
PGSSLMODE, Environment Variables
PGSSLROOTCERT, Environment Variables
PGSSLSNI, Environment Variables
pgstatginindex, Functions
pgstathashindex, Functions
pgstatindex, Functions
pgstattuple, pgstattuple, Functions
pgstattuple_approx, Functions
PGSYSCONFDIR, Environment Variables
PGTARGETSESSIONATTRS, Environment Variables
PGTZ, Environment Variables
PGUSER, Environment Variables
pgxs, Extension Building Infrastructure
pg_advisory_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_unlock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_unlock_all, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_unlock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_xact_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_advisory_xact_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_aggregate, pg_aggregate
pg_am, pg_am
pg_amcheck, pg_amcheck
pg_amop, pg_amop
pg_amproc, pg_amproc
pg_archivecleanup, pg_archivecleanup
pg_attrdef, pg_attrdef
pg_attribute, pg_attribute
pg_authid, pg_authid
pg_auth_members, pg_auth_members
pg_available_extensions, pg_available_extensions
pg_available_extension_versions, pg_available_extension_versions
pg_backend_memory_contexts, pg_backend_memory_contexts
pg_backend_pid, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_backup_start, Backup Control Functions
pg_backup_stop, Backup Control Functions
pg_basebackup, pg_basebackup
pg_blocking_pids, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_buffercache, pg_buffercache
pg_buffercache_pages, pg_buffercache
pg_cancel_backend, Server Signaling Functions
pg_cast, pg_cast
pg_char_to_encoding, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_checksums, pg_checksums
pg_class, pg_class
pg_client_encoding, String Functions and Operators
pg_collation, pg_collation
pg_collation_actual_version, Database Object Management Functions
pg_collation_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
PG_COLOR, When Color is Used
PG_COLORS, Configuring the Colors
pg_column_compression, Database Object Management Functions
pg_column_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_config, pg_config, pg_config
with + ecpg, Processing Embedded SQL Programs
with libpq, Building libpq Programs
with user-defined C functions, Writing Code
pg_conf_load_time, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_constraint, pg_constraint
pg_controldata, pg_controldata
pg_control_checkpoint, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_control_init, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_control_recovery, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_control_system, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_conversion, pg_conversion
pg_conversion_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_copy_logical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_copy_physical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_create_logical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_create_physical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_create_restore_point, Backup Control Functions
pg_ctl, Creating a Database Cluster, Starting the Database Server, pg_ctl
pg_current_logfile, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_wal_flush_lsn, Backup Control Functions
pg_current_wal_insert_lsn, Backup Control Functions
pg_current_wal_lsn, Backup Control Functions
pg_current_xact_id, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_current_xact_id_if_assigned, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_cursors, pg_cursors
pg_database, Template Databases, pg_database
pg_database_collation_actual_version, Database Object Management Functions
pg_database_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_db_role_setting, pg_db_role_setting
pg_ddl_command, Pseudo-Types
pg_default_acl, pg_default_acl
pg_depend, pg_depend
pg_describe_object, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_description, pg_description
pg_drop_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions
pg_dump, pg_dump
pg_dumpall, pg_dumpall
use during upgrade, Upgrading Data via pg_dumpall
pg_encoding_to_char, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_enum, pg_enum
pg_event_trigger, pg_event_trigger
pg_event_trigger_ddl_commands, Capturing Changes at Command End
pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects, Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_oid, Handling a Table Rewrite Event
pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_reason, Handling a Table Rewrite Event
pg_export_snapshot, Snapshot Synchronization Functions
pg_extension, pg_extension
pg_extension_config_dump, Extension Configuration Tables
pg_filenode_relation, Database Object Management Functions
pg_file_rename, adminpack
pg_file_settings, pg_file_settings
pg_file_sync, adminpack
pg_file_unlink, adminpack
pg_file_write, adminpack
pg_foreign_data_wrapper, pg_foreign_data_wrapper
pg_foreign_server, pg_foreign_server
pg_foreign_table, pg_foreign_table
pg_freespace, Functions
pg_freespacemap, pg_freespacemap
pg_function_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_catalog_foreign_keys, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_constraintdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_expr, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_functiondef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_function_arguments, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_function_identity_arguments, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_function_result, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_indexdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_keywords, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_multixact_members, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_object_address, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_partition_constraintdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_ruledef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_serial_sequence, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_statisticsobjdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_triggerdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_userbyid, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_viewdef, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_get_wal_replay_pause_state, Recovery Control Functions
pg_get_wal_resource_managers, Recovery Control Functions
pg_group, pg_group
pg_has_role, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_hba.conf, The pg_hba.conf File
pg_hba_file_rules, pg_hba_file_rules
pg_ident.conf, User Name Maps
pg_identify_object, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_identify_object_as_address, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ident_file_mappings, pg_ident_file_mappings
pg_import_system_collations, Database Object Management Functions
pg_index, pg_index
pg_indexam_has_property, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_indexes, pg_indexes
pg_indexes_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_index_column_has_property, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_index_has_property, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_inherits, pg_inherits
pg_init_privs, pg_init_privs
pg_isready, pg_isready
pg_is_in_recovery, Recovery Control Functions
pg_is_other_temp_schema, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_is_wal_replay_paused, Recovery Control Functions
pg_jit_available, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_language, pg_language
pg_largeobject, pg_largeobject
pg_largeobject_metadata, pg_largeobject_metadata
pg_last_committed_xact, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_last_wal_receive_lsn, Recovery Control Functions
pg_last_wal_replay_lsn, Recovery Control Functions
pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp, Recovery Control Functions
pg_listening_channels, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_locks, pg_locks
pg_logdir_ls, adminpack
pg_logical_emit_message, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_get_binary_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_get_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_peek_binary_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_logical_slot_peek_changes, Replication Management Functions
pg_log_backend_memory_contexts, Server Signaling Functions
pg_lsn, pg_lsn Type
pg_ls_archive_statusdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_dir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_logdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_logicalmapdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_logicalsnapdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_replslotdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_tmpdir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_ls_waldir, Generic File Access Functions
pg_matviews, pg_matviews
pg_mcv_list_items, Inspecting MCV Lists
pg_my_temp_schema, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_namespace, pg_namespace
pg_notification_queue_usage, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_notify, pg_notify
pg_opclass, pg_opclass
pg_opclass_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_operator, pg_operator
pg_operator_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_opfamily, pg_opfamily
pg_opfamily_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_options_to_table, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_parameter_acl, pg_parameter_acl
pg_partitioned_table, pg_partitioned_table
pg_partition_ancestors, Database Object Management Functions
pg_partition_root, Database Object Management Functions
pg_partition_tree, Database Object Management Functions
pg_policies, pg_policies
pg_policy, pg_policy
pg_postmaster_start_time, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_prepared_statements, pg_prepared_statements
pg_prepared_xacts, pg_prepared_xacts
pg_prewarm, pg_prewarm
pg_prewarm.autoprewarm configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_prewarm.autoprewarm_interval configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_proc, pg_proc
pg_promote, Recovery Control Functions
pg_publication, pg_publication
pg_publication_namespace, pg_publication_namespace
pg_publication_rel, pg_publication_rel
pg_publication_tables, pg_publication_tables
pg_range, pg_range
pg_read_binary_file, Generic File Access Functions
pg_read_file, Generic File Access Functions
pg_receivewal, pg_receivewal
pg_receivexlog, pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal (see pg_receivewal)
pg_recvlogical, pg_recvlogical
pg_relation_filenode, Database Object Management Functions
pg_relation_filepath, Database Object Management Functions
pg_relation_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_reload_conf, Server Signaling Functions
pg_relpages, Functions
pg_replication_origin, pg_replication_origin
pg_replication_origin_advance, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_create, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_drop, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_oid, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_progress, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_is_setup, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_progress, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_reset, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_session_setup, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_status, pg_replication_origin_status
pg_replication_origin_xact_reset, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_origin_xact_setup, Replication Management Functions
pg_replication_slots, pg_replication_slots
pg_replication_slot_advance, Replication Management Functions
pg_resetwal, pg_resetwal
pg_resetxlog, pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal (see pg_resetwal)
pg_restore, pg_restore
pg_rewind, pg_rewind
pg_rewrite, pg_rewrite
pg_roles, pg_roles
pg_rotate_logfile, Server Signaling Functions
pg_rules, pg_rules
pg_safe_snapshot_blocking_pids, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_seclabel, pg_seclabel
pg_seclabels, pg_seclabels
pg_sequence, pg_sequence
pg_sequences, pg_sequences
pg_service.conf, The Connection Service File
pg_settings, pg_settings
pg_settings_get_flags, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_shadow, pg_shadow
pg_shdepend, pg_shdepend
pg_shdescription, pg_shdescription
pg_shmem_allocations, pg_shmem_allocations
pg_shseclabel, pg_shseclabel
pg_size_bytes, Database Object Management Functions
pg_size_pretty, Database Object Management Functions
pg_sleep, Delaying Execution
pg_sleep_for, Delaying Execution
pg_sleep_until, Delaying Execution
pg_snapshot_xip, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_snapshot_xmax, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_snapshot_xmin, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_statio_all_indexes, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_indexes
pg_statio_all_sequences, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_sequences
pg_statio_all_tables, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_tables
pg_statio_sys_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_sys_sequences, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_user_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_user_sequences, Viewing Statistics
pg_statio_user_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_statistic, Single-Column Statistics, pg_statistic
pg_statistics_obj_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_statistic_ext, Extended Statistics, pg_statistic_ext
pg_statistic_ext_data, Extended Statistics, pg_statistic_ext
pg_stats, Single-Column Statistics, pg_stats
pg_stats_ext, pg_stats_ext
pg_stats_ext_exprs, pg_stats_ext_exprs
pg_stat_activity, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_activity
pg_stat_all_indexes, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_all_indexes
pg_stat_all_tables, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_all_tables
pg_stat_archiver, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_archiver
pg_stat_bgwriter, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_bgwriter
pg_stat_clear_snapshot, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_database, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_database
pg_stat_database_conflicts, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_database_conflicts
pg_stat_file, Generic File Access Functions
pg_stat_get_activity, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_activity, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_activity_start, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_client_addr, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_client_port, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_dbid, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_idset, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_pid, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_start, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_userid, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_wait_event, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_wait_event_type, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_backend_xact_start, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_snapshot_timestamp, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_fetched, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_hit, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_gssapi, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_gssapi
pg_stat_progress_analyze, Viewing Statistics, ANALYZE Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_basebackup, Viewing Statistics, Base Backup Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_cluster, Viewing Statistics, CLUSTER Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_copy, Viewing Statistics, COPY Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_create_index, Viewing Statistics, CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting
pg_stat_progress_vacuum, Viewing Statistics, VACUUM Progress Reporting
pg_stat_recovery_prefetch, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_recovery_prefetch
pg_stat_replication, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_replication
pg_stat_replication_slots, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_replication_slots
pg_stat_reset, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_replication_slot, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_shared, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_single_function_counters, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_single_table_counters, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_slru, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_reset_subscription_stats, Statistics Functions
pg_stat_slru, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_slru
pg_stat_ssl, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_ssl
pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements
function, Functions
pg_stat_statements.max configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.save configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.track configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.track_planning configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements.track_utility configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
pg_stat_statements_info, The pg_stat_statements_info View
pg_stat_statements_reset, Functions
pg_stat_subscription, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_subscription
pg_stat_subscription_stats, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_subscription_stats
pg_stat_sys_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_user_functions, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_user_functions
pg_stat_user_indexes, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_user_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_wal, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_wal
pg_stat_wal_receiver, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_wal_receiver
pg_stat_xact_all_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_xact_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_xact_user_functions, Viewing Statistics
pg_stat_xact_user_tables, Viewing Statistics
pg_subscription, pg_subscription
pg_subscription_rel, pg_subscription_rel
pg_surgery, pg_surgery
pg_switch_wal, Backup Control Functions
pg_tables, pg_tables
pg_tablespace, pg_tablespace
pg_tablespace_databases, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_tablespace_location, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_tablespace_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_table_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_table_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_temp, Statement Behavior
securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely
pg_terminate_backend, Server Signaling Functions
pg_test_fsync, pg_test_fsync
pg_test_timing, pg_test_timing
pg_timezone_abbrevs, pg_timezone_abbrevs
pg_timezone_names, pg_timezone_names
pg_total_relation_size, Database Object Management Functions
pg_transform, pg_transform
pg_trgm, pg_trgm
pg_trgm.similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
pg_trgm.strict_word_similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
pg_trgm.word_similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
pg_trigger, pg_trigger
pg_trigger_depth, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_try_advisory_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_try_advisory_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_try_advisory_xact_lock, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_try_advisory_xact_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions
pg_ts_config, pg_ts_config
pg_ts_config_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ts_config_map, pg_ts_config_map
pg_ts_dict, pg_ts_dict
pg_ts_dict_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ts_parser, pg_ts_parser
pg_ts_parser_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_ts_template, pg_ts_template
pg_ts_template_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_type, pg_type
pg_typeof, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_type_is_visible, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_upgrade, pg_upgrade
pg_user, pg_user
pg_user_mapping, pg_user_mapping
pg_user_mappings, pg_user_mappings
pg_verifybackup, pg_verifybackup
pg_views, pg_views
pg_visibility, pg_visibility
pg_visible_in_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_waldump, pg_waldump
pg_walfile_name, Backup Control Functions
pg_walfile_name_offset, Backup Control Functions
pg_walinspect, pg_walinspect
pg_wal_lsn_diff, Backup Control Functions
pg_wal_replay_pause, Recovery Control Functions
pg_wal_replay_resume, Recovery Control Functions
pg_xact_commit_timestamp, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_xact_commit_timestamp_origin, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_xact_status, System Information Functions and Operators
pg_xlogdump, pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump (see pg_waldump)
phantom read, Transaction Isolation
phraseto_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries
pi, Mathematical Functions and Operators
PIC, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
PID
determining PID of server process
in libpq, Connection Status Functions
pipelining, Pipeline Mode, Pipelining
in libpq, Pipeline Mode
protocol specification, Pipelining
PITR, Backup and Restore
PITR standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
pkg-config, PostgreSQL Features
with ecpg, Processing Embedded SQL Programs
with - libpq, Building libpq Programs
PL/Perl, PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
PL/PerlU, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
PL/pgSQL, PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language
PL/Python, PL/Python — Python Procedural Language
PL/SQL (Oracle), Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
porting to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
PL/Tcl, PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language
plainto_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries
plan_cache_mode configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
plperl.on_init configuration parameter, Configuration
plperl.on_plperlu_init configuration parameter, Configuration
plperl.on_plperl_init configuration parameter, Configuration
plperl.use_strict configuration parameter, Configuration
plpgsql.check_asserts configuration parameter, Checking Assertions
plpgsql.variable_conflict configuration parameter, Variable Substitution
pltcl.start_proc configuration parameter, PL/Tcl Configuration
pltclu.start_proc configuration parameter, PL/Tcl Configuration
point, Points, Geometric Functions and Operators
point-in-time recovery, Backup and Restore
policy, Row Security Policies
polygon, Polygons, Geometric Functions and Operators
polymorphic function, Polymorphic Types
polymorphic type, Polymorphic Types
popcount (see bit_count)
popen, Geometric Functions and Operators
populate_record, hstore Operators and Functions
port, Parameter Key Words
port configuration parameter, Connection Settings
position, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
POSITION_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
POSTGRES, The Berkeley POSTGRES Project
postgres, Architectural Fundamentals, Starting the Database Server, Creating a Database, postgres
postgres user, The PostgreSQL User Account
Postgres95, Postgres95
postgresql.auto.conf, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
postgresql.conf, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
postgres_fdw, postgres_fdw
postgres_fdw.application_name configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
postmaster, postmaster
post_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
power, Mathematical Functions and Operators
PQbackendPID, Connection Status Functions
PQbinaryTuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQcancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQclear, Main Functions
PQclientEncoding, Control Functions
PQcmdStatus, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQcmdTuples, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQconndefaults, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectdbParams, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectionNeedsPassword, Connection Status Functions
PQconnectionUsedPassword, Connection Status Functions
PQconnectPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectStartParams, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconninfo, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconninfoFree, Miscellaneous Functions
PQconninfoParse, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconsumeInput, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQcopyResult, Miscellaneous Functions
PQdb, Connection Status Functions
PQdescribePortal, Main Functions
PQdescribePrepared, Main Functions
PQencryptPassword, Miscellaneous Functions
PQencryptPasswordConn, Miscellaneous Functions
PQendcopy, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQenterPipelineMode, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQerrorMessage, Connection Status Functions
PQescapeBytea, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeByteaConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeIdentifier, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeLiteral, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeString, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeStringConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQexec, Main Functions
PQexecParams, Main Functions
PQexecPrepared, Main Functions
PQexitPipelineMode, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQfformat, Retrieving Query Result Information
with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQfinish, Database Connection Control Functions
PQfireResultCreateEvents, Miscellaneous Functions
PQflush, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQfmod, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfn, The Fast-Path Interface
PQfname, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfnumber, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfreeCancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQfreemem, Miscellaneous Functions
PQfsize, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftable, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftablecol, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetCancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQgetCopyData, Functions for Receiving COPY Data
PQgetisnull, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetlength, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetlineAsync, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetResult, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQgetssl, Connection Status Functions
PQgetSSLKeyPassHook_OpenSSL, Database Connection Control Functions
PQgetvalue, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQhost, Connection Status Functions
PQhostaddr, Connection Status Functions
PQinitOpenSSL, SSL Library Initialization
PQinitSSL, SSL Library Initialization
PQinstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQisBusy, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisthreadsafe, Behavior in Threaded Programs
PQlibVersion, Miscellaneous Functions
(see also PQserverVersion)
PQmakeEmptyPGresult, Miscellaneous Functions
PQnfields, Retrieving Query Result Information
with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQnotifies, Asynchronous Notification
PQnparams, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQntuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQoidStatus, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQoidValue, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQoptions, Connection Status Functions
PQparameterStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQparamtype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQpass, Connection Status Functions
PQping, Database Connection Control Functions
PQpingParams, Database Connection Control Functions
PQpipelineStatus, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQpipelineSync, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQport, Connection Status Functions
PQprepare, Main Functions
PQprint, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQprotocolVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQputCopyData, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputCopyEnd, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQputnbytes, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQregisterEventProc, Event Support Functions
PQrequestCancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQreset, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresStatus, Main Functions
PQresultAlloc, Miscellaneous Functions
PQresultErrorField, Main Functions
PQresultErrorMessage, Main Functions
PQresultInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQresultMemorySize, Miscellaneous Functions
PQresultSetInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQresultStatus, Main Functions
PQresultVerboseErrorMessage, Main Functions
PQsendDescribePortal, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendDescribePrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendFlushRequest, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQsendPrepare, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQuery, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryParams, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryPrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQserverVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQsetClientEncoding, Control Functions
PQsetdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetdbLogin, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetErrorContextVisibility, Control Functions
PQsetErrorVerbosity, Control Functions
PQsetInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQsetnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsetNoticeProcessor, Notice Processing
PQsetNoticeReceiver, Notice Processing
PQsetResultAttrs, Miscellaneous Functions
PQsetSingleRowMode, Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
PQsetSSLKeyPassHook_OpenSSL, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetTraceFlags, Control Functions
PQsetvalue, Miscellaneous Functions
PQsocket, Connection Status Functions
PQsslAttribute, Connection Status Functions
PQsslAttributeNames, Connection Status Functions
PQsslInUse, Connection Status Functions
PQsslStruct, Connection Status Functions
PQstatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtrace, Control Functions
PQtransactionStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtty, Connection Status Functions
PQunescapeBytea, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQuntrace, Control Functions
PQuser, Connection Status Functions
predicate locking, Serializable Isolation Level
PREPARE, PREPARE
PREPARE TRANSACTION, PREPARE TRANSACTION
prepared statements, DEALLOCATE, EXECUTE, EXPLAIN, PREPARE
creating, PREPARE
executing, EXECUTE
removing, DEALLOCATE
showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
preparing a query
in PL/pgSQL, Plan Caching
in PL/Python, Database Access Functions
in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
pre_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
primary key, Primary Keys
primary_conninfo configuration parameter, Standby Servers
primary_slot_name configuration parameter, Standby Servers
privilege, Privileges, Schemas and Privileges, Rules and Privileges, Rules and Privileges
querying, System Information Functions and Operators
with rules, Rules and Privileges
for schemas, Schemas and Privileges
with views, Rules and Privileges
procedural language, Procedural Languages, Writing a Procedural Language Handler
externally maintained, Procedural Languages
handler for, Writing a Procedural Language Handler
procedure, User-Defined Procedures
user-defined, User-Defined Procedures
procedures
output parameter, SQL Procedures with Output Parameters
promote_trigger_file configuration parameter, Standby Servers
protocol, Frontend/Backend Protocol
frontend-backend, Frontend/Backend Protocol
ps, Standard Unix Tools
to monitor activity, Standard Unix Tools
psql, Accessing a Database, psql
Python, PL/Python — Python Procedural Language

R

radians, Mathematical Functions and Operators
radius, Geometric Functions and Operators
RADIUS, RADIUS Authentication
RAISE
in PL/pgSQL, Reporting Errors and Messages
random, Mathematical Functions and Operators
random_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
range table, The Query Tree
range type, Range Types
exclude, Constraints on Ranges
indexes on, Indexing
range_agg, Aggregate Functions
range_intersect_agg, Aggregate Functions
range_merge, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
rank, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level
read-only transaction, Statement Behavior
setting, SET TRANSACTION
setting default, Statement Behavior
readline, Requirements
Readline
in psql, Command-Line Editing
READ_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol
real, Floating-Point Types
REASSIGN OWNED, REASSIGN OWNED
record, Pseudo-Types
recovery.conf, recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
recovery.signal, Archive Recovery
recovery_end_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery
recovery_init_sync_method configuration parameter, Error Handling
recovery_min_apply_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers
recovery_prefetch configuration parameter, Recovery
recovery_target configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_action configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_inclusive configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_lsn configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_name configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_time configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_timeline configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_xid configuration parameter, Recovery Target
rectangle, Boxes
RECURSIVE, CREATE VIEW
in common table expressions, Recursive Queries
in views, CREATE VIEW
recursive_worktable_factor configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
referential integrity, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW, REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
regclass, Object Identifier Types
regcollation, Object Identifier Types
regconfig, Object Identifier Types
regdictionary, Object Identifier Types
regexp_count, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_instr, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_like, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_match, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_matches, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_replace, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_split_to_array, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_split_to_table, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_substr, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regnamespace, Object Identifier Types
regoper, Object Identifier Types
regoperator, Object Identifier Types
regproc, Object Identifier Types
regprocedure, Object Identifier Types
regression intercept, Aggregate Functions
regression slope, Aggregate Functions
regression test, Installation Procedure
regression tests, Regression Tests
regrole, Object Identifier Types
regr_avgx, Aggregate Functions
regr_avgy, Aggregate Functions
regr_count, Aggregate Functions
regr_intercept, Aggregate Functions
regr_r2, Aggregate Functions
regr_slope, Aggregate Functions
regr_sxx, Aggregate Functions
regr_sxy, Aggregate Functions
regr_syy, Aggregate Functions
regtype, Object Identifier Types
regular expression, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
(see also pattern matching)
regular expressions
and locales, Behavior
reindex, Routine Reindexing
REINDEX, REINDEX
reindexdb, reindexdb
relation, Concepts
relational database, Concepts
RELEASE SAVEPOINT, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
remove_temp_files_after_crash configuration parameter, Developer Options
repeat, String Functions and Operators
repeatable read, Repeatable Read Isolation Level
replace, String Functions and Operators
replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
Replication Origins, Replication Progress Tracking
Replication Progress Tracking, Replication Progress Tracking
replication slot
logical replication, Replication Slots
streaming replication, Replication Slots
reporting errors
in PL/pgSQL, Reporting Errors and Messages
RESET, RESET
restartpoint, WAL Configuration
restart_after_crash configuration parameter, Error Handling
restore_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery
RESTRICT, Dependency Tracking
with DROP, Dependency Tracking
foreign key action, Foreign Keys
restrict_nonsystem_relation_kind
configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
retryable error, Serialization Failure Handling
RETURN NEXT
in PL/pgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
RETURN QUERY
in PL/pgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
RETURNING INTO, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
reverse, String Functions and Operators
REVOKE, Privileges, REVOKE
right, String Functions and Operators
right join, Joined Tables
role, Database Roles, Role Membership, Predefined Roles
applicable, applicable_roles
enabled, enabled_roles
membership in, Role Membership
privilege to bypass, Role Attributes
privilege to create, Role Attributes
privilege to inherit, Role Attributes
privilege to initiate replication, Role Attributes
privilege to limit connection, Role Attributes
ROLLBACK, ROLLBACK
rollback
psql, Variables
ROLLBACK PREPARED, ROLLBACK PREPARED
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
ROLLUP, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
round, Mathematical Functions and Operators
routine, User-Defined Procedures
routine maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
row, Concepts, Table Basics
ROW, Row Constructors
row estimation, Row Estimation Examples
multivariate, Multivariate Statistics Examples
planner, Row Estimation Examples
row type, Composite Types
constructor, Row Constructors
row-level security, Row Security Policies
row-wise comparison, Row and Array Comparisons
row_number, Window Functions
row_security configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
row_security_active, System Information Functions and Operators
row_to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data
rpad, String Functions and Operators
rtrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
rule, The Rule System, Views and the Rule System, How SELECT Rules Work, Materialized Views, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules Versus Triggers
and materialized views, Materialized Views
and views, Views and the Rule System
for DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
for INSERT, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
for SELECT, How SELECT Rules Work
compared with triggers, Rules Versus Triggers
for UPDATE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE

S

SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT
savepoints, RELEASE SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT
defining, SAVEPOINT
releasing, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
rolling back, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
scalar (see expression)
scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators
schema, Schemas, Creating a Schema, The Public Schema, Overview
creating, Creating a Schema
current, The Schema Search Path, System Information Functions and Operators
public, The Public Schema
removing, Creating a Schema
SCRAM, Password Authentication
search path, The Schema Search Path
current, System Information Functions and Operators
object visibility, System Information Functions and Operators
search_path configuration parameter, The Schema Search Path, Statement Behavior
use in securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely
SECURITY LABEL, SECURITY LABEL
sec_to_gc, Cube-Based Earth Distances
seg, seg
segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
SELECT, Querying a Table, Queries, SELECT Output Columns, SELECT
determination of result type, SELECT Output Columns
select list, Select Lists
SELECT INTO, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result, SELECT INTO
in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
semaphores, Shared Memory and Semaphores
sepgsql, sepgsql
sepgsql.debug_audit configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
sepgsql.permissive configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
sequence, Sequence Manipulation Functions
and serial type, Serial Types
sequential scan, Planner Method Configuration
seq_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
serial, Serial Types
serial2, Serial Types
serial4, Serial Types
serial8, Serial Types
serializable, Serializable Isolation Level
Serializable Snapshot Isolation, Introduction
serialization anomaly, Transaction Isolation, Serializable Isolation Level
serialization failure, Serialization Failure Handling
server log, Error Reporting and Logging, Log File Maintenance
log file maintenance, Log File Maintenance
Server Name Indication, Parameter Key Words
server spoofing, Preventing Server Spoofing
server_encoding configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version_num configuration parameter, Preset Options
session_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
session_replication_role configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
session_user, System Information Functions and Operators
SET, Configuration Settings Functions, SET
SET CONSTRAINTS, SET CONSTRAINTS
set difference, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
set intersection, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
set operation, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
set returning functions, Set Returning Functions
functions, Set Returning Functions
SET ROLE, SET ROLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION, SET TRANSACTION
set union, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
SET XML OPTION, Statement Behavior
setseed, Mathematical Functions and Operators
setval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
setweight, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Documents
setweight for specific lexeme(s), Text Search Functions and Operators
set_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
set_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
set_config, Configuration Settings Functions
set_limit, Functions and Operators
set_masklen, Network Address Functions and Operators
sha224, Binary String Functions and Operators
sha256, Binary String Functions and Operators
sha384, Binary String Functions and Operators
sha512, Binary String Functions and Operators
shared library, Shared Libraries, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
shared memory, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
shared_memory_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages configuration parameter, Preset Options
shared_memory_type configuration parameter, Memory
shared_preload_libraries, Shared Memory and LWLocks
shared_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
shobj_description, System Information Functions and Operators
SHOW, Configuration Settings Functions, SHOW, Streaming Replication Protocol
show_limit, Functions and Operators
show_trgm, Functions and Operators
shutdown, Shutting Down the Server
SIGHUP, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File, The pg_hba.conf File, User Name Maps
SIGINT, Shutting Down the Server
sign, Mathematical Functions and Operators
signal
backend processes, Server Signaling Functions
significant digits, Locale and Formatting
SIGQUIT, Shutting Down the Server
SIGTERM, Shutting Down the Server
SIMILAR TO, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
similarity, Functions and Operators
sin, Mathematical Functions and Operators
sind, Mathematical Functions and Operators
single-user mode, Options for Single-User Mode
sinh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
skeys, hstore Operators and Functions
sleep, Delaying Execution
slice, hstore Operators and Functions
sliced bread (see TOAST)
slope, Geometric Functions and Operators
SLRU, pg_stat_slru
smallint, Integer Types
smallserial, Serial Types
Solaris, Solaris
installation on, Solaris
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
SOME, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
sort, intarray Functions and Operators
sorting, Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)
sort_asc, intarray Functions and Operators
sort_desc, intarray Functions and Operators
soundex, Soundex
SP-GiST (see index)
SPI, Server Programming Interface, spi
examples, spi
spi_commit
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_commit, SPI_commit
SPI_commit_and_chain, SPI_commit
SPI_connect, SPI_connect
SPI_connect_ext, SPI_connect
SPI_copytuple, SPI_copytuple
spi_cursor_close
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_cursor_close, SPI_cursor_close
SPI_cursor_fetch, SPI_cursor_fetch
SPI_cursor_find, SPI_cursor_find
SPI_cursor_move, SPI_cursor_move
SPI_cursor_open, SPI_cursor_open
SPI_cursor_open_with_args, SPI_cursor_open_with_args
SPI_cursor_open_with_paramlist, SPI_cursor_open_with_paramlist
SPI_cursor_parse_open, SPI_cursor_parse_open
SPI_exec, SPI_exec
SPI_execp, SPI_execp
SPI_execute, SPI_execute
SPI_execute_extended, SPI_execute_extended
SPI_execute_plan, SPI_execute_plan
SPI_execute_plan_extended, SPI_execute_plan_extended
SPI_execute_plan_with_paramlist, SPI_execute_plan_with_paramlist
SPI_execute_with_args, SPI_execute_with_args
spi_exec_prepared
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
spi_exec_query
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
spi_fetchrow
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_finish, SPI_finish
SPI_fname, SPI_fname
SPI_fnumber, SPI_fnumber
spi_freeplan
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_freeplan, SPI_freeplan
SPI_freetuple, SPI_freetuple
SPI_freetuptable, SPI_freetuptable
SPI_getargcount, SPI_getargcount
SPI_getargtypeid, SPI_getargtypeid
SPI_getbinval, SPI_getbinval
SPI_getnspname, SPI_getnspname
SPI_getrelname, SPI_getrelname
SPI_gettype, SPI_gettype
SPI_gettypeid, SPI_gettypeid
SPI_getvalue, SPI_getvalue
SPI_is_cursor_plan, SPI_is_cursor_plan
SPI_keepplan, SPI_keepplan
SPI_modifytuple, SPI_modifytuple
SPI_palloc, SPI_palloc
SPI_pfree, SPI_pfree
spi_prepare
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_prepare, SPI_prepare
SPI_prepare_cursor, SPI_prepare_cursor
SPI_prepare_extended, SPI_prepare_extended
SPI_prepare_params, SPI_prepare_params
spi_query
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
spi_query_prepared
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_register_relation, SPI_register_relation
SPI_register_trigger_data, SPI_register_trigger_data
SPI_repalloc, SPI_repalloc
SPI_result_code_string, SPI_result_code_string
SPI_returntuple, SPI_returntuple
spi_rollback
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_rollback, SPI_rollback
SPI_rollback_and_chain, SPI_rollback
SPI_saveplan, SPI_saveplan
SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch, SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch
SPI_scroll_cursor_move, SPI_scroll_cursor_move
SPI_start_transaction, SPI_start_transaction
SPI_unregister_relation, SPI_unregister_relation
split_part, String Functions and Operators
SQL/CLI, SQL Conformance
SQL/Foundation, SQL Conformance
SQL/Framework, SQL Conformance
SQL/JRT, SQL Conformance
SQL/JSON path language, The SQL/JSON Path Language
SQL/MDA, SQL Conformance
SQL/MED, SQL Conformance
SQL/OLB, SQL Conformance
SQL/PSM, SQL Conformance
SQL/Schemata, SQL Conformance
SQL/XML, SQL Conformance
limits and conformance, XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
sqrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ssh, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
SSI, Introduction
SSL, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support
in libpq, Connection Status Functions
with libpq, Parameter Key Words
TLS, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support
ssl configuration parameter, SSL
sslinfo, sslinfo
ssl_ca_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_cert_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_cipher, Functions Provided
ssl_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_client_cert_present, Functions Provided
ssl_client_dn, Functions Provided
ssl_client_dn_field, Functions Provided
ssl_client_serial, Functions Provided
ssl_crl_dir configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_crl_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_dh_params_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_ecdh_curve configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_extension_info, Functions Provided
ssl_issuer_dn, Functions Provided
ssl_issuer_field, Functions Provided
ssl_is_used, Functions Provided
ssl_key_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_library configuration parameter, Preset Options
ssl_max_protocol_version configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_min_protocol_version configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_passphrase_command configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_version, Functions Provided
SSPI, SSPI Authentication
STABLE, Function Volatility Categories
standard deviation, Aggregate Functions
population, Aggregate Functions
sample, Aggregate Functions
standard_conforming_strings configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
standby server, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
standby.signal, Archive Recovery, Standby Server Operation, Setting Up a Standby Server
for hot standby, Administrator's Overview
pg_basebackup --write-recovery-conf, Options
standby_mode (see standby.signal)
START TRANSACTION, START TRANSACTION
starts_with, String Functions and Operators
START_REPLICATION, Streaming Replication Protocol
statement_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
statement_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
statistics, Aggregate Functions, Statistics Used by the Planner, Extended Statistics, Updating Planner Statistics, The Cumulative Statistics System
of the planner, Statistics Used by the Planner, Extended Statistics, Updating Planner Statistics
stats_fetch_consistency configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
stddev, Aggregate Functions
stddev_pop, Aggregate Functions
stddev_samp, Aggregate Functions
STONITH, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
storage parameters, Storage Parameters
Streaming Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
strict_word_similarity, Functions and Operators
string (see character string)
strings
backslash quotes, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
escape warning, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
standard conforming, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
string_agg, Aggregate Functions
string_to_array, String Functions and Operators
string_to_table, String Functions and Operators
strip, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Documents
strpos, String Functions and Operators
subarray, intarray Functions and Operators
subltree, Operators and Functions
subpath, Operators and Functions
subquery, Aggregate Functions, Scalar Subqueries, Subqueries, Subquery Expressions
subscript, Subscripts
substr, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
substring, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
SUBSTRING_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
subtransactions
in PL/Tcl, Explicit Subtransactions in PL/Tcl
sum, Aggregate Functions
superuser, Accessing a Database, Role Attributes
superuser_reserved_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
support functions
in_range, B-Tree Support Functions
suppress_redundant_updates_trigger, Trigger Functions
svals, hstore Operators and Functions
synchronize_seqscans configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
synchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit
Synchronous Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
synchronous_commit configuration parameter, Settings
synchronous_standby_names configuration parameter, Primary Server
syntax, SQL Syntax
SQL, SQL Syntax
syslog_facility configuration parameter, Where to Log
syslog_ident configuration parameter, Where to Log
syslog_sequence_numbers configuration parameter, Where to Log
syslog_split_messages configuration parameter, Where to Log
system catalog, The System Catalog Schema
schema, The System Catalog Schema
systemd, PostgreSQL Features, Starting the Database Server
RemoveIPC, systemd RemoveIPC

T

table, Concepts, Table Basics, Modifying Tables
creating, Table Basics
inheritance, Inheritance
modifying, Modifying Tables
partitioning, Table Partitioning
removing, Table Basics
renaming, Renaming a Table
Table Access Method, Table Access Method Interface Definition
TABLE command, SELECT
table expression, Table Expressions
table function, Table Functions, xmltable
XMLTABLE, xmltable
table sampling method, Writing a Table Sampling Method
tableam
Table Access Method, Table Access Method Interface Definition
tablefunc, tablefunc
tableoid, System Columns
TABLESAMPLE method, Writing a Table Sampling Method
tablespace, Tablespaces
default, Statement Behavior
temporary, Statement Behavior
table_am_handler, Pseudo-Types
tan, Mathematical Functions and Operators
tand, Mathematical Functions and Operators
tanh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
target list, The Query Tree
Tcl, PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language
tcn, tcn
tcp_keepalives_count configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_keepalives_idle configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_keepalives_interval configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_user_timeout configuration parameter, Connection Settings
template0, Creating a Database, Template Databases
template1, Creating a Database, Template Databases
temp_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
temp_file_limit configuration parameter, Disk
temp_tablespaces configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
test, Regression Tests
test_decoding, test_decoding
text, Character Types, Network Address Functions and Operators
text search, Text Search Types, Text Search Types, Full Text Search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
data types, Text Search Types
functions and operators, Text Search Types
indexes, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
text2ltree, Operators and Functions
threads, Behavior in Threaded Programs
with libpq, Behavior in Threaded Programs
tid, Object Identifier Types
time, Date/Time Types, Times
constants, Special Values
current, Current Date/Time
output format, Date/Time Output
(see also formatting)
time span, Date/Time Types
time with time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time without time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time zone, Time Zones, Locale and Formatting, POSIX Time Zone Specifications
conversion, AT TIME ZONE
input abbreviations, Date/Time Configuration Files
POSIX-style specification, POSIX Time Zone Specifications
time zone data, Build Process Details
time zone names, Locale and Formatting
timelines, Backup and Restore
TIMELINE_HISTORY, Streaming Replication Protocol
timeofday, Date/Time Functions and Operators
timeout
client authentication, Authentication
deadlock, Lock Management
timestamp, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp with time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp without time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamptz, Date/Time Types
TimeZone configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
timezone_abbreviations configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
TOAST, TOAST
and user-defined types, TOAST Considerations
per-column storage settings, Description
per-type storage settings, Description
versus large objects, Introduction
toast_tuple_target storage parameter, Storage Parameters
token, Lexical Structure
to_ascii, String Functions and Operators
to_char, Data Type Formatting Functions
and locales, Behavior
to_date, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_hex, String Functions and Operators
to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data
to_jsonb, Processing and Creating JSON Data
to_number, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_regclass, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regcollation, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regnamespace, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regoper, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regoperator, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regproc, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regprocedure, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regrole, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regtype, System Information Functions and Operators
to_timestamp, Data Type Formatting Functions, Date/Time Functions and Operators
to_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries
to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Documents
trace_locks configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lock_oidmin configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lock_table configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lwlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_notify configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_recovery_messages configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_sort configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_userlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
track_activities configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_activity_query_size configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_commit_timestamp configuration parameter, Sending Servers
track_counts configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_functions configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_io_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_wal_io_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
transaction, Transactions
transaction ID, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
wraparound, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
transaction isolation, Transaction Isolation
transaction isolation level, Transaction Isolation, Statement Behavior
read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level
repeatable read, Repeatable Read Isolation Level
serializable, Serializable Isolation Level
setting, SET TRANSACTION
setting default, Statement Behavior
transaction log (see WAL)
transaction_deferrable configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
transaction_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
transform_null_equals configuration parameter, Platform and Client Compatibility
transition tables, CREATE TRIGGER
(see also ephemeral named relation)
implementation in PLs, SPI_register_trigger_data
referencing from C trigger, Writing Trigger Functions in C
translate, String Functions and Operators
TRANSLATE_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
transparent - huge pages, Memory
trigger, Pseudo-Types, Triggers, Writing Trigger Functions in C, Rules Versus Triggers, Trigger Functions, Trigger Functions
arguments for trigger functions, Overview of Trigger Behavior
constraint trigger, Description
for updating a derived tsvector column, Triggers for Automatic Updates
in C, Writing Trigger Functions in C
in PL/pgSQL, Trigger Functions
in PL/Python, Trigger Functions
in PL/Tcl, Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl
compared with rules, Rules Versus Triggers
triggered_change_notification, tcn
trigger_file (see promote_trigger_file)
trim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
trim_array, Array Functions and Operators
trim_scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators
true, Boolean Type
trunc, Mathematical Functions and Operators, Network Address Functions and Operators
TRUNCATE, TRUNCATE
trusted, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
PL/Perl, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
tsm_handler, Pseudo-Types
tsm_system_rows, tsm_system_rows
tsm_system_time, tsm_system_time
tsquery (data type), tsquery
tsquery_phrase, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries
tsvector (data type), tsvector
tsvector concatenation, Manipulating Documents
tsvector_to_array, Text Search Functions and Operators
tsvector_update_trigger, Trigger Functions
tsvector_update_trigger_column, Trigger Functions
ts_debug, Text Search Functions and Operators, Configuration Testing
ts_delete, Text Search Functions and Operators
ts_filter, Text Search Functions and Operators
ts_headline, Text Search Functions and Operators, Highlighting Results
ts_lexize, Text Search Functions and Operators, Dictionary Testing
ts_parse, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parser Testing
ts_rank, Text Search Functions and Operators, Ranking Search Results
ts_rank_cd, Text Search Functions and Operators, Ranking Search Results
ts_rewrite, Text Search Functions and Operators, Query Rewriting
ts_stat, Text Search Functions and Operators, Gathering Document Statistics
ts_token_type, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parser Testing
tuple_data_split, Heap Functions
txid_current, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_current_if_assigned, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_current_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_snapshot_xip, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_snapshot_xmax, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_snapshot_xmin, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_status, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_visible_in_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
type (see data type)
type cast, Numeric Constants, Type Casts

U

UESCAPE, Identifiers and Key Words, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
unaccent, unaccent, Functions
Unicode escape, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
in identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words
in string constants, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
Unicode normalization, String Functions and Operators
UNION, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT), UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
uniq, intarray Functions and Operators
unique constraint, Unique Constraints
unistr, String Functions and Operators
Unix domain socket, Parameter Key Words
unix_socket_directories configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_group configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_permissions configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unknown, Pseudo-Types
UNLISTEN, UNLISTEN
unnest, Array Functions and Operators
for multirange, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
for tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
unqualified name, The Schema Search Path
updatable views, Updatable Views
UPDATE, Updates, Updating Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, UPDATE
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
update_process_title configuration parameter, Process Title
updating, Updating Data
upgrading, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
upper, String Functions and Operators, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
and locales, Behavior
upper_inc, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
upper_inf, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
UPSERT, INSERT
URI, Connection Strings
user, System Information Functions and Operators, Database Roles
current, System Information Functions and Operators
user mapping, Foreign Data
User name maps, User Name Maps
user_catalog_table storage parameter, Storage Parameters
UUID, UUID Type, UUID Functions, PostgreSQL Features
generating, UUID Functions
uuid-ossp, uuid-ossp
uuid_generate_v1, uuid-ossp Functions
uuid_generate_v1mc, uuid-ossp Functions
uuid_generate_v3, uuid-ossp Functions

V

vacuum, Routine Vacuuming
VACUUM, VACUUM
vacuumdb, vacuumdb
vacuumlo, vacuumlo
vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_dirty configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_hit configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_miss configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_defer_cleanup_age configuration parameter, Primary Server
vacuum_failsafe_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_index_cleanup storage parameter, Storage Parameters
vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_truncate storage parameter, Storage Parameters
value expression, Value Expressions
VALUES, VALUES Lists, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs, VALUES
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
varchar, Character Types
variadic function, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
variance, Aggregate Functions
population, Aggregate Functions
sample, Aggregate Functions
var_pop, Aggregate Functions
var_samp, Aggregate Functions
version, Accessing a Database, System Information Functions and Operators, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
compatibility, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
view, Views, Views and the Rule System, Materialized Views, Cooperation with Views
implementation through rules, Views and the Rule System
materialized, Materialized Views
updating, Cooperation with Views
Visibility Map, Visibility Map
VM (see Visibility Map)
void, Pseudo-Types
VOLATILE, Function Volatility Categories
volatility, Function Volatility Categories
functions, Function Volatility Categories
VPATH, Installation Procedure, Extension Building Infrastructure

W

WAL, Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
wal_block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
wal_buffers configuration parameter, Settings
wal_compression configuration parameter, Settings
wal_consistency_checking configuration parameter, Developer Options
wal_debug configuration parameter, Developer Options
wal_decode_buffer_size configuration parameter, Recovery
wal_init_zero configuration parameter, Settings
wal_keep_size configuration parameter, Sending Servers
wal_level configuration parameter, Settings
wal_log_hints configuration parameter, Settings
wal_receiver_create_temp_slot configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_receiver_status_interval configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_receiver_timeout configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_recycle configuration parameter, Settings
wal_retrieve_retry_interval configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
wal_sender_timeout configuration parameter, Sending Servers
wal_skip_threshold configuration parameter, Settings
wal_sync_method configuration parameter, Settings
wal_writer_delay configuration parameter, Settings
wal_writer_flush_after configuration parameter, Settings
warm standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
websearch_to_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators
WHERE, The WHERE Clause
where to log, Where to Log
WHILE
in PL/pgSQL, WHILE
width, Geometric Functions and Operators
width_bucket, Mathematical Functions and Operators
window function, Window Functions, Window Function Calls, Window Function Processing, Window Functions
built-in, Window Functions
invocation, Window Function Calls
order of execution, Window Function Processing
WITH, WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions), SELECT
in SELECT, WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions), SELECT
WITH CHECK OPTION, CREATE VIEW
WITHIN GROUP, Aggregate Expressions
witness server, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
word_similarity, Functions and Operators
work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
wraparound
of multixact IDs, Multixacts and Wraparound
of transaction IDs, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures

X

xid, Object Identifier Types
xid8, Object Identifier Types
xmax, System Columns
xmin, System Columns
XML, XML Type
XML export, Mapping Tables to XML
XML Functions, XML Functions
XML option, Creating XML Values, Statement Behavior
xml2, xml2
xmlagg, xmlagg, Aggregate Functions
xmlbinary configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
xmlcomment, xmlcomment
xmlconcat, xmlconcat
xmlelement, xmlelement
XMLEXISTS, XMLEXISTS
xmlforest, xmlforest
xmloption configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
xmlparse, Creating XML Values
xmlpi, xmlpi
xmlroot, xmlroot
xmlserialize, Creating XML Values
xmltable, xmltable
xml_is_well_formed, xml_is_well_formed
xml_is_well_formed_content, xml_is_well_formed
xml_is_well_formed_document, xml_is_well_formed
XPath, xpath
xpath_exists, xpath_exists
xpath_table, xpath_table
XQuery regular expressions, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
xslt_process, xslt_process

Z

zero_damaged_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options
zlib, Requirements, Anti-Features
Prev Up 
Bibliography Home 
\ No newline at end of file + libpq, Building libpq Programs
PL/Perl, PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
PL/PerlU, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
PL/pgSQL, PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language
PL/Python, PL/Python — Python Procedural Language
PL/SQL (Oracle), Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
porting to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
PL/Tcl, PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language
plainto_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries
plan_cache_mode configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
plperl.on_init configuration parameter, Configuration
plperl.on_plperlu_init configuration parameter, Configuration
plperl.on_plperl_init configuration parameter, Configuration
plperl.use_strict configuration parameter, Configuration
plpgsql.check_asserts configuration parameter, Checking Assertions
plpgsql.variable_conflict configuration parameter, Variable Substitution
pltcl.start_proc configuration parameter, PL/Tcl Configuration
pltclu.start_proc configuration parameter, PL/Tcl Configuration
point, Points, Geometric Functions and Operators
point-in-time recovery, Backup and Restore
policy, Row Security Policies
polygon, Polygons, Geometric Functions and Operators
polymorphic function, Polymorphic Types
polymorphic type, Polymorphic Types
popcount (see bit_count)
popen, Geometric Functions and Operators
populate_record, hstore Operators and Functions
port, Parameter Key Words
port configuration parameter, Connection Settings
position, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
POSITION_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
POSTGRES, The Berkeley POSTGRES Project
postgres, Architectural Fundamentals, Starting the Database Server, Creating a Database, postgres
postgres user, The PostgreSQL User Account
Postgres95, Postgres95
postgresql.auto.conf, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
postgresql.conf, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
postgres_fdw, postgres_fdw
postgres_fdw.application_name configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters
postmaster, postmaster
post_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
power, Mathematical Functions and Operators
PQbackendPID, Connection Status Functions
PQbinaryTuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQcancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQclear, Main Functions
PQclientEncoding, Control Functions
PQcmdStatus, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQcmdTuples, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQconndefaults, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectdbParams, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectionNeedsPassword, Connection Status Functions
PQconnectionUsedPassword, Connection Status Functions
PQconnectPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectStartParams, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconninfo, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconninfoFree, Miscellaneous Functions
PQconninfoParse, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconsumeInput, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQcopyResult, Miscellaneous Functions
PQdb, Connection Status Functions
PQdescribePortal, Main Functions
PQdescribePrepared, Main Functions
PQencryptPassword, Miscellaneous Functions
PQencryptPasswordConn, Miscellaneous Functions
PQendcopy, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQenterPipelineMode, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQerrorMessage, Connection Status Functions
PQescapeBytea, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeByteaConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeIdentifier, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeLiteral, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeString, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeStringConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQexec, Main Functions
PQexecParams, Main Functions
PQexecPrepared, Main Functions
PQexitPipelineMode, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQfformat, Retrieving Query Result Information
with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQfinish, Database Connection Control Functions
PQfireResultCreateEvents, Miscellaneous Functions
PQflush, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQfmod, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfn, The Fast-Path Interface
PQfname, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfnumber, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfreeCancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQfreemem, Miscellaneous Functions
PQfsize, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftable, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftablecol, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetCancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQgetCopyData, Functions for Receiving COPY Data
PQgetisnull, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetlength, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetlineAsync, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetResult, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQgetssl, Connection Status Functions
PQgetSSLKeyPassHook_OpenSSL, Database Connection Control Functions
PQgetvalue, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQhost, Connection Status Functions
PQhostaddr, Connection Status Functions
PQinitOpenSSL, SSL Library Initialization
PQinitSSL, SSL Library Initialization
PQinstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQisBusy, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisthreadsafe, Behavior in Threaded Programs
PQlibVersion, Miscellaneous Functions
(see also PQserverVersion)
PQmakeEmptyPGresult, Miscellaneous Functions
PQnfields, Retrieving Query Result Information
with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQnotifies, Asynchronous Notification
PQnparams, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQntuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQoidStatus, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQoidValue, Retrieving Other Result Information
PQoptions, Connection Status Functions
PQparameterStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQparamtype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQpass, Connection Status Functions
PQping, Database Connection Control Functions
PQpingParams, Database Connection Control Functions
PQpipelineStatus, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQpipelineSync, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQport, Connection Status Functions
PQprepare, Main Functions
PQprint, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQprotocolVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQputCopyData, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputCopyEnd, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQputnbytes, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQregisterEventProc, Event Support Functions
PQrequestCancel, Canceling Queries in Progress
PQreset, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresStatus, Main Functions
PQresultAlloc, Miscellaneous Functions
PQresultErrorField, Main Functions
PQresultErrorMessage, Main Functions
PQresultInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQresultMemorySize, Miscellaneous Functions
PQresultSetInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQresultStatus, Main Functions
PQresultVerboseErrorMessage, Main Functions
PQsendDescribePortal, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendDescribePrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendFlushRequest, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
PQsendPrepare, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQuery, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryParams, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryPrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQserverVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQsetClientEncoding, Control Functions
PQsetdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetdbLogin, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetErrorContextVisibility, Control Functions
PQsetErrorVerbosity, Control Functions
PQsetInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQsetnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsetNoticeProcessor, Notice Processing
PQsetNoticeReceiver, Notice Processing
PQsetResultAttrs, Miscellaneous Functions
PQsetSingleRowMode, Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
PQsetSSLKeyPassHook_OpenSSL, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetTraceFlags, Control Functions
PQsetvalue, Miscellaneous Functions
PQsocket, Connection Status Functions
PQsslAttribute, Connection Status Functions
PQsslAttributeNames, Connection Status Functions
PQsslInUse, Connection Status Functions
PQsslStruct, Connection Status Functions
PQstatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtrace, Control Functions
PQtransactionStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtty, Connection Status Functions
PQunescapeBytea, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQuntrace, Control Functions
PQuser, Connection Status Functions
predicate locking, Serializable Isolation Level
PREPARE, PREPARE
PREPARE TRANSACTION, PREPARE TRANSACTION
prepared statements, DEALLOCATE, EXECUTE, EXPLAIN, PREPARE
creating, PREPARE
executing, EXECUTE
removing, DEALLOCATE
showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
preparing a query
in PL/pgSQL, Plan Caching
in PL/Python, Database Access Functions
in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
pre_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
primary key, Primary Keys
primary_conninfo configuration parameter, Standby Servers
primary_slot_name configuration parameter, Standby Servers
privilege, Privileges, Schemas and Privileges, Rules and Privileges, Rules and Privileges
querying, System Information Functions and Operators
with rules, Rules and Privileges
for schemas, Schemas and Privileges
with views, Rules and Privileges
procedural language, Procedural Languages, Writing a Procedural Language Handler
externally maintained, Procedural Languages
handler for, Writing a Procedural Language Handler
procedure, User-Defined Procedures
user-defined, User-Defined Procedures
procedures
output parameter, SQL Procedures with Output Parameters
promote_trigger_file configuration parameter, Standby Servers
protocol, Frontend/Backend Protocol
frontend-backend, Frontend/Backend Protocol
ps, Standard Unix Tools
to monitor activity, Standard Unix Tools
psql, Accessing a Database, psql
Python, PL/Python — Python Procedural Language

R

radians, Mathematical Functions and Operators
radius, Geometric Functions and Operators
RADIUS, RADIUS Authentication
RAISE
in PL/pgSQL, Reporting Errors and Messages
random, Mathematical Functions and Operators
random_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
range table, The Query Tree
range type, Range Types
exclude, Constraints on Ranges
indexes on, Indexing
range_agg, Aggregate Functions
range_intersect_agg, Aggregate Functions
range_merge, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
rank, Window Functions
hypothetical, Aggregate Functions
read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level
read-only transaction, Statement Behavior
setting, SET TRANSACTION
setting default, Statement Behavior
readline, Requirements
Readline
in psql, Command-Line Editing
READ_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol
real, Floating-Point Types
REASSIGN OWNED, REASSIGN OWNED
record, Pseudo-Types
recovery.conf, recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
recovery.signal, Archive Recovery
recovery_end_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery
recovery_init_sync_method configuration parameter, Error Handling
recovery_min_apply_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers
recovery_prefetch configuration parameter, Recovery
recovery_target configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_action configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_inclusive configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_lsn configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_name configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_time configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_timeline configuration parameter, Recovery Target
recovery_target_xid configuration parameter, Recovery Target
rectangle, Boxes
RECURSIVE, CREATE VIEW
in common table expressions, Recursive Queries
in views, CREATE VIEW
recursive_worktable_factor configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
referential integrity, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW, REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
regclass, Object Identifier Types
regcollation, Object Identifier Types
regconfig, Object Identifier Types
regdictionary, Object Identifier Types
regexp_count, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_instr, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_like, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_match, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_matches, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_replace, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_split_to_array, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_split_to_table, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_substr, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions
regnamespace, Object Identifier Types
regoper, Object Identifier Types
regoperator, Object Identifier Types
regproc, Object Identifier Types
regprocedure, Object Identifier Types
regression intercept, Aggregate Functions
regression slope, Aggregate Functions
regression test, Installation Procedure
regression tests, Regression Tests
regrole, Object Identifier Types
regr_avgx, Aggregate Functions
regr_avgy, Aggregate Functions
regr_count, Aggregate Functions
regr_intercept, Aggregate Functions
regr_r2, Aggregate Functions
regr_slope, Aggregate Functions
regr_sxx, Aggregate Functions
regr_sxy, Aggregate Functions
regr_syy, Aggregate Functions
regtype, Object Identifier Types
regular expression, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
(see also pattern matching)
regular expressions
and locales, Behavior
reindex, Routine Reindexing
REINDEX, REINDEX
reindexdb, reindexdb
relation, Concepts
relational database, Concepts
RELEASE SAVEPOINT, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
remove_temp_files_after_crash configuration parameter, Developer Options
repeat, String Functions and Operators
repeatable read, Repeatable Read Isolation Level
replace, String Functions and Operators
replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
Replication Origins, Replication Progress Tracking
Replication Progress Tracking, Replication Progress Tracking
replication slot
logical replication, Replication Slots
streaming replication, Replication Slots
reporting errors
in PL/pgSQL, Reporting Errors and Messages
RESET, RESET
restartpoint, WAL Configuration
restart_after_crash configuration parameter, Error Handling
restore_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery
RESTRICT, Dependency Tracking
with DROP, Dependency Tracking
foreign key action, Foreign Keys
restrict_nonsystem_relation_kind
configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
retryable error, Serialization Failure Handling
RETURN NEXT
in PL/pgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
RETURN QUERY
in PL/pgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
RETURNING INTO, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
reverse, String Functions and Operators
REVOKE, Privileges, REVOKE
right, String Functions and Operators
right join, Joined Tables
role, Database Roles, Role Membership, Predefined Roles
applicable, applicable_roles
enabled, enabled_roles
membership in, Role Membership
privilege to bypass, Role Attributes
privilege to create, Role Attributes
privilege to inherit, Role Attributes
privilege to initiate replication, Role Attributes
privilege to limit connection, Role Attributes
ROLLBACK, ROLLBACK
rollback
psql, Variables
ROLLBACK PREPARED, ROLLBACK PREPARED
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
ROLLUP, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
round, Mathematical Functions and Operators
routine, User-Defined Procedures
routine maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
row, Concepts, Table Basics
ROW, Row Constructors
row estimation, Row Estimation Examples
multivariate, Multivariate Statistics Examples
planner, Row Estimation Examples
row type, Composite Types
constructor, Row Constructors
row-level security, Row Security Policies
row-wise comparison, Row and Array Comparisons
row_number, Window Functions
row_security configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
row_security_active, System Information Functions and Operators
row_to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data
rpad, String Functions and Operators
rtrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
rule, The Rule System, Views and the Rule System, How SELECT Rules Work, Materialized Views, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules Versus Triggers
and materialized views, Materialized Views
and views, Views and the Rule System
for DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
for INSERT, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
for SELECT, How SELECT Rules Work
compared with triggers, Rules Versus Triggers
for UPDATE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE

S

SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT
savepoints, RELEASE SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT
defining, SAVEPOINT
releasing, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
rolling back, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
scalar (see expression)
scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators
schema, Schemas, Creating a Schema, The Public Schema, Overview
creating, Creating a Schema
current, The Schema Search Path, System Information Functions and Operators
public, The Public Schema
removing, Creating a Schema
SCRAM, Password Authentication
search path, The Schema Search Path
current, System Information Functions and Operators
object visibility, System Information Functions and Operators
search_path configuration parameter, The Schema Search Path, Statement Behavior
use in securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely
SECURITY LABEL, SECURITY LABEL
sec_to_gc, Cube-Based Earth Distances
seg, seg
segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
SELECT, Querying a Table, Queries, SELECT Output Columns, SELECT
determination of result type, SELECT Output Columns
select list, Select Lists
SELECT INTO, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result, SELECT INTO
in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
semaphores, Shared Memory and Semaphores
sepgsql, sepgsql
sepgsql.debug_audit configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
sepgsql.permissive configuration parameter, GUC Parameters
sequence, Sequence Manipulation Functions
and serial type, Serial Types
sequential scan, Planner Method Configuration
seq_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
serial, Serial Types
serial2, Serial Types
serial4, Serial Types
serial8, Serial Types
serializable, Serializable Isolation Level
Serializable Snapshot Isolation, Introduction
serialization anomaly, Transaction Isolation, Serializable Isolation Level
serialization failure, Serialization Failure Handling
server log, Error Reporting and Logging, Log File Maintenance
log file maintenance, Log File Maintenance
Server Name Indication, Parameter Key Words
server spoofing, Preventing Server Spoofing
server_encoding configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version_num configuration parameter, Preset Options
session_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
session_replication_role configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
session_user, System Information Functions and Operators
SET, Configuration Settings Functions, SET
SET CONSTRAINTS, SET CONSTRAINTS
set difference, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
set intersection, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
set operation, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
set returning functions, Set Returning Functions
functions, Set Returning Functions
SET ROLE, SET ROLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION, SET TRANSACTION
set union, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
SET XML OPTION, Statement Behavior
setseed, Mathematical Functions and Operators
setval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
setweight, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Documents
setweight for specific lexeme(s), Text Search Functions and Operators
set_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators
set_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
set_config, Configuration Settings Functions
set_limit, Functions and Operators
set_masklen, Network Address Functions and Operators
sha224, Binary String Functions and Operators
sha256, Binary String Functions and Operators
sha384, Binary String Functions and Operators
sha512, Binary String Functions and Operators
shared library, Shared Libraries, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
shared memory, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
shared_memory_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages configuration parameter, Preset Options
shared_memory_type configuration parameter, Memory
shared_preload_libraries, Shared Memory and LWLocks
shared_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading
shobj_description, System Information Functions and Operators
SHOW, Configuration Settings Functions, SHOW, Streaming Replication Protocol
show_limit, Functions and Operators
show_trgm, Functions and Operators
shutdown, Shutting Down the Server
SIGHUP, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File, The pg_hba.conf File, User Name Maps
SIGINT, Shutting Down the Server
sign, Mathematical Functions and Operators
signal
backend processes, Server Signaling Functions
significant digits, Locale and Formatting
SIGQUIT, Shutting Down the Server
SIGTERM, Shutting Down the Server
SIMILAR TO, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
similarity, Functions and Operators
sin, Mathematical Functions and Operators
sind, Mathematical Functions and Operators
single-user mode, Options for Single-User Mode
sinh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
skeys, hstore Operators and Functions
sleep, Delaying Execution
slice, hstore Operators and Functions
sliced bread (see TOAST)
slope, Geometric Functions and Operators
SLRU, pg_stat_slru
smallint, Integer Types
smallserial, Serial Types
Solaris, Solaris
installation on, Solaris
shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
start script, Starting the Database Server
SOME, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
sort, intarray Functions and Operators
sorting, Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)
sort_asc, intarray Functions and Operators
sort_desc, intarray Functions and Operators
soundex, Soundex
SP-GiST (see index)
SPI, Server Programming Interface, spi
examples, spi
spi_commit
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_commit, SPI_commit
SPI_commit_and_chain, SPI_commit
SPI_connect, SPI_connect
SPI_connect_ext, SPI_connect
SPI_copytuple, SPI_copytuple
spi_cursor_close
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_cursor_close, SPI_cursor_close
SPI_cursor_fetch, SPI_cursor_fetch
SPI_cursor_find, SPI_cursor_find
SPI_cursor_move, SPI_cursor_move
SPI_cursor_open, SPI_cursor_open
SPI_cursor_open_with_args, SPI_cursor_open_with_args
SPI_cursor_open_with_paramlist, SPI_cursor_open_with_paramlist
SPI_cursor_parse_open, SPI_cursor_parse_open
SPI_exec, SPI_exec
SPI_execp, SPI_execp
SPI_execute, SPI_execute
SPI_execute_extended, SPI_execute_extended
SPI_execute_plan, SPI_execute_plan
SPI_execute_plan_extended, SPI_execute_plan_extended
SPI_execute_plan_with_paramlist, SPI_execute_plan_with_paramlist
SPI_execute_with_args, SPI_execute_with_args
spi_exec_prepared
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
spi_exec_query
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
spi_fetchrow
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_finish, SPI_finish
SPI_fname, SPI_fname
SPI_fnumber, SPI_fnumber
spi_freeplan
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_freeplan, SPI_freeplan
SPI_freetuple, SPI_freetuple
SPI_freetuptable, SPI_freetuptable
SPI_getargcount, SPI_getargcount
SPI_getargtypeid, SPI_getargtypeid
SPI_getbinval, SPI_getbinval
SPI_getnspname, SPI_getnspname
SPI_getrelname, SPI_getrelname
SPI_gettype, SPI_gettype
SPI_gettypeid, SPI_gettypeid
SPI_getvalue, SPI_getvalue
SPI_is_cursor_plan, SPI_is_cursor_plan
SPI_keepplan, SPI_keepplan
SPI_modifytuple, SPI_modifytuple
SPI_palloc, SPI_palloc
SPI_pfree, SPI_pfree
spi_prepare
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_prepare, SPI_prepare
SPI_prepare_cursor, SPI_prepare_cursor
SPI_prepare_extended, SPI_prepare_extended
SPI_prepare_params, SPI_prepare_params
spi_query
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
spi_query_prepared
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_register_relation, SPI_register_relation
SPI_register_trigger_data, SPI_register_trigger_data
SPI_repalloc, SPI_repalloc
SPI_result_code_string, SPI_result_code_string
SPI_returntuple, SPI_returntuple
spi_rollback
in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_rollback, SPI_rollback
SPI_rollback_and_chain, SPI_rollback
SPI_saveplan, SPI_saveplan
SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch, SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch
SPI_scroll_cursor_move, SPI_scroll_cursor_move
SPI_start_transaction, SPI_start_transaction
SPI_unregister_relation, SPI_unregister_relation
split_part, String Functions and Operators
SQL/CLI, SQL Conformance
SQL/Foundation, SQL Conformance
SQL/Framework, SQL Conformance
SQL/JRT, SQL Conformance
SQL/JSON path language, The SQL/JSON Path Language
SQL/MDA, SQL Conformance
SQL/MED, SQL Conformance
SQL/OLB, SQL Conformance
SQL/PSM, SQL Conformance
SQL/Schemata, SQL Conformance
SQL/XML, SQL Conformance
limits and conformance, XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
sqrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ssh, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
SSI, Introduction
SSL, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support
in libpq, Connection Status Functions
with libpq, Parameter Key Words
TLS, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support
ssl configuration parameter, SSL
sslinfo, sslinfo
ssl_ca_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_cert_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_cipher, Functions Provided
ssl_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_client_cert_present, Functions Provided
ssl_client_dn, Functions Provided
ssl_client_dn_field, Functions Provided
ssl_client_serial, Functions Provided
ssl_crl_dir configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_crl_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_dh_params_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_ecdh_curve configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_extension_info, Functions Provided
ssl_issuer_dn, Functions Provided
ssl_issuer_field, Functions Provided
ssl_is_used, Functions Provided
ssl_key_file configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_library configuration parameter, Preset Options
ssl_max_protocol_version configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_min_protocol_version configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_passphrase_command configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL
ssl_version, Functions Provided
SSPI, SSPI Authentication
STABLE, Function Volatility Categories
standard deviation, Aggregate Functions
population, Aggregate Functions
sample, Aggregate Functions
standard_conforming_strings configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
standby server, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
standby.signal, Archive Recovery, Standby Server Operation, Setting Up a Standby Server
for hot standby, Administrator's Overview
pg_basebackup --write-recovery-conf, Options
standby_mode (see standby.signal)
START TRANSACTION, START TRANSACTION
starts_with, String Functions and Operators
START_REPLICATION, Streaming Replication Protocol
statement_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
statement_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
statistics, Aggregate Functions, Statistics Used by the Planner, Extended Statistics, Updating Planner Statistics, The Cumulative Statistics System
of the planner, Statistics Used by the Planner, Extended Statistics, Updating Planner Statistics
stats_fetch_consistency configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
stddev, Aggregate Functions
stddev_pop, Aggregate Functions
stddev_samp, Aggregate Functions
STONITH, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
storage parameters, Storage Parameters
Streaming Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
strict_word_similarity, Functions and Operators
string (see character string)
strings
backslash quotes, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
escape warning, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
standard conforming, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
string_agg, Aggregate Functions
string_to_array, String Functions and Operators
string_to_table, String Functions and Operators
strip, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Documents
strpos, String Functions and Operators
subarray, intarray Functions and Operators
subltree, Operators and Functions
subpath, Operators and Functions
subquery, Aggregate Functions, Scalar Subqueries, Subqueries, Subquery Expressions
subscript, Subscripts
substr, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
substring, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
SUBSTRING_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
subtransactions
in PL/Tcl, Explicit Subtransactions in PL/Tcl
sum, Aggregate Functions
superuser, Accessing a Database, Role Attributes
superuser_reserved_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
support functions
in_range, B-Tree Support Functions
suppress_redundant_updates_trigger, Trigger Functions
svals, hstore Operators and Functions
synchronize_seqscans configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
synchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit
Synchronous Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
synchronous_commit configuration parameter, Settings
synchronous_standby_names configuration parameter, Primary Server
syntax, SQL Syntax
SQL, SQL Syntax
syslog_facility configuration parameter, Where to Log
syslog_ident configuration parameter, Where to Log
syslog_sequence_numbers configuration parameter, Where to Log
syslog_split_messages configuration parameter, Where to Log
system catalog, The System Catalog Schema
schema, The System Catalog Schema
systemd, PostgreSQL Features, Starting the Database Server
RemoveIPC, systemd RemoveIPC

T

table, Concepts, Table Basics, Modifying Tables
creating, Table Basics
inheritance, Inheritance
modifying, Modifying Tables
partitioning, Table Partitioning
removing, Table Basics
renaming, Renaming a Table
Table Access Method, Table Access Method Interface Definition
TABLE command, SELECT
table expression, Table Expressions
table function, Table Functions, xmltable
XMLTABLE, xmltable
table sampling method, Writing a Table Sampling Method
tableam
Table Access Method, Table Access Method Interface Definition
tablefunc, tablefunc
tableoid, System Columns
TABLESAMPLE method, Writing a Table Sampling Method
tablespace, Tablespaces
default, Statement Behavior
temporary, Statement Behavior
table_am_handler, Pseudo-Types
tan, Mathematical Functions and Operators
tand, Mathematical Functions and Operators
tanh, Mathematical Functions and Operators
target list, The Query Tree
Tcl, PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language
tcn, tcn
tcp_keepalives_count configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_keepalives_idle configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_keepalives_interval configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_user_timeout configuration parameter, Connection Settings
template0, Creating a Database, Template Databases
template1, Creating a Database, Template Databases
temp_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
temp_file_limit configuration parameter, Disk
temp_tablespaces configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
test, Regression Tests
test_decoding, test_decoding
text, Character Types, Network Address Functions and Operators
text search, Text Search Types, Text Search Types, Full Text Search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
data types, Text Search Types
functions and operators, Text Search Types
indexes, Preferred Index Types for Text Search
text2ltree, Operators and Functions
threads, Behavior in Threaded Programs
with libpq, Behavior in Threaded Programs
tid, Object Identifier Types
time, Date/Time Types, Times
constants, Special Values
current, Current Date/Time
output format, Date/Time Output
(see also formatting)
time span, Date/Time Types
time with time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time without time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time zone, Time Zones, Locale and Formatting, POSIX Time Zone Specifications
conversion, AT TIME ZONE
input abbreviations, Date/Time Configuration Files
POSIX-style specification, POSIX Time Zone Specifications
time zone data, Build Process Details
time zone names, Locale and Formatting
timelines, Backup and Restore
TIMELINE_HISTORY, Streaming Replication Protocol
timeofday, Date/Time Functions and Operators
timeout
client authentication, Authentication
deadlock, Lock Management
timestamp, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp with time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp without time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamptz, Date/Time Types
TimeZone configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
timezone_abbreviations configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
TOAST, TOAST
and user-defined types, TOAST Considerations
per-column storage settings, Description
per-type storage settings, Description
versus large objects, Introduction
toast_tuple_target storage parameter, Storage Parameters
token, Lexical Structure
to_ascii, String Functions and Operators
to_char, Data Type Formatting Functions
and locales, Behavior
to_date, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_hex, String Functions and Operators
to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data
to_jsonb, Processing and Creating JSON Data
to_number, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_regclass, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regcollation, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regnamespace, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regoper, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regoperator, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regproc, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regprocedure, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regrole, System Information Functions and Operators
to_regtype, System Information Functions and Operators
to_timestamp, Data Type Formatting Functions, Date/Time Functions and Operators
to_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries
to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Documents
trace_locks configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lock_oidmin configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lock_table configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lwlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_notify configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_recovery_messages configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_sort configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_userlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
track_activities configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_activity_query_size configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_commit_timestamp configuration parameter, Sending Servers
track_counts configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_functions configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_io_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
track_wal_io_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
transaction, Transactions
transaction ID, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
wraparound, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
transaction isolation, Transaction Isolation
transaction isolation level, Transaction Isolation, Statement Behavior
read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level
repeatable read, Repeatable Read Isolation Level
serializable, Serializable Isolation Level
setting, SET TRANSACTION
setting default, Statement Behavior
transaction log (see WAL)
transaction_deferrable configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
transaction_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
transform_null_equals configuration parameter, Platform and Client Compatibility
transition tables, CREATE TRIGGER
(see also ephemeral named relation)
implementation in PLs, SPI_register_trigger_data
referencing from C trigger, Writing Trigger Functions in C
translate, String Functions and Operators
TRANSLATE_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
transparent + huge pages, Memory
trigger, Pseudo-Types, Triggers, Writing Trigger Functions in C, Rules Versus Triggers, Trigger Functions, Trigger Functions
arguments for trigger functions, Overview of Trigger Behavior
constraint trigger, Description
for updating a derived tsvector column, Triggers for Automatic Updates
in C, Writing Trigger Functions in C
in PL/pgSQL, Trigger Functions
in PL/Python, Trigger Functions
in PL/Tcl, Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl
compared with rules, Rules Versus Triggers
triggered_change_notification, tcn
trigger_file (see promote_trigger_file)
trim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators
trim_array, Array Functions and Operators
trim_scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators
true, Boolean Type
trunc, Mathematical Functions and Operators, Network Address Functions and Operators
TRUNCATE, TRUNCATE
trusted, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
PL/Perl, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
tsm_handler, Pseudo-Types
tsm_system_rows, tsm_system_rows
tsm_system_time, tsm_system_time
tsquery (data type), tsquery
tsquery_phrase, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries
tsvector (data type), tsvector
tsvector concatenation, Manipulating Documents
tsvector_to_array, Text Search Functions and Operators
tsvector_update_trigger, Trigger Functions
tsvector_update_trigger_column, Trigger Functions
ts_debug, Text Search Functions and Operators, Configuration Testing
ts_delete, Text Search Functions and Operators
ts_filter, Text Search Functions and Operators
ts_headline, Text Search Functions and Operators, Highlighting Results
ts_lexize, Text Search Functions and Operators, Dictionary Testing
ts_parse, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parser Testing
ts_rank, Text Search Functions and Operators, Ranking Search Results
ts_rank_cd, Text Search Functions and Operators, Ranking Search Results
ts_rewrite, Text Search Functions and Operators, Query Rewriting
ts_stat, Text Search Functions and Operators, Gathering Document Statistics
ts_token_type, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parser Testing
tuple_data_split, Heap Functions
txid_current, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_current_if_assigned, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_current_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_snapshot_xip, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_snapshot_xmax, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_snapshot_xmin, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_status, System Information Functions and Operators
txid_visible_in_snapshot, System Information Functions and Operators
type (see data type)
type cast, Numeric Constants, Type Casts

U

UESCAPE, Identifiers and Key Words, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
unaccent, unaccent, Functions
Unicode escape, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
in identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words
in string constants, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
Unicode normalization, String Functions and Operators
UNION, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT), UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
uniq, intarray Functions and Operators
unique constraint, Unique Constraints
unistr, String Functions and Operators
Unix domain socket, Parameter Key Words
unix_socket_directories configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_group configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_permissions configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unknown, Pseudo-Types
UNLISTEN, UNLISTEN
unnest, Array Functions and Operators
for multirange, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
for tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators
unqualified name, The Schema Search Path
updatable views, Updatable Views
UPDATE, Updates, Updating Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, UPDATE
RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows
update_process_title configuration parameter, Process Title
updating, Updating Data
upgrading, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
upper, String Functions and Operators, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
and locales, Behavior
upper_inc, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
upper_inf, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
UPSERT, INSERT
URI, Connection Strings
user, System Information Functions and Operators, Database Roles
current, System Information Functions and Operators
user mapping, Foreign Data
User name maps, User Name Maps
user_catalog_table storage parameter, Storage Parameters
UUID, UUID Type, UUID Functions, PostgreSQL Features
generating, UUID Functions
uuid-ossp, uuid-ossp
uuid_generate_v1, uuid-ossp Functions
uuid_generate_v1mc, uuid-ossp Functions
uuid_generate_v3, uuid-ossp Functions

V

vacuum, Routine Vacuuming
VACUUM, VACUUM
vacuumdb, vacuumdb
vacuumlo, vacuumlo
vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_dirty configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_hit configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_miss configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_defer_cleanup_age configuration parameter, Primary Server
vacuum_failsafe_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_index_cleanup storage parameter, Storage Parameters
vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_truncate storage parameter, Storage Parameters
value expression, Value Expressions
VALUES, VALUES Lists, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs, VALUES
determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
varchar, Character Types
variadic function, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
variance, Aggregate Functions
population, Aggregate Functions
sample, Aggregate Functions
var_pop, Aggregate Functions
var_samp, Aggregate Functions
version, Accessing a Database, System Information Functions and Operators, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
compatibility, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
view, Views, Views and the Rule System, Materialized Views, Cooperation with Views
implementation through rules, Views and the Rule System
materialized, Materialized Views
updating, Cooperation with Views
Visibility Map, Visibility Map
VM (see Visibility Map)
void, Pseudo-Types
VOLATILE, Function Volatility Categories
volatility, Function Volatility Categories
functions, Function Volatility Categories
VPATH, Installation Procedure, Extension Building Infrastructure

W

WAL, Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
wal_block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
wal_buffers configuration parameter, Settings
wal_compression configuration parameter, Settings
wal_consistency_checking configuration parameter, Developer Options
wal_debug configuration parameter, Developer Options
wal_decode_buffer_size configuration parameter, Recovery
wal_init_zero configuration parameter, Settings
wal_keep_size configuration parameter, Sending Servers
wal_level configuration parameter, Settings
wal_log_hints configuration parameter, Settings
wal_receiver_create_temp_slot configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_receiver_status_interval configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_receiver_timeout configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_recycle configuration parameter, Settings
wal_retrieve_retry_interval configuration parameter, Standby Servers
wal_segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
wal_sender_timeout configuration parameter, Sending Servers
wal_skip_threshold configuration parameter, Settings
wal_sync_method configuration parameter, Settings
wal_writer_delay configuration parameter, Settings
wal_writer_flush_after configuration parameter, Settings
warm standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
websearch_to_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators
WHERE, The WHERE Clause
where to log, Where to Log
WHILE
in PL/pgSQL, WHILE
width, Geometric Functions and Operators
width_bucket, Mathematical Functions and Operators
window function, Window Functions, Window Function Calls, Window Function Processing, Window Functions
built-in, Window Functions
invocation, Window Function Calls
order of execution, Window Function Processing
WITH, WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions), SELECT
in SELECT, WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions), SELECT
WITH CHECK OPTION, CREATE VIEW
WITHIN GROUP, Aggregate Expressions
witness server, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
word_similarity, Functions and Operators
work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
wraparound
of multixact IDs, Multixacts and Wraparound
of transaction IDs, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures

X

xid, Object Identifier Types
xid8, Object Identifier Types
xmax, System Columns
xmin, System Columns
XML, XML Type
XML export, Mapping Tables to XML
XML Functions, XML Functions
XML option, Creating XML Values, Statement Behavior
xml2, xml2
xmlagg, xmlagg, Aggregate Functions
xmlbinary configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
xmlcomment, xmlcomment
xmlconcat, xmlconcat
xmlelement, xmlelement
XMLEXISTS, XMLEXISTS
xmlforest, xmlforest
xmloption configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
xmlparse, Creating XML Values
xmlpi, xmlpi
xmlroot, xmlroot
xmlserialize, Creating XML Values
xmltable, xmltable
xml_is_well_formed, xml_is_well_formed
xml_is_well_formed_content, xml_is_well_formed
xml_is_well_formed_document, xml_is_well_formed
XPath, xpath
xpath_exists, xpath_exists
xpath_table, xpath_table
XQuery regular expressions, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery
xslt_process, xslt_process

Z

zero_damaged_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options
zlib, Requirements, Anti-Features
Prev Up 
Bibliography Home 
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71.2. Built-in Operator Classes
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71.2. Built-in Operator Classes

71.2.1. Operator Class Parameters

+71.2. Built-in Operator Classes

71.2. Built-in Operator Classes
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71.2. Built-in Operator Classes

71.2.1. Operator Class Parameters

The core PostgreSQL distribution includes the BRIN operator classes shown in Table 71.1. @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ minmax indexes to summarize a block range. Each value may represent either a point, or a boundary of an interval. Values must be between 8 and 256, and the default value is 32. -

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71.1. Introduction Home 71.3. Extensibility
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71.3. Extensibility
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71.3. Extensibility

+71.3. Extensibility

71.3. Extensibility
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71.3. Extensibility

The BRIN interface has a high level of abstraction, requiring the access method implementer only to implement the semantics of the data type being accessed. The BRIN layer @@ -165,4 +165,4 @@ right-hand-side argument of the supported operator. See float4_minmax_ops as an example of minmax, and box_inclusion_ops as an example of inclusion. -

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71.2. Built-in Operator Classes Home Chapter 72. Hash Indexes
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71.2. Built-in Operator Classes Home Chapter 72. Hash Indexes
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71.1. Introduction
Prev UpChapter 71. BRIN IndexesHome Next

71.1. Introduction

71.1.1. Index Maintenance

+71.1. Introduction

71.1. Introduction
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71.1. Introduction

71.1.1. Index Maintenance

BRIN stands for Block Range Index. BRIN is designed for handling very large tables in which certain columns have some natural correlation with their @@ -96,4 +96,4 @@ which is useful when the index tuple is no longer a very good representation because the existing values have changed. See Section 9.27.8 for details. -

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Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes Home 71.2. Built-in Operator Classes
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Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes
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70.7. Examples Home 71.1. Introduction
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Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes
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Prev Up Next
70.7. Examples Home 71.1. Introduction
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67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
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67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes

+67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes

67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
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67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes

As shown in Table 38.3, a btree operator class must provide five comparison operators, <, @@ -115,4 +115,4 @@ data types. The extensions to three or more data types within a family are not strictly required by the btree index mechanism itself, but the planner relies on them for optimization purposes. -

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67.1. Introduction Home 67.3. B-Tree Support Functions
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F.8. btree_gin
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F.8. btree_gin

F.8.1. Example Usage
F.8.2. Authors

+F.8. btree_gin

F.8. btree_gin
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F.8. btree_gin

F.8.1. Example Usage
F.8.2. Authors

btree_gin provides sample GIN operator classes that implement B-tree equivalent behavior for the data types int2, int4, int8, float4, @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ Oleg Bartunov (). See http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/oddmuse/index.cgi/Gin for additional information. -

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F.7. bloom Home F.9. btree_gist
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F.9. btree_gist
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.9. btree_gist

F.9.1. Example Usage
F.9.2. Authors

+F.9. btree_gist

F.9. btree_gist
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.9. btree_gist

F.9.1. Example Usage
F.9.2. Authors

btree_gist provides GiST index operator classes that implement B-tree equivalent behavior for the data types int2, int4, int8, float4, @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ Paul Jungwirth (). See http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/ for additional information. -

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67.4. Implementation
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67.4. Implementation

67.4.1. B-Tree Structure
67.4.2. Bottom-up Index Deletion
67.4.3. Deduplication

+67.4. Implementation

67.4. Implementation
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67.4. Implementation

67.4.1. B-Tree Structure
67.4.2. Bottom-up Index Deletion
67.4.3. Deduplication

This section covers B-Tree index implementation details that may be of use to advanced users. See src/backend/access/nbtree/README in the source @@ -251,4 +251,4 @@

  • INCLUDE indexes can never use deduplication.

-

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67.3. B-Tree Support Functions Home Chapter 68. GiST Indexes
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67.1. Introduction
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67.1. Introduction

+67.1. Introduction

67.1. Introduction
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67.1. Introduction

PostgreSQL includes an implementation of the standard btree (multi-way balanced tree) index data structure. Any data type that can be sorted into a well-defined linear @@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ some features that go beyond what would be needed just to support btree indexes, and parts of the system that are quite distant from the btree AM make use of them. -

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67.3. B-Tree Support Functions
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67.3. B-Tree Support Functions

+67.3. B-Tree Support Functions

67.3. B-Tree Support Functions
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67.3. B-Tree Support Functions

As shown in Table 38.9, btree defines one required and four optional support functions. The five user-defined methods are: @@ -288,4 +288,4 @@ access method. Nevertheless, this support function was added to B-tree for uniformity, and will probably find uses during further evolution of B-tree in PostgreSQL. -

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67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes Home 67.4. Implementation
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Chapter 67. B-Tree Indexes
Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next
Prev Up Next
Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers Home 67.1. Introduction
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Chapter 67. B-Tree Indexes
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Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers Home 67.1. Introduction
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5. Bug Reporting Guidelines
Prev UpPrefaceHome Next

5. Bug Reporting Guidelines

5.1. Identifying Bugs
5.2. What to Report
5.3. Where to Report Bugs

+5. Bug Reporting Guidelines

5. Bug Reporting Guidelines
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5. Bug Reporting Guidelines

5.1. Identifying Bugs
5.2. What to Report
5.3. Where to Report Bugs

When you find a bug in PostgreSQL we want to hear about it. Your bug reports play an important part in making PostgreSQL more reliable because even the utmost @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ subversion the package might have. If you are talking about a Git snapshot, mention that, including the commit hash.

- If your version is older than 15.17 we will almost certainly + If your version is older than 15.18 we will almost certainly tell you to upgrade. There are many bug fixes and improvements in each new release, so it is quite possible that a bug you have encountered in an older release of PostgreSQL @@ -245,4 +245,4 @@ will be some delay before the email is delivered. If you wish to subscribe to the lists, please visit https://lists.postgresql.org/ for instructions. -

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4. Further Information Home Part I. Tutorial
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4. Further Information Home Part I. Tutorial
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53.2. pg_aggregate
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53.2. pg_aggregate

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53.2. pg_aggregate
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53.2. pg_aggregate

The catalog pg_aggregate stores information about aggregate functions. An aggregate function is a function that operates on a set of values (typically one column from each row @@ -167,4 +167,4 @@ command. See Section 38.12 for more information about writing aggregate functions and the meaning of the transition functions, etc. -

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53.3. pg_am
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53.3. pg_am

+53.3. pg_am

53.3. pg_am
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53.3. pg_am

The catalog pg_am stores information about relation access methods. There is one row for each access method supported by the system. @@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ However, pg_index_column_has_property() and related functions have been added to allow SQL queries to inspect index access method properties; see Table 9.71. -

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53.4. pg_amop
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53.4. pg_amop

+53.4. pg_amop

53.4. pg_amop
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53.4. pg_amop

The catalog pg_amop stores information about operators associated with access method operator families. There is one row for each operator that is a member of an operator family. A family @@ -101,4 +101,4 @@ amoplefttype and amoprighttype must match the oprleft and oprright fields of the referenced pg_operator entry. -

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53.5. pg_amproc
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53.5. pg_amproc

+53.5. pg_amproc

53.5. pg_amproc
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53.5. pg_amproc

The catalog pg_amproc stores information about support functions associated with access method operator families. There is one row for each support function belonging to an operator family. @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ an index, which are those with amproclefttype and amprocrighttype both equal to the index operator class's opcintype. -

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53.6. pg_attrdef
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53.6. pg_attrdef

+53.6. pg_attrdef

53.6. pg_attrdef
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53.6. pg_attrdef

The catalog pg_attrdef stores column default values. The main information about columns is stored in pg_attribute. @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ The column default value, in nodeToString() representation. Use pg_get_expr(adbin, adrelid) to convert it to an SQL expression. -


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53.7. pg_attribute
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53.7. pg_attribute

+53.7. pg_attribute

53.7. pg_attribute
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53.7. pg_attribute

The catalog pg_attribute stores information about table columns. There will be exactly one pg_attribute row for every column in every @@ -208,4 +208,4 @@ later dropped, and so there is no pg_type row anymore. attlen and the other fields can be used to interpret the contents of a row of the table. -

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53.9. pg_auth_members
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53.9. pg_auth_members

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53.9. pg_auth_members
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53.9. pg_auth_members

The catalog pg_auth_members shows the membership relations between roles. Any non-circular set of relationships is allowed.

@@ -37,4 +37,4 @@

True if member can grant membership in roleid to others -


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53.8. pg_authid
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53.8. pg_authid

+53.8. pg_authid

53.8. pg_authid
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53.8. pg_authid

The catalog pg_authid contains information about database authorization identifiers (roles). A role subsumes the concepts of “users” and “groups”. A user is essentially just a @@ -107,4 +107,4 @@ where salt, StoredKey and ServerKey are in Base64 encoded format. This format is the same as that specified by RFC 5803. -

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53.10. pg_cast
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53.10. pg_cast

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53.10. pg_cast
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53.10. pg_cast

The catalog pg_cast stores data type conversion paths, both built-in and user-defined.

@@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ coercion in a single step. When no such entry is available, coercion to a type that uses a type modifier involves two steps, one to convert between data types and a second to apply the modifier. -

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53.11. pg_class
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53.11. pg_class

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53.11. pg_class
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53.11. pg_class

The catalog pg_class describes tables and other objects that have columns or are otherwise similar to a table. This includes indexes (but see also pg_index), @@ -264,4 +264,4 @@ DROP INDEX. Instead, VACUUM clears relhasindex if it finds the table has no indexes. This arrangement avoids race conditions and improves concurrency. -

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53.12. pg_collation
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53.12. pg_collation

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53.12. pg_collation
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53.12. pg_collation

The catalog pg_collation describes the available collations, which are essentially mappings from an SQL name to operating system locale categories. @@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ collations whose encoding does not match the database encoding, since they could match the encodings of databases later cloned from template0. This would currently have to be done manually. -

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53.13. pg_constraint
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53.13. pg_constraint

+53.13. pg_constraint

53.13. pg_constraint
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53.13. pg_constraint

The catalog pg_constraint stores check, primary key, unique, foreign key, and exclusion constraints on tables. (Column constraints are not treated specially. Every column constraint is @@ -203,4 +203,4 @@ pg_class.relchecks needs to agree with the number of check-constraint entries found in this table for each relation. -

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53.14. pg_conversion
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53.14. pg_conversion

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53.14. pg_conversion
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53.14. pg_conversion

The catalog pg_conversion describes encoding conversion functions. See CREATE CONVERSION for more information. @@ -53,4 +53,4 @@

True if this is the default conversion -


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53.15. pg_database
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53.15. pg_database

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53.15. pg_database
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53.15. pg_database

The catalog pg_database stores information about the available databases. Databases are created with the CREATE DATABASE command. Consult Chapter 23 for details about the meaning @@ -121,4 +121,4 @@

Access privileges; see Section 5.7 for details -


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53.16. pg_db_role_setting
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53.16. pg_db_role_setting

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53.16. pg_db_role_setting
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53.16. pg_db_role_setting

The catalog pg_db_role_setting records the default values that have been set for run-time configuration variables, for each role and database combination. @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

Defaults for run-time configuration variables -


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53.17. pg_default_acl
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53.17. pg_default_acl

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53.17. pg_default_acl
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53.17. pg_default_acl

The catalog pg_default_acl stores initial privileges to be assigned to newly created objects.

Table 53.17. pg_default_acl Columns

@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ not whatever might be in pg_default_acl at the moment. pg_default_acl is only consulted during object creation. -

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53.18. pg_depend
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53.18. pg_depend

+53.18. pg_depend

53.18. pg_depend
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53.18. pg_depend

The catalog pg_depend records the dependency relationships between database objects. This information allows DROP commands to find which other objects must be dropped @@ -172,4 +172,4 @@ a NORMAL dependency on the numeric data type, but no such entry actually appears in pg_depend. -

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53.19. pg_description
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53.19. pg_description

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53.19. pg_description
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53.19. pg_description

The catalog pg_description stores optional descriptions (comments) for each database object. Descriptions can be manipulated with the COMMENT command and viewed with @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@

Arbitrary text that serves as the description of this object -


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53.20. pg_enum
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53.20. pg_enum

+53.20. pg_enum

53.20. pg_enum
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53.20. pg_enum

The pg_enum catalog contains entries showing the values and labels for each enum type. The internal representation of a given enum value is actually the OID @@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ negative or fractional values of enumsortorder. The only requirement on these values is that they be correctly ordered and unique within each enum type. -

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53.21. pg_event_trigger
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53.21. pg_event_trigger

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53.21. pg_event_trigger
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53.21. pg_event_trigger

The catalog pg_event_trigger stores event triggers. See Chapter 40 for more information.

Table 53.21. pg_event_trigger Columns

@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@

Command tags for which this trigger will fire. If NULL, the firing of this trigger is not restricted on the basis of the command tag. -


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53.22. pg_extension
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53.22. pg_extension

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53.22. pg_extension
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53.22. pg_extension

The catalog pg_extension stores information about the installed extensions. See Section 38.17 for details about extensions. @@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ objects. If extrelocatable is true, then this schema must in fact contain all schema-qualifiable objects belonging to the extension. -

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53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
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53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper

+53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper

53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
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53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper

The catalog pg_foreign_data_wrapper stores foreign-data wrapper definitions. A foreign-data wrapper is the mechanism by which external data, residing on foreign servers, is @@ -53,4 +53,4 @@

Foreign-data wrapper specific options, as “keyword=value” strings -


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53.22. pg_extension Home 53.24. pg_foreign_server
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53.22. pg_extension Home 53.24. pg_foreign_server
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53.24. pg_foreign_server
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53.24. pg_foreign_server

+53.24. pg_foreign_server

53.24. pg_foreign_server
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53.24. pg_foreign_server

The catalog pg_foreign_server stores foreign server definitions. A foreign server describes a source of external data, such as a remote server. Foreign @@ -51,4 +51,4 @@

Foreign server specific options, as “keyword=value” strings -


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53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper Home 53.25. pg_foreign_table
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53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper Home 53.25. pg_foreign_table
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.25. pg_foreign_table
53.25. pg_foreign_table
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53.25. pg_foreign_table

+53.25. pg_foreign_table

53.25. pg_foreign_table
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53.25. pg_foreign_table

The catalog pg_foreign_table contains auxiliary information about foreign tables. A foreign table is primarily represented by a @@ -29,4 +29,4 @@

Foreign table options, as “keyword=value” strings -


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53.24. pg_foreign_server Home 53.26. pg_index
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53.24. pg_foreign_server Home 53.26. pg_index
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53.26. pg_index
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53.26. pg_index

+53.26. pg_index

53.26. pg_index
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53.26. pg_index

The catalog pg_index contains part of the information about indexes. The rest is mostly in pg_class. @@ -160,4 +160,4 @@ Expression tree (in nodeToString() representation) for partial index predicate. Null if not a partial index. -


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53.25. pg_foreign_table Home 53.27. pg_inherits
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53.25. pg_foreign_table Home 53.27. pg_inherits
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53.27. pg_inherits
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53.27. pg_inherits

+53.27. pg_inherits

53.27. pg_inherits
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53.27. pg_inherits

The catalog pg_inherits records information about table and index inheritance hierarchies. There is one entry for each direct parent-child table or index relationship in the database. (Indirect @@ -38,4 +38,4 @@

true for a partition that is in the process of being detached; false otherwise. -


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53.26. pg_index Home 53.28. pg_init_privs
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53.26. pg_index Home 53.28. pg_init_privs
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53.28. pg_init_privs
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53.28. pg_init_privs

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53.28. pg_init_privs
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53.28. pg_init_privs

The catalog pg_init_privs records information about the initial privileges of objects in the system. There is one entry for each object in the database which has a non-default (non-NULL) @@ -58,4 +58,4 @@

The initial access privileges; see Section 5.7 for details -


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53.27. pg_inherits Home 53.29. pg_language
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53.27. pg_inherits Home 53.29. pg_language
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53.29. pg_language
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53.29. pg_language

+53.29. pg_language

53.29. pg_language
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53.29. pg_language

The catalog pg_language registers languages in which you can write functions or stored procedures. See CREATE LANGUAGE @@ -73,4 +73,4 @@

Access privileges; see Section 5.7 for details -


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53.28. pg_init_privs Home 53.30. pg_largeobject
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53.28. pg_init_privs Home 53.30. pg_largeobject
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53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
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53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata

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53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
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53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata

The catalog pg_largeobject_metadata holds metadata associated with large objects. The actual large object data is stored in @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@

Access privileges; see Section 5.7 for details -


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53.30. pg_largeobject Home 53.32. pg_namespace
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53.30. pg_largeobject
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53.30. pg_largeobject

+53.30. pg_largeobject

53.30. pg_largeobject
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53.30. pg_largeobject

The catalog pg_largeobject holds the data making up “large objects”. A large object is identified by an OID assigned when it is created. Each large object is broken into @@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ allows sparse storage: pages might be missing, and might be shorter than LOBLKSIZE bytes even if they are not the last page of the object. Missing regions within a large object read as zeroes. -

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53.29. pg_language Home 53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
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53.29. pg_language Home 53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.32. pg_namespace
53.32. pg_namespace
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53.32. pg_namespace

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53.32. pg_namespace
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53.32. pg_namespace

The catalog pg_namespace stores namespaces. A namespace is the structure underlying SQL schemas: each namespace can have a separate collection of relations, types, etc. without name @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

Access privileges; see Section 5.7 for details -


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53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata Home 53.33. pg_opclass
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53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata Home 53.33. pg_opclass
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53.33. pg_opclass
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53.33. pg_opclass

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53.33. pg_opclass
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53.33. pg_opclass

The catalog pg_opclass defines index access method operator classes. Each operator class defines semantics for index columns of a particular data type and a particular @@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ Also, there must be no more than one pg_opclass row having opcdefault true for any given combination of opcmethod and opcintype. -

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53.32. pg_namespace Home 53.34. pg_operator
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53.34. pg_operator
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53.34. pg_operator

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53.34. pg_operator
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53.34. pg_operator

The catalog pg_operator stores information about operators. See CREATE OPERATOR and Section 38.14 for more information. @@ -98,4 +98,4 @@

Join selectivity estimation function for this operator (zero if none) -


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53.33. pg_opclass Home 53.35. pg_opfamily
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53.33. pg_opclass Home 53.35. pg_opfamily
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53.35. pg_opfamily
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53.35. pg_opfamily

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53.35. pg_opfamily
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53.35. pg_opfamily

The catalog pg_opfamily defines operator families. Each operator family is a collection of operators and associated support routines that implement the semantics specified for a particular @@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ pg_amproc, and pg_opclass. -

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53.34. pg_operator Home 53.36. pg_parameter_acl
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53.34. pg_operator Home 53.36. pg_parameter_acl
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53.36. pg_parameter_acl
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53.36. pg_parameter_acl

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53.36. pg_parameter_acl
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53.36. pg_parameter_acl

The catalog pg_parameter_acl records configuration parameters for which privileges have been granted to one or more roles. No entry is made for parameters that have default privileges. @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@

Access privileges; see Section 5.7 for details -


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53.35. pg_opfamily Home 53.37. pg_partitioned_table
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53.35. pg_opfamily Home 53.37. pg_partitioned_table
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53.37. pg_partitioned_table
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53.37. pg_partitioned_table

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53.37. pg_partitioned_table
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53.37. pg_partitioned_table

The catalog pg_partitioned_table stores information about how tables are partitioned.

Table 53.37. pg_partitioned_table Columns

@@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ references. This is a list with one element for each zero entry in partattrs. Null if all partition key columns are simple references. -


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53.36. pg_parameter_acl Home 53.38. pg_policy
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53.36. pg_parameter_acl Home 53.38. pg_policy
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53.38. pg_policy
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53.38. pg_policy

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53.38. pg_policy
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53.38. pg_policy

The catalog pg_policy stores row-level security policies for tables. A policy includes the kind of command that it applies to (possibly all commands), the roles that it @@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ Policies stored in pg_policy are applied only when pg_class.relrowsecurity is set for their table. -

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53.37. pg_partitioned_table Home 53.39. pg_proc
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53.39. pg_proc
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53.39. pg_proc

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53.39. pg_proc
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53.39. pg_proc

The catalog pg_proc stores information about functions, procedures, aggregate functions, and window functions (collectively also known as routines). See CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE PROCEDURE, and @@ -253,4 +253,4 @@ text. probin is null except for dynamically-loaded C functions, for which it gives the name of the shared library file containing the function. -

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53.38. pg_policy Home 53.40. pg_publication
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53.38. pg_policy Home 53.40. pg_publication
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.41. pg_publication_namespace
53.41. pg_publication_namespace
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53.41. pg_publication_namespace

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53.41. pg_publication_namespace
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53.41. pg_publication_namespace

The catalog pg_publication_namespace contains the mapping between schemas and publications in the database. This is a many-to-many mapping. @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@

Reference to schema -


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53.40. pg_publication Home 53.42. pg_publication_rel
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53.40. pg_publication Home 53.42. pg_publication_rel
\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.42. pg_publication_rel
53.42. pg_publication_rel
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53.42. pg_publication_rel

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53.42. pg_publication_rel
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53.42. pg_publication_rel

The catalog pg_publication_rel contains the mapping between relations and publications in the database. This is a many-to-many mapping. See also Section 54.17 @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ part of the publication. For example, a value of 1 3 would mean that the first and the third table columns are published. A null value indicates that all columns are published. -


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53.41. pg_publication_namespace Home 53.43. pg_range
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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-publication.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.40. pg_publication
53.40. pg_publication
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53.40. pg_publication

+53.40. pg_publication

53.40. pg_publication
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53.40. pg_publication

The catalog pg_publication contains all publications created in the database. For more on publications see Section 31.1. @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ If true, operations on a leaf partition are replicated using the identity and schema of its topmost partitioned ancestor mentioned in the publication instead of its own. -


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53.39. pg_proc Home 53.41. pg_publication_namespace
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53.39. pg_proc Home 53.41. pg_publication_namespace
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53.43. pg_range
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53.43. pg_range

+53.43. pg_range

53.43. pg_range
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53.43. pg_range

The catalog pg_range stores information about range types. This is in addition to the types' entries in pg_type. @@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ type. rngcanonical is used when the element type is discrete. rngsubdiff is optional but should be supplied to improve performance of GiST indexes on the range type. -

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53.44. pg_replication_origin
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53.44. pg_replication_origin

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53.44. pg_replication_origin
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53.44. pg_replication_origin

The pg_replication_origin catalog contains all replication origins created. For more on replication origins see Chapter 50. @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@

The external, user defined, name of a replication origin. -


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53.45. pg_rewrite
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53.45. pg_rewrite

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53.45. pg_rewrite
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53.45. pg_rewrite

The catalog pg_rewrite stores rewrite rules for tables and views.

Table 53.45. pg_rewrite Columns

Column Type @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@


Note

pg_class.relhasrules must be true if a table has any rules in this catalog. -

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53.46. pg_seclabel
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53.46. pg_seclabel

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53.46. pg_seclabel
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53.46. pg_seclabel

The catalog pg_seclabel stores security labels on database objects. Security labels can be manipulated with the SECURITY LABEL command. For an easier @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@

The security label applied to this object. -


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53.47. pg_sequence
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53.47. pg_sequence

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53.47. pg_sequence
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53.47. pg_sequence

The catalog pg_sequence contains information about sequences. Some of the information about sequences, such as the name and the schema, is in @@ -51,4 +51,4 @@

Whether the sequence cycles -


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53.48. pg_shdepend
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53.48. pg_shdepend

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53.48. pg_shdepend
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53.48. pg_shdepend

The catalog pg_shdepend records the dependency relationships between database objects and shared objects, such as roles. This information allows @@ -95,4 +95,4 @@ considered “pinned”. No entries are made in pg_shdepend that would have a pinned object as either referenced or dependent object. -

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53.49. pg_shdescription
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53.49. pg_shdescription

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53.49. pg_shdescription
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53.49. pg_shdescription

The catalog pg_shdescription stores optional descriptions (comments) for shared database objects. Descriptions can be manipulated with the COMMENT command and viewed with @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@

Arbitrary text that serves as the description of this object -


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53.50. pg_shseclabel
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53.50. pg_shseclabel

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53.50. pg_shseclabel

The catalog pg_shseclabel stores security labels on shared database objects. Security labels can be manipulated with the SECURITY LABEL command. For an easier @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@

The security label applied to this object. -


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53.49. pg_shdescription Home 53.51. pg_statistic
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53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data
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53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data

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53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data

The catalog pg_statistic_ext_data holds data for extended planner statistics defined in pg_statistic_ext. @@ -67,4 +67,4 @@

Per-expression statistics, serialized as an array of pg_statistic type -


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53.52. pg_statistic_ext
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53.52. pg_statistic_ext

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53.52. pg_statistic_ext
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53.52. pg_statistic_ext

The catalog pg_statistic_ext holds definitions of extended planner statistics. Each row in this catalog corresponds to a statistics object @@ -85,4 +85,4 @@ and populate an entry in the pg_statistic_ext_data catalog. -

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53.51. pg_statistic
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53.51. pg_statistic

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53.51. pg_statistic
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53.51. pg_statistic

The catalog pg_statistic stores statistical data about the contents of the database. Entries are created by ANALYZE @@ -131,4 +131,4 @@ values are actually of the specific column's data type, or a related type such as an array's element type, so there is no way to define these columns' type more specifically than anyarray. -


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53.50. pg_shseclabel Home 53.52. pg_statistic_ext
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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.55. pg_subscription_rel
53.55. pg_subscription_rel
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53.55. pg_subscription_rel

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53.55. pg_subscription_rel
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53.55. pg_subscription_rel

The catalog pg_subscription_rel contains the state for each replicated relation in each subscription. This is a many-to-many mapping. @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ Remote LSN of the state change used for synchronization coordination when in s or r states, otherwise null -


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53.54. pg_subscription Home 53.56. pg_tablespace
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53.54. pg_subscription
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53.54. pg_subscription

+53.54. pg_subscription

53.54. pg_subscription
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53.54. pg_subscription

The catalog pg_subscription contains all existing logical replication subscriptions. For more information about logical replication see Chapter 31. @@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ Array of subscribed publication names. These reference publications defined in the upstream database. For more on publications see Section 31.1. -


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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.56. pg_tablespace
53.56. pg_tablespace
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53.56. pg_tablespace

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53.56. pg_tablespace
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53.56. pg_tablespace

The catalog pg_tablespace stores information about the available tablespaces. Tables can be placed in particular tablespaces to aid administration of disk layout. @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@

Tablespace-level options, as “keyword=value” strings -


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53.57. pg_transform
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53.57. pg_transform

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53.57. pg_transform
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53.57. pg_transform

The catalog pg_transform stores information about transforms, which are a mechanism to adapt data types to procedural languages. See CREATE TRANSFORM for more information. @@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ The OID of the function to use when converting output from the procedural language (e.g., return values) to the data type. Zero is stored if the default behavior should be used. -


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53.58. pg_trigger
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53.58. pg_trigger

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53.58. pg_trigger
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53.58. pg_trigger

The catalog pg_trigger stores triggers on tables and views. See CREATE TRIGGER @@ -145,4 +145,4 @@

Note

pg_class.relhastriggers must be true if a relation has any triggers in this catalog. -

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53.60. pg_ts_config_map

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53.60. pg_ts_config_map

The pg_ts_config_map catalog contains entries showing which text search dictionaries should be consulted, and in what order, for each output token type of each text search configuration's @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@

The OID of the text search dictionary to consult -


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53.59. pg_ts_config
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53.59. pg_ts_config

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53.59. pg_ts_config

The pg_ts_config catalog contains entries representing text search configurations. A configuration specifies a particular text search parser and a list of dictionaries to use @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@

The OID of the text search parser for this configuration -


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53.58. pg_trigger Home 53.60. pg_ts_config_map
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53.61. pg_ts_dict
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53.61. pg_ts_dict

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53.61. pg_ts_dict

The pg_ts_dict catalog contains entries defining text search dictionaries. A dictionary depends on a text search template, which specifies all the implementation functions @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@

Initialization option string for the template -


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53.62. pg_ts_parser

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53.62. pg_ts_parser

The pg_ts_parser catalog contains entries defining text search parsers. A parser is responsible for splitting input text into lexemes and assigning a token type to each lexeme. @@ -59,4 +59,4 @@

OID of the parser's lextype function -


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53.63. pg_ts_template
Prev UpChapter 53. System CatalogsHome Next

53.63. pg_ts_template

+53.63. pg_ts_template

53.63. pg_ts_template
Prev UpChapter 53. System CatalogsHome Next

53.63. pg_ts_template

The pg_ts_template catalog contains entries defining text search templates. A template is the implementation skeleton for a class of text search dictionaries. @@ -41,4 +41,4 @@

OID of the template's lexize function -


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53.64. pg_type
Prev UpChapter 53. System CatalogsHome Next

53.64. pg_type

+53.64. pg_type

53.64. pg_type
Prev UpChapter 53. System CatalogsHome Next

53.64. pg_type

The catalog pg_type stores information about data types. Base types and enum types (scalar types) are created with CREATE TYPE, and @@ -307,4 +307,4 @@ of typcategory. Any future additions to this list will also be upper-case ASCII letters. All other ASCII characters are reserved for user-defined categories. -

Table 53.65. typcategory Codes

CodeCategory
AArray types
BBoolean types
CComposite types
DDate/time types
EEnum types
GGeometric types
INetwork address types
NNumeric types
PPseudo-types
RRange types
SString types
TTimespan types
UUser-defined types
VBit-string types
Xunknown type
ZInternal-use types

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Table 53.65. typcategory Codes

CodeCategory
AArray types
BBoolean types
CComposite types
DDate/time types
EEnum types
GGeometric types
INetwork address types
NNumeric types
PPseudo-types
RRange types
SString types
TTimespan types
UUser-defined types
VBit-string types
Xunknown type
ZInternal-use types

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\ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html 2026-02-23 22:14:39.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html 2026-05-11 20:02:51.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -53.65. pg_user_mapping
53.65. pg_user_mapping
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53.65. pg_user_mapping

+53.65. pg_user_mapping

53.65. pg_user_mapping
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53.65. pg_user_mapping

The catalog pg_user_mapping stores the mappings from local user to remote. Access to this catalog is restricted from normal users, use the view @@ -32,4 +32,4 @@

User mapping specific options, as “keyword=value” strings -


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53.64. pg_type Home Chapter 54. System Views
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53.64. pg_type Home Chapter 54. System Views
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53.1. Overview
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53.1. Overview

+53.1. Overview

53.1. Overview
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53.1. Overview

Table 53.1 lists the system catalogs. More detailed documentation of each catalog follows below.

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ database creation and are thereafter database-specific. A few catalogs are physically shared across all databases in a cluster; these are noted in the descriptions of the individual catalogs. -

Table 53.1. System Catalogs

Catalog NamePurpose
pg_aggregateaggregate functions
pg_amrelation access methods
pg_amopaccess method operators
pg_amprocaccess method support functions
pg_attrdefcolumn default values
pg_attributetable columns (“attributes”)
pg_authidauthorization identifiers (roles)
pg_auth_membersauthorization identifier membership relationships
pg_castcasts (data type conversions)
pg_classtables, indexes, sequences, views (“relations”)
pg_collationcollations (locale information)
pg_constraintcheck constraints, unique constraints, primary key constraints, foreign key constraints
pg_conversionencoding conversion information
pg_databasedatabases within this database cluster
pg_db_role_settingper-role and per-database settings
pg_default_acldefault privileges for object types
pg_dependdependencies between database objects
pg_descriptiondescriptions or comments on database objects
pg_enumenum label and value definitions
pg_event_triggerevent triggers
pg_extensioninstalled extensions
pg_foreign_data_wrapperforeign-data wrapper definitions
pg_foreign_serverforeign server definitions
pg_foreign_tableadditional foreign table information
pg_indexadditional index information
pg_inheritstable inheritance hierarchy
pg_init_privsobject initial privileges
pg_languagelanguages for writing functions
pg_largeobjectdata pages for large objects
pg_largeobject_metadatametadata for large objects
pg_namespaceschemas
pg_opclassaccess method operator classes
pg_operatoroperators
pg_opfamilyaccess method operator families
pg_parameter_aclconfiguration parameters for which privileges have been granted
pg_partitioned_tableinformation about partition key of tables
pg_policyrow-security policies
pg_procfunctions and procedures
pg_publicationpublications for logical replication
pg_publication_namespaceschema to publication mapping
pg_publication_relrelation to publication mapping
pg_rangeinformation about range types
pg_replication_originregistered replication origins
pg_rewritequery rewrite rules
pg_seclabelsecurity labels on database objects
pg_sequenceinformation about sequences
pg_shdependdependencies on shared objects
pg_shdescriptioncomments on shared objects
pg_shseclabelsecurity labels on shared database objects
pg_statisticplanner statistics
pg_statistic_extextended planner statistics (definition)
pg_statistic_ext_dataextended planner statistics (built statistics)
pg_subscriptionlogical replication subscriptions
pg_subscription_relrelation state for subscriptions
pg_tablespacetablespaces within this database cluster
pg_transformtransforms (data type to procedural language conversions)
pg_triggertriggers
pg_ts_configtext search configurations
pg_ts_config_maptext search configurations' token mappings
pg_ts_dicttext search dictionaries
pg_ts_parsertext search parsers
pg_ts_templatetext search templates
pg_typedata types
pg_user_mappingmappings of users to foreign servers

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Table 53.1. System Catalogs

Catalog NamePurpose
pg_aggregateaggregate functions
pg_amrelation access methods
pg_amopaccess method operators
pg_amprocaccess method support functions
pg_attrdefcolumn default values
pg_attributetable columns (“attributes”)
pg_authidauthorization identifiers (roles)
pg_auth_membersauthorization identifier membership relationships
pg_castcasts (data type conversions)
pg_classtables, indexes, sequences, views (“relations”)
pg_collationcollations (locale information)
pg_constraintcheck constraints, unique constraints, primary key constraints, foreign key constraints
pg_conversionencoding conversion information
pg_databasedatabases within this database cluster
pg_db_role_settingper-role and per-database settings
pg_default_acldefault privileges for object types
pg_dependdependencies between database objects
pg_descriptiondescriptions or comments on database objects
pg_enumenum label and value definitions
pg_event_triggerevent triggers
pg_extensioninstalled extensions
pg_foreign_data_wrapperforeign-data wrapper definitions
pg_foreign_serverforeign server definitions
pg_foreign_tableadditional foreign table information
pg_indexadditional index information
pg_inheritstable inheritance hierarchy
pg_init_privsobject initial privileges
pg_languagelanguages for writing functions
pg_largeobjectdata pages for large objects
pg_largeobject_metadatametadata for large objects
pg_namespaceschemas
pg_opclassaccess method operator classes
pg_operatoroperators
pg_opfamilyaccess method operator families
pg_parameter_aclconfiguration parameters for which privileges have been granted
pg_partitioned_tableinformation about partition key of tables
pg_policyrow-security policies
pg_procfunctions and procedures
pg_publicationpublications for logical replication
pg_publication_namespaceschema to publication mapping
pg_publication_relrelation to publication mapping
pg_rangeinformation about range types
pg_replication_originregistered replication origins
pg_rewritequery rewrite rules
pg_seclabelsecurity labels on database objects
pg_sequenceinformation about sequences
pg_shdependdependencies on shared objects
pg_shdescriptioncomments on shared objects
pg_shseclabelsecurity labels on shared database objects
pg_statisticplanner statistics
pg_statistic_extextended planner statistics (definition)
pg_statistic_ext_dataextended planner statistics (built statistics)
pg_subscriptionlogical replication subscriptions
pg_subscription_relrelation state for subscriptions
pg_tablespacetablespaces within this database cluster
pg_transformtransforms (data type to procedural language conversions)
pg_triggertriggers
pg_ts_configtext search configurations
pg_ts_config_maptext search configurations' token mappings
pg_ts_dicttext search dictionaries
pg_ts_parsertext search parsers
pg_ts_templatetext search templates
pg_typedata types
pg_user_mappingmappings of users to foreign servers

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Chapter 53. System Catalogs
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Chapter 53. System Catalogs

Table of Contents

53.1. Overview
53.2. pg_aggregate
53.3. pg_am
53.4. pg_amop
53.5. pg_amproc
53.6. pg_attrdef
53.7. pg_attribute
53.8. pg_authid
53.9. pg_auth_members
53.10. pg_cast
53.11. pg_class
53.12. pg_collation
53.13. pg_constraint
53.14. pg_conversion
53.15. pg_database
53.16. pg_db_role_setting
53.17. pg_default_acl
53.18. pg_depend
53.19. pg_description
53.20. pg_enum
53.21. pg_event_trigger
53.22. pg_extension
53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
53.24. pg_foreign_server
53.25. pg_foreign_table
53.26. pg_index
53.27. pg_inherits
53.28. pg_init_privs
53.29. pg_language
53.30. pg_largeobject
53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
53.32. pg_namespace
53.33. pg_opclass
53.34. pg_operator
53.35. pg_opfamily
53.36. pg_parameter_acl
53.37. pg_partitioned_table
53.38. pg_policy
53.39. pg_proc
53.40. pg_publication
53.41. pg_publication_namespace
53.42. pg_publication_rel
53.43. pg_range
53.44. pg_replication_origin
53.45. pg_rewrite
53.46. pg_seclabel
53.47. pg_sequence
53.48. pg_shdepend
53.49. pg_shdescription
53.50. pg_shseclabel
53.51. pg_statistic
53.52. pg_statistic_ext
53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data
53.54. pg_subscription
53.55. pg_subscription_rel
53.56. pg_tablespace
53.57. pg_transform
53.58. pg_trigger
53.59. pg_ts_config
53.60. pg_ts_config_map
53.61. pg_ts_dict
53.62. pg_ts_parser
53.63. pg_ts_template
53.64. pg_type
53.65. pg_user_mapping

+Chapter 53. System Catalogs

Chapter 53. System Catalogs
Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

Chapter 53. System Catalogs

Table of Contents

53.1. Overview
53.2. pg_aggregate
53.3. pg_am
53.4. pg_amop
53.5. pg_amproc
53.6. pg_attrdef
53.7. pg_attribute
53.8. pg_authid
53.9. pg_auth_members
53.10. pg_cast
53.11. pg_class
53.12. pg_collation
53.13. pg_constraint
53.14. pg_conversion
53.15. pg_database
53.16. pg_db_role_setting
53.17. pg_default_acl
53.18. pg_depend
53.19. pg_description
53.20. pg_enum
53.21. pg_event_trigger
53.22. pg_extension
53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
53.24. pg_foreign_server
53.25. pg_foreign_table
53.26. pg_index
53.27. pg_inherits
53.28. pg_init_privs
53.29. pg_language
53.30. pg_largeobject
53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
53.32. pg_namespace
53.33. pg_opclass
53.34. pg_operator
53.35. pg_opfamily
53.36. pg_parameter_acl
53.37. pg_partitioned_table
53.38. pg_policy
53.39. pg_proc
53.40. pg_publication
53.41. pg_publication_namespace
53.42. pg_publication_rel
53.43. pg_range
53.44. pg_replication_origin
53.45. pg_rewrite
53.46. pg_seclabel
53.47. pg_sequence
53.48. pg_shdepend
53.49. pg_shdescription
53.50. pg_shseclabel
53.51. pg_statistic
53.52. pg_statistic_ext
53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data
53.54. pg_subscription
53.55. pg_subscription_rel
53.56. pg_tablespace
53.57. pg_transform
53.58. pg_trigger
53.59. pg_ts_config
53.60. pg_ts_config_map
53.61. pg_ts_dict
53.62. pg_ts_parser
53.63. pg_ts_template
53.64. pg_type
53.65. pg_user_mapping

The system catalogs are the place where a relational database management system stores schema metadata, such as information about tables and columns, and internal bookkeeping information. @@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ particularly esoteric operations, but many of those have been made available as SQL commands over time, and so the need for direct manipulation of the system catalogs is ever decreasing. -

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52.6. Executor Home 53.1. Overview
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Chapter 24. Localization
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30.2. Data Checksums
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30.2. Data Checksums

30.2.1. Off-line Enabling of Checksums

+30.2. Data Checksums

30.2. Data Checksums
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30.2. Data Checksums

30.2.1. Off-line Enabling of Checksums

By default, data pages are not protected by checksums, but this can optionally be enabled for a cluster. When enabled, each data page includes a checksum that is updated when the page is written and verified each time @@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ The pg_checksums application can be used to enable or disable data checksums, as well as verify checksums, on an offline cluster. -

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30.1. Reliability Home 30.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
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30.1. Reliability Home 30.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
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F.10. citext
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.10. citext

F.10.1. Rationale
F.10.2. How to Use It
F.10.3. String Comparison Behavior
F.10.4. Limitations
F.10.5. Author

+F.10. citext

F.10. citext
Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

F.10. citext

F.10.1. Rationale
F.10.2. How to Use It
F.10.3. String Comparison Behavior
F.10.4. Limitations
F.10.5. Author

The citext module provides a case-insensitive character string type, citext. Essentially, it internally calls lower when comparing values. Otherwise, it behaves almost @@ -163,4 +163,4 @@ David E. Wheeler

Inspired by the original citext module by Donald Fraser. -

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21.15. Authentication Problems
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21.15. Authentication Problems

+21.15. Authentication Problems

21.15. Authentication Problems
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21.15. Authentication Problems

Authentication failures and related problems generally manifest themselves through error messages like the following:

@@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ The server log might contain more information about an authentication failure than is reported to the client. If you are confused about the reason for a failure, check the server log. -

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21.14. BSD Authentication Home Chapter 22. Database Roles
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21.14. BSD Authentication Home Chapter 22. Database Roles
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Chapter 21. Client Authentication
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Chapter 21. Client Authentication

Table of Contents

21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
21.2. User Name Maps
21.3. Authentication Methods
21.4. Trust Authentication
21.5. Password Authentication
21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
21.7. SSPI Authentication
21.8. Ident Authentication
21.9. Peer Authentication
21.10. LDAP Authentication
21.11. RADIUS Authentication
21.12. Certificate Authentication
21.13. PAM Authentication
21.14. BSD Authentication
21.15. Authentication Problems

+Chapter 21. Client Authentication

Chapter 21. Client Authentication
Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

Chapter 21. Client Authentication

Table of Contents

21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
21.2. User Name Maps
21.3. Authentication Methods
21.4. Trust Authentication
21.5. Password Authentication
21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
21.7. SSPI Authentication
21.8. Ident Authentication
21.9. Peer Authentication
21.10. LDAP Authentication
21.11. RADIUS Authentication
21.12. Certificate Authentication
21.13. PAM Authentication
21.14. BSD Authentication
21.15. Authentication Problems

When a client application connects to the database server, it specifies which PostgreSQL database user name it wants to connect as, much the same way one logs into a Unix computer @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ operating system account, and in such cases there need be no connection between database user names and OS user names. -

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20.18. Short Options Home 21.1. The pg_hba.conf File
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Part IV. Client Interfaces
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Part IV. Client Interfaces

+Part IV. Client Interfaces

Part IV. Client Interfaces
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Part IV. Client Interfaces

This part describes the client programming interfaces distributed with PostgreSQL. Each of these chapters can be read independently. Note that there are many other programming @@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ familiar with using SQL commands to manipulate and query the database (see Part II) and of course with the programming language that the interface uses. -

Table of Contents

34. libpq — C Library
34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
34.2. Connection Status Functions
34.3. Command Execution Functions
34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
34.5. Pipeline Mode
34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
34.9. Asynchronous Notification
34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
34.11. Control Functions
34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
34.13. Notice Processing
34.14. Event System
34.15. Environment Variables
34.16. The Password File
34.17. The Connection Service File
34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
34.19. SSL Support
34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs
34.21. Building libpq Programs
34.22. Example Programs
35. Large Objects
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Implementation Features
35.3. Client Interfaces
35.4. Server-Side Functions
35.5. Example Program
36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
36.1. The Concept
36.2. Managing Database Connections
36.3. Running SQL Commands
36.4. Using Host Variables
36.5. Dynamic SQL
36.6. pgtypes Library
36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
36.8. Error Handling
36.9. Preprocessor Directives
36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
36.11. Library Functions
36.12. Large Objects
36.13. C++ Applications
36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
36.17. Internals
37. The Information Schema
37.1. The Schema
37.2. Data Types
37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
37.5. applicable_roles
37.6. attributes
37.7. character_sets
37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
37.9. check_constraints
37.10. collations
37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
37.12. column_column_usage
37.13. column_domain_usage
37.14. column_options
37.15. column_privileges
37.16. column_udt_usage
37.17. columns
37.18. constraint_column_usage
37.19. constraint_table_usage
37.20. data_type_privileges
37.21. domain_constraints
37.22. domain_udt_usage
37.23. domains
37.24. element_types
37.25. enabled_roles
37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
37.28. foreign_server_options
37.29. foreign_servers
37.30. foreign_table_options
37.31. foreign_tables
37.32. key_column_usage
37.33. parameters
37.34. referential_constraints
37.35. role_column_grants
37.36. role_routine_grants
37.37. role_table_grants
37.38. role_udt_grants
37.39. role_usage_grants
37.40. routine_column_usage
37.41. routine_privileges
37.42. routine_routine_usage
37.43. routine_sequence_usage
37.44. routine_table_usage
37.45. routines
37.46. schemata
37.47. sequences
37.48. sql_features
37.49. sql_implementation_info
37.50. sql_parts
37.51. sql_sizing
37.52. table_constraints
37.53. table_privileges
37.54. tables
37.55. transforms
37.56. triggered_update_columns
37.57. triggers
37.58. udt_privileges
37.59. usage_privileges
37.60. user_defined_types
37.61. user_mapping_options
37.62. user_mappings
37.63. view_column_usage
37.64. view_routine_usage
37.65. view_table_usage
37.66. views
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33.5. Test Coverage Examination Home Chapter 34. libpq — C Library
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Table of Contents

34. libpq — C Library
34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
34.2. Connection Status Functions
34.3. Command Execution Functions
34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
34.5. Pipeline Mode
34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
34.9. Asynchronous Notification
34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
34.11. Control Functions
34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
34.13. Notice Processing
34.14. Event System
34.15. Environment Variables
34.16. The Password File
34.17. The Connection Service File
34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
34.19. SSL Support
34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs
34.21. Building libpq Programs
34.22. Example Programs
35. Large Objects
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Implementation Features
35.3. Client Interfaces
35.4. Server-Side Functions
35.5. Example Program
36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
36.1. The Concept
36.2. Managing Database Connections
36.3. Running SQL Commands
36.4. Using Host Variables
36.5. Dynamic SQL
36.6. pgtypes Library
36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
36.8. Error Handling
36.9. Preprocessor Directives
36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
36.11. Library Functions
36.12. Large Objects
36.13. C++ Applications
36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
36.17. Internals
37. The Information Schema
37.1. The Schema
37.2. Data Types
37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
37.5. applicable_roles
37.6. attributes
37.7. character_sets
37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
37.9. check_constraints
37.10. collations
37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
37.12. column_column_usage
37.13. column_domain_usage
37.14. column_options
37.15. column_privileges
37.16. column_udt_usage
37.17. columns
37.18. constraint_column_usage
37.19. constraint_table_usage
37.20. data_type_privileges
37.21. domain_constraints
37.22. domain_udt_usage
37.23. domains
37.24. element_types
37.25. enabled_roles
37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
37.28. foreign_server_options
37.29. foreign_servers
37.30. foreign_table_options
37.31. foreign_tables
37.32. key_column_usage
37.33. parameters
37.34. referential_constraints
37.35. role_column_grants
37.36. role_routine_grants
37.37. role_table_grants
37.38. role_udt_grants
37.39. role_usage_grants
37.40. routine_column_usage
37.41. routine_privileges
37.42. routine_routine_usage
37.43. routine_sequence_usage
37.44. routine_table_usage
37.45. routines
37.46. schemata
37.47. sequences
37.48. sql_features
37.49. sql_implementation_info
37.50. sql_parts
37.51. sql_sizing
37.52. table_constraints
37.53. table_privileges
37.54. tables
37.55. transforms
37.56. triggered_update_columns
37.57. triggers
37.58. udt_privileges
37.59. usage_privileges
37.60. user_defined_types
37.61. user_mapping_options
37.62. user_mappings
37.63. view_column_usage
37.64. view_routine_usage
37.65. view_table_usage
37.66. views
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33.5. Test Coverage Examination Home Chapter 34. libpq — C Library
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24.2. Collation Support
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24.2. Collation Support

24.2.1. Concepts
24.2.2. Managing Collations

+24.2. Collation Support

24.2. Collation Support
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24.2. Collation Support

24.2.1. Concepts
24.2.2. Managing Collations

The collation feature allows specifying the sort order and character classification behavior of data per-column, or even per-operation. This alleviates the restriction that the @@ -414,4 +414,4 @@ normalize and is normalized to preprocess or check the strings, instead of using nondeterministic collations. There are different trade-offs for each approach. -

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24.1. Locale Support Home 24.3. Character Set Support
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24.1. Locale Support Home 24.3. Character Set Support
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N.1. When Color is Used
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N.1. When Color is Used

+N.1. When Color is Used

N.1. When Color is Used
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N.1. When Color is Used

To use colorized output, set the environment variable PG_COLOR as follows: @@ -12,4 +12,4 @@

  • Otherwise, color is not used.

    • -

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    Appendix N. Color Support Home N.2. Configuring the Colors
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    Prev Up Next
    Appendix N. Color Support Home N.2. Configuring the Colors
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    N.2. Configuring the Colors
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    N.2. Configuring the Colors

    +N.2. Configuring the Colors

    N.2. Configuring the Colors
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    N.2. Configuring the Colors

    The actual colors to be used are configured using the environment variable PG_COLORS (note plural). The value is a colon-separated list of @@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ This color specification format is also used by other software packages such as GCC, GNU coreutils, and GNU grep. -

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    N.1. When Color is Used Home Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
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    N.1. When Color is Used Home Appendix O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
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    Appendix N. Color Support
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    Appendix N. Color Support

    Table of Contents

    N.1. When Color is Used
    N.2. Configuring the Colors

    +Appendix N. Color Support

    Appendix N. Color Support
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    Appendix N. Color Support

    Table of Contents

    N.1. When Color is Used
    N.2. Configuring the Colors

    Most programs in the PostgreSQL package can produce colorized console output. This appendix describes how that is configured. -

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    Appendix M. Glossary Home N.1. When Color is Used
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    Prev Up Next
    Appendix M. Glossary Home N.1. When Color is Used
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/config-setting.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/config-setting.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/config-setting.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/config-setting.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -20.1. Setting Parameters
    20.1. Setting Parameters
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    20.1. Setting Parameters

    20.1.1. Parameter Names and Values
    20.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
    20.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL
    20.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell
    20.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents

    20.1.1. Parameter Names and Values

    +20.1. Setting Parameters

    20.1. Setting Parameters
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    20.1. Setting Parameters

    20.1.1. Parameter Names and Values
    20.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
    20.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL
    20.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell
    20.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents

    20.1.1. Parameter Names and Values

    All parameter names are case-insensitive. Every parameter takes a value of one of five types: boolean, string, integer, floating point, or enumerated (enum). The type determines the syntax for setting the @@ -333,4 +333,4 @@ their configurations all stored in one place, such as in a version control repository. (Storing database configuration files under version control is another good practice to consider.) -

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    Chapter 20. Server Configuration Home 20.2. File Locations
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    Chapter 20. Server Configuration Home 20.2. File Locations
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    52.2. How Connections Are Established
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    52.2. How Connections Are Established

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    52.2. How Connections Are Established
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    52.2. How Connections Are Established

    PostgreSQL implements a “process per user” client/server model. In this model, every @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ process parses the query, creates an execution plan, executes the plan, and returns the retrieved rows to the client by transmitting them over the established connection. -

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    26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
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    26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)

    26.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving
    26.3.2. Making a Base Backup
    26.3.3. Making a Base Backup Using the Low Level API
    26.3.4. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup
    26.3.5. Timelines
    26.3.6. Tips and Examples
    26.3.7. Caveats

    +26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)

    26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
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    26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)

    26.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving
    26.3.2. Making a Base Backup
    26.3.3. Making a Base Backup Using the Low Level API
    26.3.4. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup
    26.3.5. Timelines
    26.3.6. Tips and Examples
    26.3.7. Caveats

    At all times, PostgreSQL maintains a write ahead log (WAL) in the pg_wal/ subdirectory of the cluster's data directory. The log records @@ -754,4 +754,4 @@ on. In the meantime, administrators might wish to reduce the number of page snapshots included in WAL by increasing the checkpoint interval parameters as much as feasible. -

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    26.2. File System Level Backup Home Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
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    26.2. File System Level Backup Home Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
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    dblink_build_sql_update
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    dblink_cancel_query
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    dblink
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    Prev Up Next
    dblink_disconnect Home dblink_exec
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-connections.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-connections.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-connections.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-connections.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -dblink_get_connections
    dblink_get_connections
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_close Home dblink_error_message
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-notify.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-notify.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-notify.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-notify.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dblink_get_notify
    dblink_get_notify
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_is_busy Home dblink_get_result
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_is_busy Home dblink_get_result
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-pkey.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-pkey.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-pkey.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-pkey.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dblink_get_pkey
    dblink_get_pkey
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_cancel_query Home dblink_build_sql_insert
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-result.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-result.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-result.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-get-result.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dblink_get_result
    dblink_get_result
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_get_notify Home dblink_cancel_query
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_get_notify Home dblink_cancel_query
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-is-busy.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-is-busy.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-is-busy.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-is-busy.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dblink_is_busy
    dblink_is_busy
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_send_query Home dblink_get_notify
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-open.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-open.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-open.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-open.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dblink_open
    dblink_open
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_exec Home dblink_fetch
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_exec Home dblink_fetch
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-send-query.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-send-query.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-send-query.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-dblink-send-query.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -dblink_send_query
    dblink_send_query
    Prev UpF.12. dblinkHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    dblink_error_message Home dblink_is_busy
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-client.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-client.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-client.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-client.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -G.1. Client Applications
    G.1. Client Applications
    Prev UpAppendix G. Additional Supplied ProgramsHome Next

    G.1. Client Applications

    oid2name — resolve OIDs and file nodes in a PostgreSQL data directory
    vacuumlo — remove orphaned large objects from a PostgreSQL database

    +G.1. Client Applications

    G.1. Client Applications
    Prev UpAppendix G. Additional Supplied ProgramsHome Next

    G.1. Client Applications

    oid2name — resolve OIDs and file nodes in a PostgreSQL data directory
    vacuumlo — remove orphaned large objects from a PostgreSQL database

    This section covers PostgreSQL client applications in contrib. They can be run from anywhere, independent of where the database server resides. See also PostgreSQL Client Applications for information about client applications that are part of the core PostgreSQL distribution. -

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs Home oid2name
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs Home oid2name
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-server.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-server.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-server.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog-server.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -G.2. Server Applications
    G.2. Server Applications
    Prev UpAppendix G. Additional Supplied ProgramsHome Next

    G.2. Server Applications

    +G.2. Server Applications

    G.2. Server Applications
    Prev UpAppendix G. Additional Supplied ProgramsHome Next

    G.2. Server Applications

    Some applications run on the PostgreSQL server itself. Currently, no such applications are included in the contrib directory. See also PostgreSQL Server Applications for information about server applications that are part of the core PostgreSQL distribution. -

    Prev Up Next
    vacuumlo Home Appendix H. External Projects
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    vacuumlo Home Appendix H. External Projects
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-prog.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs
    Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs

    Table of Contents

    G.1. Client Applications
    oid2name — resolve OIDs and file nodes in a PostgreSQL data directory
    vacuumlo — remove orphaned large objects from a PostgreSQL database
    G.2. Server Applications

    +Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs

    Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix G. Additional Supplied Programs

    Table of Contents

    G.1. Client Applications
    oid2name — resolve OIDs and file nodes in a PostgreSQL data directory
    vacuumlo — remove orphaned large objects from a PostgreSQL database
    G.2. Server Applications

    This appendix and the previous one contain information regarding the modules that can be found in the contrib directory of the PostgreSQL distribution. See Appendix F for @@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ the bin directory of the PostgreSQL installation and can be used like any other program. -

    Prev Up Next
    F.50. xml2 Home G.1. Client Applications
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    F.50. xml2 Home G.1. Client Applications
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-spi.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-spi.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-spi.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib-spi.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.41. spi
    F.41. spi
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    F.40. sepgsql Home F.42. sslinfo
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    F.40. sepgsql Home F.42. sslinfo
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/contrib.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules
    Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules

    Table of Contents

    F.1. adminpack
    F.2. amcheck
    F.2.1. Functions
    F.2.2. Optional heapallindexed Verification
    F.2.3. Using amcheck Effectively
    F.2.4. Repairing Corruption
    F.3. auth_delay
    F.3.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.3.2. Author
    F.4. auto_explain
    F.4.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.4.2. Example
    F.4.3. Author
    F.5. basebackup_to_shell
    F.5.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.5.2. Author
    F.6. basic_archive
    F.6.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.6.2. Notes
    F.6.3. Author
    F.7. bloom
    F.7.1. Parameters
    F.7.2. Examples
    F.7.3. Operator Class Interface
    F.7.4. Limitations
    F.7.5. Authors
    F.8. btree_gin
    F.8.1. Example Usage
    F.8.2. Authors
    F.9. btree_gist
    F.9.1. Example Usage
    F.9.2. Authors
    F.10. citext
    F.10.1. Rationale
    F.10.2. How to Use It
    F.10.3. String Comparison Behavior
    F.10.4. Limitations
    F.10.5. Author
    F.11. cube
    F.11.1. Syntax
    F.11.2. Precision
    F.11.3. Usage
    F.11.4. Defaults
    F.11.5. Notes
    F.11.6. Credits
    F.12. dblink
    dblink_connect — opens a persistent connection to a remote database
    dblink_connect_u — opens a persistent connection to a remote database, insecurely
    dblink_disconnect — closes a persistent connection to a remote database
    dblink — executes a query in a remote database
    dblink_exec — executes a command in a remote database
    dblink_open — opens a cursor in a remote database
    dblink_fetch — returns rows from an open cursor in a remote database
    dblink_close — closes a cursor in a remote database
    dblink_get_connections — returns the names of all open named dblink connections
    dblink_error_message — gets last error message on the named connection
    dblink_send_query — sends an async query to a remote database
    dblink_is_busy — checks if connection is busy with an async query
    dblink_get_notify — retrieve async notifications on a connection
    dblink_get_result — gets an async query result
    dblink_cancel_query — cancels any active query on the named connection
    dblink_get_pkey — returns the positions and field names of a relation's +Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules
    Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules

    Table of Contents

    F.1. adminpack
    F.2. amcheck
    F.2.1. Functions
    F.2.2. Optional heapallindexed Verification
    F.2.3. Using amcheck Effectively
    F.2.4. Repairing Corruption
    F.3. auth_delay
    F.3.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.3.2. Author
    F.4. auto_explain
    F.4.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.4.2. Example
    F.4.3. Author
    F.5. basebackup_to_shell
    F.5.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.5.2. Author
    F.6. basic_archive
    F.6.1. Configuration Parameters
    F.6.2. Notes
    F.6.3. Author
    F.7. bloom
    F.7.1. Parameters
    F.7.2. Examples
    F.7.3. Operator Class Interface
    F.7.4. Limitations
    F.7.5. Authors
    F.8. btree_gin
    F.8.1. Example Usage
    F.8.2. Authors
    F.9. btree_gist
    F.9.1. Example Usage
    F.9.2. Authors
    F.10. citext
    F.10.1. Rationale
    F.10.2. How to Use It
    F.10.3. String Comparison Behavior
    F.10.4. Limitations
    F.10.5. Author
    F.11. cube
    F.11.1. Syntax
    F.11.2. Precision
    F.11.3. Usage
    F.11.4. Defaults
    F.11.5. Notes
    F.11.6. Credits
    F.12. dblink
    dblink_connect — opens a persistent connection to a remote database
    dblink_connect_u — opens a persistent connection to a remote database, insecurely
    dblink_disconnect — closes a persistent connection to a remote database
    dblink — executes a query in a remote database
    dblink_exec — executes a command in a remote database
    dblink_open — opens a cursor in a remote database
    dblink_fetch — returns rows from an open cursor in a remote database
    dblink_close — closes a cursor in a remote database
    dblink_get_connections — returns the names of all open named dblink connections
    dblink_error_message — gets last error message on the named connection
    dblink_send_query — sends an async query to a remote database
    dblink_is_busy — checks if connection is busy with an async query
    dblink_get_notify — retrieve async notifications on a connection
    dblink_get_result — gets an async query result
    dblink_cancel_query — cancels any active query on the named connection
    dblink_get_pkey — returns the positions and field names of a relation's primary key fields
    dblink_build_sql_insert — builds an INSERT statement using a local tuple, replacing the @@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ by way of shared_preload_libraries. See the documentation of each module for details. -

    Prev Up Next
    E.19. Prior Releases Home F.1. adminpack
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    E.20. Prior Releases Home F.1. adminpack
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/creating-cluster.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/creating-cluster.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/creating-cluster.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/creating-cluster.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -19.2. Creating a Database Cluster
    19.2. Creating a Database Cluster
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.2. Creating a Database Cluster

    19.2.1. Use of Secondary File Systems
    19.2.2. File Systems

    +19.2. Creating a Database Cluster

    19.2. Creating a Database Cluster
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.2. Creating a Database Cluster

    19.2.1. Use of Secondary File Systems
    19.2.2. File Systems

    Before you can do anything, you must initialize a database storage area on disk. We call this a database cluster. (The SQL standard uses the term catalog cluster.) A @@ -200,4 +200,4 @@ it. That approach might relieve the DBA from having to deal with some of the idiosyncrasies of NFS, but of course the complexity of managing remote storage then happens at other levels. -

    Prev Up Next
    19.1. The PostgreSQL User Account Home 19.3. Starting the Database Server
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    19.1. The PostgreSQL User Account Home 19.3. Starting the Database Server
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/cube.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/cube.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/cube.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/cube.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.11. cube
    F.11. cube
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.11. cube

    F.11.1. Syntax
    F.11.2. Precision
    F.11.3. Usage
    F.11.4. Defaults
    F.11.5. Notes
    F.11.6. Credits

    +F.11. cube

    F.11. cube
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.11. cube

    F.11.1. Syntax
    F.11.2. Precision
    F.11.3. Usage
    F.11.4. Defaults
    F.11.5. Notes
    F.11.6. Credits

    This module implements a data type cube for representing multidimensional cubes.

    @@ -388,4 +388,4 @@ July 2006. These include cube(float8[], float8[]) and cleaning up the code to use the V1 call protocol instead of the deprecated V0 protocol. -

    Prev Up Next
    F.10. citext Home F.12. dblink
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    F.10. citext Home F.12. dblink
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-rmgr.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-rmgr.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-rmgr.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-rmgr.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers

    +Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers

    Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers

    This chapter explains the interface between the core PostgreSQL system and custom WAL resource managers, which enable extensions to integrate directly with the WAL. @@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ custom WAL records may exist in the system. Otherwise PostgreSQL will not be able to apply or decode the custom WAL records, which may prevent the server from starting. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records Home Chapter 67. B-Tree Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records Home Chapter 67. B-Tree Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-execution.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-execution.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-execution.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-execution.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    Prev UpChapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan ProviderHome Next

    61.3. Executing Custom Scans

    61.3.1. Custom Scan Execution Callbacks

    +61.3. Executing Custom Scans

    61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    Prev UpChapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan ProviderHome Next

    61.3. Executing Custom Scans

    61.3.1. Custom Scan Execution Callbacks

    When a CustomScan is executed, its execution state is represented by a CustomScanState, which is declared as follows: @@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ ScanState, such as the target list and scan relation, will be shown even without this callback, but the callback allows the display of additional, private state. -

    Prev Up Next
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans Home Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans Home Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-path.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-path.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-path.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-path.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    Prev UpChapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan ProviderHome Next

    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths

    61.1.1. Custom Scan Path Callbacks

    +61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths

    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    Prev UpChapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan ProviderHome Next

    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths

    61.1.1. Custom Scan Path Callbacks

    A custom scan provider will typically add paths for a base relation by setting the following hook, which is called after the core code has generated all the access paths it can for the relation (except for @@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ reparameterize_path_by_child, adjust_appendrel_attrs or adjust_appendrel_attrs_multilevel as required. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider Home 61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider Home 61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-plan.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-plan.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-plan.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan-plan.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    Prev UpChapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan ProviderHome Next

    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans

    61.2.1. Custom Scan Plan Callbacks

    +61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans

    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    Prev UpChapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan ProviderHome Next

    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans

    61.2.1. Custom Scan Plan Callbacks

    A custom scan is represented in a finished plan tree using the following structure: 

    @@ -64,4 +64,4 @@
     stage; after ExecInitCustomScan performs basic initialization,
     the BeginCustomScan callback will be invoked to give the
     custom scan provider a chance to do whatever else is needed.
-
    Prev Up Next
    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths Home 61.3. Executing Custom Scans
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    Prev Up Next
    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths Home 61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/custom-scan.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider

    Table of Contents

    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    61.1.1. Custom Scan Path Callbacks
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    61.2.1. Custom Scan Plan Callbacks
    61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    61.3.1. Custom Scan Execution Callbacks

    +Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider

    Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider

    Table of Contents

    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    61.1.1. Custom Scan Path Callbacks
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    61.2.1. Custom Scan Plan Callbacks
    61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    61.3.1. Custom Scan Execution Callbacks

    PostgreSQL supports a set of experimental facilities which are intended to allow extension modules to add new scan types to the system. Unlike a foreign data wrapper, which is only @@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Finally, it must be possible to execute the plan and generate the same results that would have been generated for any other access path targeting the same relation. -

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    60.1. Sampling Method Support Functions Home 61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
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    Prev Up Next
    60.1. Sampling Method Support Functions Home 61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/database-roles.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/database-roles.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/database-roles.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/database-roles.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -22.1. Database Roles
    22.1. Database Roles
    Prev UpChapter 22. Database RolesHome Next

    22.1. Database Roles

    +22.1. Database Roles

    22.1. Database Roles
    Prev UpChapter 22. Database RolesHome Next

    22.1. Database Roles

    Database roles are conceptually completely separate from operating system users. In practice it might be convenient to maintain a correspondence, but this is not required. Database roles @@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ identity determines the set of privileges available to a connected client, it is important to carefully configure privileges when setting up a multiuser environment. -

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    Chapter 22. Database Roles Home 22.2. Role Attributes
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    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 22. Database Roles Home 22.2. Role Attributes
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-binary.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-binary.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-binary.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-binary.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.4. Binary Data Types
    8.4. Binary Data Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.4. Binary Data Types

    8.4.1. bytea Hex Format
    8.4.2. bytea Escape Format

    +8.4. Binary Data Types

    8.4. Binary Data Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.4. Binary Data Types

    8.4.1. bytea Hex Format
    8.4.2. bytea Escape Format

    The bytea data type allows storage of binary strings; see Table 8.6.

    Table 8.6. Binary Data Types

    NameStorage SizeDescription
    bytea1 or 4 bytes plus the actual binary stringvariable-length binary string

    @@ -129,4 +129,4 @@ unescaping bytea strings. For example, you might also have to escape line feeds and carriage returns if your interface automatically translates these. -

    Prev Up Next
    8.3. Character Types Home 8.5. Date/Time Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.3. Character Types Home 8.5. Date/Time Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-bit.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-bit.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-bit.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-bit.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.10. Bit String Types
    8.10. Bit String Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.10. Bit String Types

    +8.10. Bit String Types

    8.10. Bit String Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.10. Bit String Types

    Bit strings are strings of 1's and 0's. They can be used to store or visualize bit masks. There are two SQL bit types: bit(n) and bit @@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ 5 or 8 bytes overhead depending on the length of the string (but long values may be compressed or moved out-of-line, as explained in Section 8.3 for character strings). -

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    8.9. Network Address Types Home 8.11. Text Search Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.9. Network Address Types Home 8.11. Text Search Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-boolean.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-boolean.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-boolean.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-boolean.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.6. Boolean Type
    8.6. Boolean Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.6. Boolean Type

    +8.6. Boolean Type

    8.6. Boolean Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.6. Boolean Type

    PostgreSQL provides the standard SQL type boolean; see Table 8.19. @@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ example NULL::boolean. Conversely, the cast can be omitted from a string-literal Boolean value in contexts where the parser can deduce that the literal must be of type boolean. -

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    8.5. Date/Time Types Home 8.7. Enumerated Types
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    Prev Up Next
    8.5. Date/Time Types Home 8.7. Enumerated Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-character.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-character.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-character.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-character.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.3. Character Types
    8.3. Character Types
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    8.3. Character Types

    Table 8.4. Character Types

    NameDescription
    character varying(n), varchar(n)variable-length with limit
    character(n), char(n)fixed-length, blank padded
    textvariable unlimited length

    +8.3. Character Types

    8.3. Character Types
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    8.3. Character Types

    Table 8.4. Character Types

    NameDescription
    character varying(n), varchar(n)variable-length with limit
    character(n), char(n)fixed-length, blank padded
    textvariable unlimited length

    Table 8.4 shows the general-purpose character types available in PostgreSQL. @@ -139,4 +139,4 @@ only uses one byte of storage, and therefore can store only a single ASCII character. It is used in the system catalogs as a simplistic enumeration type. -

    Table 8.5. Special Character Types

    NameStorage SizeDescription
    "char"1 bytesingle-byte internal type
    name64 bytesinternal type for object names

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    \ No newline at end of file +

    Table 8.5. Special Character Types

    NameStorage SizeDescription
    "char"1 bytesingle-byte internal type
    name64 bytesinternal type for object names

    Prev Up Next
    8.2. Monetary Types Home 8.4. Binary Data Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-datetime.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-datetime.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-datetime.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-datetime.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.5. Date/Time Types
    8.5. Date/Time Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.5. Date/Time Types

    8.5.1. Date/Time Input
    8.5.2. Date/Time Output
    8.5.3. Time Zones
    8.5.4. Interval Input
    8.5.5. Interval Output

    +8.5. Date/Time Types

    8.5. Date/Time Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.5. Date/Time Types

    8.5.1. Date/Time Input
    8.5.2. Date/Time Output
    8.5.3. Time Zones
    8.5.4. Interval Input
    8.5.5. Interval Output

    PostgreSQL supports the full set of SQL date and time types, shown in Table 8.9. The operations available on these data types are described in @@ -555,4 +555,4 @@ The output of the iso_8601 style matches the “format with designators” described in section 4.4.3.2 of the ISO 8601 standard. -

    Table 8.18. Interval Output Style Examples

    Style SpecificationYear-Month IntervalDay-Time IntervalMixed Interval
    sql_standard1-23 4:05:06-1-2 +3 -4:05:06
    postgres1 year 2 mons3 days 04:05:06-1 year -2 mons +3 days -04:05:06
    postgres_verbose@ 1 year 2 mons@ 3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs@ 1 year 2 mons -3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs ago
    iso_8601P1Y2MP3DT4H5M6SP-1Y-2M3D​T-4H-5M-6S

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    8.4. Binary Data Types Home 8.6. Boolean Type
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Table 8.18. Interval Output Style Examples

    Style SpecificationYear-Month IntervalDay-Time IntervalMixed Interval
    sql_standard1-23 4:05:06-1-2 +3 -4:05:06
    postgres1 year 2 mons3 days 04:05:06-1 year -2 mons +3 days -04:05:06
    postgres_verbose@ 1 year 2 mons@ 3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs@ 1 year 2 mons -3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs ago
    iso_8601P1Y2MP3DT4H5M6SP-1Y-2M3D​T-4H-5M-6S

    Prev Up Next
    8.4. Binary Data Types Home 8.6. Boolean Type
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-enum.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-enum.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-enum.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-enum.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.7. Enumerated Types
    8.7. Enumerated Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.7. Enumerated Types

    8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types
    8.7.2. Ordering
    8.7.3. Type Safety
    8.7.4. Implementation Details

    +8.7. Enumerated Types

    8.7. Enumerated Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.7. Enumerated Types

    8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types
    8.7.2. Ordering
    8.7.3. Type Safety
    8.7.4. Implementation Details

    Enumerated (enum) types are data types that comprise a static, ordered set of values. They are equivalent to the enum @@ -112,4 +112,4 @@ kept in the system catalog pg_enum. Querying this catalog directly can be useful. -

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    8.6. Boolean Type Home 8.8. Geometric Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.6. Boolean Type Home 8.8. Geometric Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-geometric.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-geometric.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-geometric.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-geometric.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.8. Geometric Types
    8.8. Geometric Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.8. Geometric Types

    8.8.1. Points
    8.8.2. Lines
    8.8.3. Line Segments
    8.8.4. Boxes
    8.8.5. Paths
    8.8.6. Polygons
    8.8.7. Circles

    +8.8. Geometric Types

    8.8. Geometric Types
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    8.8. Geometric Types

    8.8.1. Points
    8.8.2. Lines
    8.8.3. Line Segments
    8.8.4. Boxes
    8.8.5. Paths
    8.8.6. Polygons
    8.8.7. Circles

    Geometric data types represent two-dimensional spatial objects. Table 8.20 shows the geometric types available in PostgreSQL. @@ -158,4 +158,4 @@ circle.

    Circles are output using the first syntax. -

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    8.7. Enumerated Types Home 8.9. Network Address Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.7. Enumerated Types Home 8.9. Network Address Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-json.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-json.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-json.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-json.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.14. JSON Types
    8.14. JSON Types
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    8.14. JSON Types

    8.14.1. JSON Input and Output Syntax
    8.14.2. Designing JSON Documents
    8.14.3. jsonb Containment and Existence
    8.14.4. jsonb Indexing
    8.14.5. jsonb Subscripting
    8.14.6. Transforms
    8.14.7. jsonpath Type

    +8.14. JSON Types

    8.14. JSON Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.14. JSON Types

    8.14.1. JSON Input and Output Syntax
    8.14.2. Designing JSON Documents
    8.14.3. jsonb Containment and Existence
    8.14.4. jsonb Indexing
    8.14.5. jsonb Subscripting
    8.14.6. Transforms
    8.14.7. jsonpath Type

    JSON data types are for storing JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) data, as specified in RFC 7159. Such data can also be stored as text, but @@ -727,4 +727,4 @@ For this purpose, the term “value” includes array elements, though JSON terminology sometimes considers array elements distinct from values within objects. -

    Prev Up Next
    8.13. XML Type Home 8.15. Arrays
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.13. XML Type Home 8.15. Arrays
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-money.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-money.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-money.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-money.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.2. Monetary Types
    8.2. Monetary Types
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    8.2. Monetary Types

    +8.2. Monetary Types

    8.2. Monetary Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.2. Monetary Types

    The money type stores a currency amount with a fixed fractional precision; see Table 8.3. The fractional precision is determined by the database's lc_monetary setting. @@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ When a money value is divided by another money value, the result is double precision (i.e., a pure number, not money); the currency units cancel each other out in the division. -

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    8.1. Numeric Types Home 8.3. Character Types
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    Prev Up Next
    8.1. Numeric Types Home 8.3. Character Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-net-types.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-net-types.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-net-types.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-net-types.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.9. Network Address Types
    8.9. Network Address Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.9. Network Address Types

    8.9.1. inet
    8.9.2. cidr
    8.9.3. inet vs. cidr
    8.9.4. macaddr
    8.9.5. macaddr8

    +8.9. Network Address Types

    8.9. Network Address Types
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    8.9. Network Address Types

    8.9.1. inet
    8.9.2. cidr
    8.9.3. inet vs. cidr
    8.9.4. macaddr
    8.9.5. macaddr8

    PostgreSQL offers data types to store IPv4, IPv6, and MAC addresses, as shown in Table 8.21. It is better to use these types instead of plain text types to store @@ -129,4 +129,4 @@

    -

    Prev Up Next
    8.8. Geometric Types Home 8.10. Bit String Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.8. Geometric Types Home 8.10. Bit String Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-numeric.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-numeric.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-numeric.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-numeric.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.1. Numeric Types
    8.1. Numeric Types
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    8.1. Numeric Types

    8.1.1. Integer Types
    8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers
    8.1.3. Floating-Point Types
    8.1.4. Serial Types

    +8.1. Numeric Types

    8.1. Numeric Types
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    8.1. Numeric Types

    8.1.1. Integer Types
    8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers
    8.1.3. Floating-Point Types
    8.1.4. Serial Types

    Numeric types consist of two-, four-, and eight-byte integers, four- and eight-byte floating-point numbers, and selectable-precision decimals. Table 8.2 lists the @@ -367,4 +367,4 @@ automatically dropped when the owning column is dropped. You can drop the sequence without dropping the column, but this will force removal of the column default expression. -

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    Chapter 8. Data Types Home 8.2. Monetary Types
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    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 8. Data Types Home 8.2. Monetary Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-oid.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-oid.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-oid.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-oid.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.19. Object Identifier Types
    8.19. Object Identifier Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.19. Object Identifier Types

    +8.19. Object Identifier Types

    8.19. Object Identifier Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.19. Object Identifier Types

    Object identifiers (OIDs) are used internally by PostgreSQL as primary keys for various system tables. @@ -163,4 +163,4 @@ physical location of the row within its table.

    (The system columns are further explained in Section 5.5.) -

    Prev Up Next
    8.18. Domain Types Home 8.20. pg_lsn Type
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    Prev Up Next
    8.18. Domain Types Home 8.20. pg_lsn Type
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.20. pg_lsn Type
    8.20. pg_lsn Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.20. pg_lsn Type

    +8.20. pg_lsn Type

    8.20. pg_lsn Type
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    8.20. pg_lsn Type

    The pg_lsn data type can be used to store LSN (Log Sequence Number) data which is a pointer to a location in the WAL. This type is a representation of XLogRecPtr and an internal system type of @@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ the calculated LSN should be in the range of pg_lsn type, i.e., between 0/0 and FFFFFFFF/FFFFFFFF. -

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    8.19. Object Identifier Types Home 8.21. Pseudo-Types
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    Prev Up Next
    8.19. Object Identifier Types Home 8.21. Pseudo-Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pseudo.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pseudo.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pseudo.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-pseudo.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.21. Pseudo-Types
    8.21. Pseudo-Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.21. Pseudo-Types

    +8.21. Pseudo-Types

    8.21. Pseudo-Types
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    8.21. Pseudo-Types

    The PostgreSQL type system contains a number of special-purpose entries that are collectively called pseudo-types. A pseudo-type cannot be used as a @@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ follow this coding rule: do not create any function that is declared to return internal unless it has at least one internal argument. -

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    8.20. pg_lsn Type Home Chapter 9. Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.20. pg_lsn Type Home Chapter 9. Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-textsearch.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-textsearch.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-textsearch.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-textsearch.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.11. Text Search Types
    8.11. Text Search Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.11. Text Search Types

    8.11.1. tsvector
    8.11.2. tsquery

    +8.11. Text Search Types

    8.11. Text Search Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.11. Text Search Types

    8.11.1. tsvector
    8.11.2. tsquery

    PostgreSQL provides two data types that are designed to support full text search, which is the activity of searching through a collection of natural-language documents @@ -193,4 +193,4 @@ 'postgradu':1 | 'postgr':*

    which will match the stemmed form of postgraduate. -

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    8.10. Bit String Types Home 8.12. UUID Type
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.10. Bit String Types Home 8.12. UUID Type
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-uuid.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-uuid.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-uuid.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-uuid.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.12. UUID Type
    8.12. UUID Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.12. UUID Type

    +8.12. UUID Type

    8.12. UUID Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.12. UUID Type

    The data type uuid stores Universally Unique Identifiers (UUID) as defined by RFC 4122, ISO/IEC 9834-8:2005, and related standards. @@ -36,4 +36,4 @@

    See Section 9.14 for how to generate a UUID in PostgreSQL. -

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    8.11. Text Search Types Home 8.13. XML Type
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.11. Text Search Types Home 8.13. XML Type
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-xml.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-xml.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-xml.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype-xml.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.13. XML Type
    8.13. XML Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.13. XML Type

    8.13.1. Creating XML Values
    8.13.2. Encoding Handling
    8.13.3. Accessing XML Values

    +8.13. XML Type

    8.13. XML Type
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.13. XML Type

    8.13.1. Creating XML Values
    8.13.2. Encoding Handling
    8.13.3. Accessing XML Values

    The xml data type can be used to store XML data. Its advantage over storing XML data in a text field is that it checks the input values for well-formedness, and there are support @@ -148,4 +148,4 @@ up full-document searches of XML data. The necessary preprocessing support is, however, not yet available in the PostgreSQL distribution. -

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    8.12. UUID Type Home 8.14. JSON Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.12. UUID Type Home 8.14. JSON Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datatype.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 8. Data Types
    Chapter 8. Data Types
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 8. Data Types

    Table of Contents

    8.1. Numeric Types
    8.1.1. Integer Types
    8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers
    8.1.3. Floating-Point Types
    8.1.4. Serial Types
    8.2. Monetary Types
    8.3. Character Types
    8.4. Binary Data Types
    8.4.1. bytea Hex Format
    8.4.2. bytea Escape Format
    8.5. Date/Time Types
    8.5.1. Date/Time Input
    8.5.2. Date/Time Output
    8.5.3. Time Zones
    8.5.4. Interval Input
    8.5.5. Interval Output
    8.6. Boolean Type
    8.7. Enumerated Types
    8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types
    8.7.2. Ordering
    8.7.3. Type Safety
    8.7.4. Implementation Details
    8.8. Geometric Types
    8.8.1. Points
    8.8.2. Lines
    8.8.3. Line Segments
    8.8.4. Boxes
    8.8.5. Paths
    8.8.6. Polygons
    8.8.7. Circles
    8.9. Network Address Types
    8.9.1. inet
    8.9.2. cidr
    8.9.3. inet vs. cidr
    8.9.4. macaddr
    8.9.5. macaddr8
    8.10. Bit String Types
    8.11. Text Search Types
    8.11.1. tsvector
    8.11.2. tsquery
    8.12. UUID Type
    8.13. XML Type
    8.13.1. Creating XML Values
    8.13.2. Encoding Handling
    8.13.3. Accessing XML Values
    8.14. JSON Types
    8.14.1. JSON Input and Output Syntax
    8.14.2. Designing JSON Documents
    8.14.3. jsonb Containment and Existence
    8.14.4. jsonb Indexing
    8.14.5. jsonb Subscripting
    8.14.6. Transforms
    8.14.7. jsonpath Type
    8.15. Arrays
    8.15.1. Declaration of Array Types
    8.15.2. Array Value Input
    8.15.3. Accessing Arrays
    8.15.4. Modifying Arrays
    8.15.5. Searching in Arrays
    8.15.6. Array Input and Output Syntax
    8.16. Composite Types
    8.16.1. Declaration of Composite Types
    8.16.2. Constructing Composite Values
    8.16.3. Accessing Composite Types
    8.16.4. Modifying Composite Types
    8.16.5. Using Composite Types in Queries
    8.16.6. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax
    8.17. Range Types
    8.17.1. Built-in Range and Multirange Types
    8.17.2. Examples
    8.17.3. Inclusive and Exclusive Bounds
    8.17.4. Infinite (Unbounded) Ranges
    8.17.5. Range Input/Output
    8.17.6. Constructing Ranges and Multiranges
    8.17.7. Discrete Range Types
    8.17.8. Defining New Range Types
    8.17.9. Indexing
    8.17.10. Constraints on Ranges
    8.18. Domain Types
    8.19. Object Identifier Types
    8.20. pg_lsn Type
    8.21. Pseudo-Types

    +Chapter 8. Data Types

    Chapter 8. Data Types
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 8. Data Types

    Table of Contents

    8.1. Numeric Types
    8.1.1. Integer Types
    8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers
    8.1.3. Floating-Point Types
    8.1.4. Serial Types
    8.2. Monetary Types
    8.3. Character Types
    8.4. Binary Data Types
    8.4.1. bytea Hex Format
    8.4.2. bytea Escape Format
    8.5. Date/Time Types
    8.5.1. Date/Time Input
    8.5.2. Date/Time Output
    8.5.3. Time Zones
    8.5.4. Interval Input
    8.5.5. Interval Output
    8.6. Boolean Type
    8.7. Enumerated Types
    8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types
    8.7.2. Ordering
    8.7.3. Type Safety
    8.7.4. Implementation Details
    8.8. Geometric Types
    8.8.1. Points
    8.8.2. Lines
    8.8.3. Line Segments
    8.8.4. Boxes
    8.8.5. Paths
    8.8.6. Polygons
    8.8.7. Circles
    8.9. Network Address Types
    8.9.1. inet
    8.9.2. cidr
    8.9.3. inet vs. cidr
    8.9.4. macaddr
    8.9.5. macaddr8
    8.10. Bit String Types
    8.11. Text Search Types
    8.11.1. tsvector
    8.11.2. tsquery
    8.12. UUID Type
    8.13. XML Type
    8.13.1. Creating XML Values
    8.13.2. Encoding Handling
    8.13.3. Accessing XML Values
    8.14. JSON Types
    8.14.1. JSON Input and Output Syntax
    8.14.2. Designing JSON Documents
    8.14.3. jsonb Containment and Existence
    8.14.4. jsonb Indexing
    8.14.5. jsonb Subscripting
    8.14.6. Transforms
    8.14.7. jsonpath Type
    8.15. Arrays
    8.15.1. Declaration of Array Types
    8.15.2. Array Value Input
    8.15.3. Accessing Arrays
    8.15.4. Modifying Arrays
    8.15.5. Searching in Arrays
    8.15.6. Array Input and Output Syntax
    8.16. Composite Types
    8.16.1. Declaration of Composite Types
    8.16.2. Constructing Composite Values
    8.16.3. Accessing Composite Types
    8.16.4. Modifying Composite Types
    8.16.5. Using Composite Types in Queries
    8.16.6. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax
    8.17. Range Types
    8.17.1. Built-in Range and Multirange Types
    8.17.2. Examples
    8.17.3. Inclusive and Exclusive Bounds
    8.17.4. Infinite (Unbounded) Ranges
    8.17.5. Range Input/Output
    8.17.6. Constructing Ranges and Multiranges
    8.17.7. Discrete Range Types
    8.17.8. Defining New Range Types
    8.17.9. Indexing
    8.17.10. Constraints on Ranges
    8.18. Domain Types
    8.19. Object Identifier Types
    8.20. pg_lsn Type
    8.21. Pseudo-Types

    PostgreSQL has a rich set of native data types available to users. Users can add new types to PostgreSQL using the CREATE TYPE command. @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ Some of the input and output functions are not invertible, i.e., the result of an output function might lose accuracy when compared to the original input. -

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    7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions) Home 8.1. Numeric Types
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-appendix.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-appendix.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-appendix.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-appendix.html 2026-05-11 20:02:54.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix B. Date/Time Support
    Appendix B. Date/Time Support
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    Appendix B. Date/Time Support

    Table of Contents

    B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
    B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
    B.3. Date/Time Key Words
    B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
    B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
    B.6. History of Units
    B.7. Julian Dates

    +Appendix B. Date/Time Support

    Appendix B. Date/Time Support
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    Appendix B. Date/Time Support

    Table of Contents

    B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
    B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
    B.3. Date/Time Key Words
    B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
    B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
    B.6. History of Units
    B.7. Julian Dates

    PostgreSQL uses an internal heuristic parser for all date/time input support. Dates and times are input as strings, and are broken up into distinct fields with a preliminary @@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ This appendix includes information on the content of these lookup tables and describes the steps used by the parser to decode dates and times. -

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    Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes Home B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
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    Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes Home B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-config-files.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-config-files.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-config-files.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-config-files.html 2026-05-11 20:02:54.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
    B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
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    B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files

    +B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files

    B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
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    B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files

    Since timezone abbreviations are not well standardized, PostgreSQL provides a means to customize the set of abbreviations accepted by the server. The @@ -95,4 +95,4 @@ If you modify files in .../share/timezonesets/, it is up to you to make backups — a normal database dump will not include this directory. -

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    B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
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    B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation

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    B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation
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    B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation

    Date/time input strings are decoded using the following procedure.

    1. Break the input string into tokens and categorize each token as @@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ Gregorian years AD 1–99 can be entered by using 4 digits with leading zeros (e.g., 0099 is AD 99).

    -

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    B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
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    +B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps

    B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
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    B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps

    Ordinarily, if a date/time string is syntactically valid but contains out-of-range field values, an error will be thrown. For example, input specifying the 31st of February will be rejected. @@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ abbreviation that corresponds to a fixed UTC offset. The rule just given applies only when it is necessary to infer a UTC offset for a time zone in which the offset varies. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-julian-dates.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-julian-dates.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-julian-dates.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-julian-dates.html 2026-05-11 20:02:54.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -B.7. Julian Dates
    B.7. Julian Dates
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    B.7. Julian Dates

    +B.7. Julian Dates

    B.7. Julian Dates
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    B.7. Julian Dates

    The Julian Date system is a method for numbering days. It is unrelated to the Julian calendar, though it is confusingly @@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ 2459389 (1 row)

    -

    Prev Up Next
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    B.3. Date/Time Key Words
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    B.3. Date/Time Key Words
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    B.3. Date/Time Key Words

    Table B.1 shows the tokens that are recognized as names of months.

    Table B.1. Month Names

    MonthAbbreviations
    JanuaryJan
    FebruaryFeb
    MarchMar
    AprilApr
    May 
    JuneJun
    JulyJul
    AugustAug
    SeptemberSep, Sept
    OctoberOct
    NovemberNov
    DecemberDec

    @@ -8,4 +8,4 @@

    Table B.2. Day of the Week Names

    DayAbbreviations
    SundaySun
    MondayMon
    TuesdayTue, Tues
    WednesdayWed, Weds
    ThursdayThu, Thur, Thurs
    FridayFri
    SaturdaySat

    Table B.3 shows the tokens that serve various modifier purposes. -

    Table B.3. Date/Time Field Modifiers

    IdentifierDescription
    AMTime is before 12:00
    ATIgnored
    JULIAN, JD, JNext field is Julian Date
    ONIgnored
    PMTime is on or after 12:00
    TNext field is time

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    \ No newline at end of file +

    Table B.3. Date/Time Field Modifiers

    IdentifierDescription
    AMTime is before 12:00
    ATIgnored
    JULIAN, JD, JNext field is Julian Date
    ONIgnored
    PMTime is on or after 12:00
    TNext field is time

    Prev Up Next
    B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps Home B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html 2026-05-11 20:02:54.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
    B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
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    +B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications

    B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
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    B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications

    PostgreSQL can accept time zone specifications that are written according to the POSIX standard's rules for the TZ environment @@ -132,4 +132,4 @@ zone abbreviation(s). For example, SET TIMEZONE TO FOOBAR0 will work, leaving the system effectively using a rather peculiar abbreviation for UTC. -

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    B.6. History of Units
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    +B.6. History of Units

    B.6. History of Units
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    The SQL standard states that “Within the definition of a ‘datetime literal’, the ‘datetime values’ are constrained by the natural rules for dates and @@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ The People's Republic of China uses the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The Chinese calendar is used for determining festivals. -

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    F.12. dblink
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next
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    5.1. Table Basics
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    +5.1. Table Basics

    5.1. Table Basics
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    5.1. Table Basics

    A table in a relational database is much like a table on paper: It consists of rows and columns. The number and order of the columns is fixed, and each column has a name. The number of rows is @@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ security, or convenience. If you are eager to fill your tables with data now you can skip ahead to Chapter 6 and read the rest of this chapter later. -

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    5.4. Constraints
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    5.4. Constraints

    5.4.1. Check Constraints
    5.4.2. Not-Null Constraints
    5.4.3. Unique Constraints
    5.4.4. Primary Keys
    5.4.5. Foreign Keys
    5.4.6. Exclusion Constraints

    +5.4. Constraints

    5.4. Constraints
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.4. Constraints

    5.4.1. Check Constraints
    5.4.2. Not-Null Constraints
    5.4.3. Unique Constraints
    5.4.4. Primary Keys
    5.4.5. Foreign Keys
    5.4.6. Exclusion Constraints

    Data types are a way to limit the kind of data that can be stored in a table. For many applications, however, the constraint they provide is too coarse. For example, a column containing a product @@ -604,4 +604,4 @@

    Adding an exclusion constraint will automatically create an index of the type specified in the constraint declaration. -

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    5.2. Default Values
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    5.2. Default Values

    +5.2. Default Values

    5.2. Default Values
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.2. Default Values

    A column can be assigned a default value. When a new row is created and no values are specified for some of the columns, those columns will be filled with their respective default values. A @@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ );

    The SERIAL shorthand is discussed further in Section 8.1.4. -

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    5.14. Dependency Tracking
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    5.14. Dependency Tracking

    +5.14. Dependency Tracking

    5.14. Dependency Tracking
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.14. Dependency Tracking

    When you create complex database structures involving many tables with foreign key constraints, views, triggers, functions, etc. you implicitly create a net of dependencies between the objects. @@ -96,4 +96,4 @@ then the function's dependency on the my_colors table will be known and enforced by DROP. -

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    5.12. Foreign Data
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    5.12. Foreign Data

    +5.12. Foreign Data

    5.12. Foreign Data
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.12. Foreign Data

    PostgreSQL implements portions of the SQL/MED specification, allowing you to access data that resides outside PostgreSQL using regular SQL queries. Such data is referred to as @@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ CREATE USER MAPPING, CREATE FOREIGN TABLE, and IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA. -

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    5.3. Generated Columns
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    5.3. Generated Columns

    +5.3. Generated Columns

    5.3. Generated Columns
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    5.3. Generated Columns

    A generated column is a special column that is always computed from other columns. Thus, it is for columns what a view is for tables. There are two kinds of generated columns: stored and virtual. A stored generated column @@ -85,4 +85,4 @@ Generated columns are skipped for logical replication and cannot be specified in a CREATE PUBLICATION column list.

    -

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    5.10. Inheritance
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.10. Inheritance

    5.10.1. Caveats

    +5.10. Inheritance

    5.10. Inheritance
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    5.10. Inheritance

    5.10.1. Caveats

    PostgreSQL implements table inheritance, which can be a useful tool for database designers. (SQL:1999 and later define a type inheritance feature, which differs in many @@ -286,4 +286,4 @@ implemented for declarative partitioning. Considerable care is needed in deciding whether partitioning with legacy inheritance is useful for your application. -

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    5.9. Schemas Home 5.11. Table Partitioning
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    5.13. Other Database Objects
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    5.13. Other Database Objects

    +5.13. Other Database Objects

    5.13. Other Database Objects
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    5.13. Other Database Objects

    Tables are the central objects in a relational database structure, because they hold your data. But they are not the only objects that exist in a database. Many other kinds of objects can be @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@

    Detailed information on these topics appears in Part V. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-partitioning.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-partitioning.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-partitioning.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-partitioning.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -5.11. Table Partitioning
    5.11. Table Partitioning
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    5.11. Table Partitioning

    5.11.1. Overview
    5.11.2. Declarative Partitioning
    5.11.3. Partitioning Using Inheritance
    5.11.4. Partition Pruning
    5.11.5. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion
    5.11.6. Best Practices for Declarative Partitioning

    +5.11. Table Partitioning

    5.11. Table Partitioning
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    5.11. Table Partitioning

    5.11.1. Overview
    5.11.2. Declarative Partitioning
    5.11.3. Partitioning Using Inheritance
    5.11.4. Partition Pruning
    5.11.5. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion
    5.11.6. Best Practices for Declarative Partitioning

    PostgreSQL supports basic table partitioning. This section describes why and how to implement partitioning as part of your database design. @@ -993,4 +993,4 @@ painfully slow. Simulations of the intended workload are often beneficial for optimizing the partitioning strategy. Never just assume that more partitions are better than fewer partitions, nor vice-versa. -

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    5.10. Inheritance Home 5.12. Foreign Data
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-priv.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-priv.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-priv.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-priv.html 2026-05-11 20:02:31.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -5.7. Privileges
    5.7. Privileges
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.7. Privileges

    +5.7. Privileges

    5.7. Privileges
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    5.7. Privileges

    When an object is created, it is assigned an owner. The owner is normally the role that executed the creation statement. For most kinds of objects, the initial state is that only the owner @@ -313,4 +313,4 @@ Notice that the owner's implicit grant options are not marked in the access privileges display. A * will appear only when grant options have been explicitly granted to someone. -

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    5.8. Row Security Policies
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    5.8. Row Security Policies

    +5.8. Row Security Policies

    5.8. Row Security Policies
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    5.8. Row Security Policies

    In addition to the SQL-standard privilege system available through GRANT, tables can have row security policies that restrict, @@ -379,4 +379,4 @@

    For additional details see CREATE POLICY and ALTER TABLE. -

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    5.9. Schemas
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    5.9. Schemas

    5.9.1. Creating a Schema
    5.9.2. The Public Schema
    5.9.3. The Schema Search Path
    5.9.4. Schemas and Privileges
    5.9.5. The System Catalog Schema
    5.9.6. Usage Patterns
    5.9.7. Portability

    +5.9. Schemas

    5.9. Schemas
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.9. Schemas

    5.9.1. Creating a Schema
    5.9.2. The Public Schema
    5.9.3. The Schema Search Path
    5.9.4. Schemas and Privileges
    5.9.5. The System Catalog Schema
    5.9.6. Usage Patterns
    5.9.7. Portability

    A PostgreSQL database cluster contains one or more named databases. Roles and a few other object types are shared across the entire cluster. A client connection to the server @@ -326,4 +326,4 @@ limited) cross-database access. If you need to work with those systems, then maximum portability would be achieved by not using schemas at all. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-system-columns.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-system-columns.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-system-columns.html 2026-02-23 22:14:19.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl-system-columns.html 2026-05-11 20:02:31.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -5.5. System Columns
    5.5. System Columns
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    5.5. System Columns

    +5.5. System Columns

    5.5. System Columns
    Prev UpChapter 5. Data DefinitionHome Next

    5.5. System Columns

    Every table has several system columns that are implicitly defined by the system. Therefore, these names cannot be used as names of user-defined columns. (Note that these @@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ SQL commands, not the number of rows processed. Also, only commands that actually modify the database contents will consume a command identifier. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ddl.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 5. Data Definition
    Chapter 5. Data Definition
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 5. Data Definition

    Table of Contents

    5.1. Table Basics
    5.2. Default Values
    5.3. Generated Columns
    5.4. Constraints
    5.4.1. Check Constraints
    5.4.2. Not-Null Constraints
    5.4.3. Unique Constraints
    5.4.4. Primary Keys
    5.4.5. Foreign Keys
    5.4.6. Exclusion Constraints
    5.5. System Columns
    5.6. Modifying Tables
    5.6.1. Adding a Column
    5.6.2. Removing a Column
    5.6.3. Adding a Constraint
    5.6.4. Removing a Constraint
    5.6.5. Changing a Column's Default Value
    5.6.6. Changing a Column's Data Type
    5.6.7. Renaming a Column
    5.6.8. Renaming a Table
    5.7. Privileges
    5.8. Row Security Policies
    5.9. Schemas
    5.9.1. Creating a Schema
    5.9.2. The Public Schema
    5.9.3. The Schema Search Path
    5.9.4. Schemas and Privileges
    5.9.5. The System Catalog Schema
    5.9.6. Usage Patterns
    5.9.7. Portability
    5.10. Inheritance
    5.10.1. Caveats
    5.11. Table Partitioning
    5.11.1. Overview
    5.11.2. Declarative Partitioning
    5.11.3. Partitioning Using Inheritance
    5.11.4. Partition Pruning
    5.11.5. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion
    5.11.6. Best Practices for Declarative Partitioning
    5.12. Foreign Data
    5.13. Other Database Objects
    5.14. Dependency Tracking

    +Chapter 5. Data Definition

    Chapter 5. Data Definition
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    4.3. Calling Functions Home 5.1. Table Basics
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    Prev Up Next
    4.3. Calling Functions Home 5.1. Table Basics
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/default-roles.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/default-roles.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/default-roles.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/default-roles.html 2026-05-11 20:02:58.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
    O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
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    O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles

    +O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles

    O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles
    Prev UpAppendix O. Obsolete or Renamed FeaturesHome Next

    O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles

    PostgreSQL 13 and below used the term “Default Roles”. However, as these roles are not able to actually be changed and are installed as part of the system at initialization time, the more appropriate term to use is “Predefined Roles”. See Section 22.5 for current documentation regarding - Predefined Roles, and the release notes for + Predefined Roles, and the release notes for PostgreSQL 14 for details on this change. -

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    O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf Home O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
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    O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf Home O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dict-int.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dict-int.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dict-int.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dict-int.html 2026-05-11 20:02:56.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.13. dict_int
    F.13. dict_int
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.13. dict_int

    F.13.1. Configuration
    F.13.2. Usage

    +F.13. dict_int

    F.13. dict_int
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    F.13. dict_int

    F.13.1. Configuration
    F.13.2. Usage

    dict_int is an example of an add-on dictionary template for full-text search. The motivation for this example dictionary is to control the indexing of integers (signed and unsigned), allowing such @@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ ALTER MAPPING FOR int, uint WITH intdict;

    -

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    dblink_build_sql_update Home F.14. dict_xsyn
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    F.14. dict_xsyn
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    F.14. dict_xsyn

    F.14.1. Configuration
    F.14.2. Usage

    +F.14. dict_xsyn

    F.14. dict_xsyn
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.14. dict_xsyn

    F.14.1. Configuration
    F.14.2. Usage

    dict_xsyn (Extended Synonym Dictionary) is an example of an add-on dictionary template for full-text search. This dictionary type replaces words with groups of their synonyms, and so makes it possible to @@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ ALTER MAPPING FOR word, asciiword WITH xsyn, english_stem;

    -

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    F.13. dict_int Home F.15. earthdistance
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/different-replication-solutions.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/different-replication-solutions.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/different-replication-solutions.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/different-replication-solutions.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
    27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
    Prev UpChapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and ReplicationHome Next

    27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions

    Shared Disk Failover

    +27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions

    27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
    Prev UpChapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and ReplicationHome Next

    27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions

    Shared Disk Failover

    Shared disk failover avoids synchronization overhead by having only one copy of the database. It uses a single disk array that is shared by multiple servers. If the main database server fails, the standby server @@ -134,4 +134,4 @@ taken PostgreSQL and created commercial closed-source solutions with unique failover, replication, and load balancing capabilities. These are not discussed here. -

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    Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication Home 27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication Home 27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-full.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-full.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-full.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-full.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -29.2. Disk Full Failure
    29.2. Disk Full Failure
    Prev UpChapter 29. Monitoring Disk UsageHome Next

    29.2. Disk Full Failure

    +29.2. Disk Full Failure

    29.2. Disk Full Failure
    Prev UpChapter 29. Monitoring Disk UsageHome Next

    29.2. Disk Full Failure

    The most important disk monitoring task of a database administrator is to make sure the disk doesn't become full. A filled data disk will not result in data corruption, but it might prevent useful activity @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ will naturally be subject to whatever quota is placed on the user the server runs as. Exceeding the quota will have the same bad effects as running out of disk space entirely. -

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    29.1. Determining Disk Usage Home Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    29.1. Determining Disk Usage Home Chapter 30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/disk-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    Prev UpChapter 29. Monitoring Disk UsageHome Next

    29.1. Determining Disk Usage

    +29.1. Determining Disk Usage

    29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    Prev UpChapter 29. Monitoring Disk UsageHome Next

    29.1. Determining Disk Usage

    Each table has a primary heap disk file where most of the data is stored. If the table has any columns with potentially-wide values, there also might be a TOAST file associated with the table, @@ -80,4 +80,4 @@ bigtable | 3290 customer | 3144

    -

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    Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage Home 29.2. Disk Full Failure
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage Home 29.2. Disk Full Failure
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/diskusage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/diskusage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/diskusage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/diskusage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage

    Table of Contents

    29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    29.2. Disk Full Failure

    +Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage

    Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage

    Table of Contents

    29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    29.2. Disk Full Failure

    This chapter discusses how to monitor the disk usage of a PostgreSQL database system. -

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    28.5. Dynamic Tracing Home 29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    28.5. Dynamic Tracing Home 29.1. Determining Disk Usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-delete.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-delete.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-delete.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-delete.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -6.3. Deleting Data
    6.3. Deleting Data
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.3. Deleting Data

    +6.3. Deleting Data

    6.3. Deleting Data
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.3. Deleting Data

    So far we have explained how to add data to tables and how to change data. What remains is to discuss how to remove data that is no longer needed. Just as adding data is only possible in whole @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ DELETE FROM products;

    then all rows in the table will be deleted! Caveat programmer. -

    Prev Up Next
    6.2. Updating Data Home 6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    6.2. Updating Data Home 6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-insert.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-insert.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-insert.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-insert.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -6.1. Inserting Data
    6.1. Inserting Data
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.1. Inserting Data

    +6.1. Inserting Data

    6.1. Inserting Data
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.1. Inserting Data

    When a table is created, it contains no data. The first thing to do before a database can be of much use is to insert data. Data is inserted one row at a time. You can also insert more than one row @@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ command, but is more efficient. Refer to Section 14.4 for more information on improving bulk loading performance. -

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    Chapter 6. Data Manipulation Home 6.2. Updating Data
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 6. Data Manipulation Home 6.2. Updating Data
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-returning.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-returning.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-returning.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-returning.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows
    6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows

    +6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows

    6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows

    Sometimes it is useful to obtain data from modified rows while they are being manipulated. The INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands all have an @@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ the data available to RETURNING is the row as modified by the triggers. Thus, inspecting columns computed by triggers is another common use-case for RETURNING. -

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    6.3. Deleting Data Home Chapter 7. Queries
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    6.3. Deleting Data Home Chapter 7. Queries
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-update.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-update.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-update.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml-update.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -6.2. Updating Data
    6.2. Updating Data
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.2. Updating Data

    +6.2. Updating Data

    6.2. Updating Data
    Prev UpChapter 6. Data ManipulationHome Next

    6.2. Updating Data

    The modification of data that is already in the database is referred to as updating. You can update individual rows, all the rows in a table, or a subset of all rows. Each column can be @@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ 

     UPDATE mytable SET a = 5, b = 3, c = 1 WHERE a > 0;

    -

    Prev Up Next
    6.1. Inserting Data Home 6.3. Deleting Data
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    6.1. Inserting Data Home 6.3. Deleting Data
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dml.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dml.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -Chapter 6. Data Manipulation
    Chapter 6. Data Manipulation
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 6. Data Manipulation

    Table of Contents

    6.1. Inserting Data
    6.2. Updating Data
    6.3. Deleting Data
    6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows

    +Chapter 6. Data Manipulation

    Chapter 6. Data Manipulation
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 6. Data Manipulation

    Table of Contents

    6.1. Inserting Data
    6.2. Updating Data
    6.3. Deleting Data
    6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows

    The previous chapter discussed how to create tables and other structures to hold your data. Now it is time to fill the tables with data. This chapter covers how to insert, update, and delete table data. The chapter after this will finally explain how to extract your long-lost data from the database. -

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    5.14. Dependency Tracking Home 6.1. Inserting Data
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    5.14. Dependency Tracking Home 6.1. Inserting Data
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-authoring.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-authoring.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-authoring.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-authoring.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -J.4. Documentation Authoring
    J.4. Documentation Authoring
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.4. Documentation Authoring

    J.4.1. Emacs

    +J.4. Documentation Authoring

    J.4. Documentation Authoring
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.4. Documentation Authoring

    J.4.1. Emacs

    The documentation sources are most conveniently modified with an editor that has a mode for editing XML, and even more so if it has some awareness of XML schema languages so that it can know about @@ -20,4 +20,4 @@

    src/tools/editors/emacs.samples contains recommended settings for this mode. -

    Prev Up Next
    J.3. Building the Documentation Home J.5. Style Guide
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    J.3. Building the Documentation Home J.5. Style Guide
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-build.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-build.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-build.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-build.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -J.3. Building the Documentation
    J.3. Building the Documentation
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.3. Building the Documentation

    J.3.1. HTML
    J.3.2. Manpages
    J.3.3. PDF
    J.3.4. Plain Text Files
    J.3.5. Syntax Check

    +J.3. Building the Documentation

    J.3. Building the Documentation
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.3. Building the Documentation

    J.3.1. HTML
    J.3.2. Manpages
    J.3.3. PDF
    J.3.4. Plain Text Files
    J.3.5. Syntax Check

    Once you have everything set up, change to the directory doc/src/sgml and run one of the commands described in the following subsections to build the @@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ 

     doc/src/sgml$ make check

    -

    Prev Up Next
    J.2. Tool Sets Home J.4. Documentation Authoring
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    J.2. Tool Sets Home J.4. Documentation Authoring
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-docbook.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-docbook.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-docbook.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-docbook.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -J.1. DocBook
    J.1. DocBook
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.1. DocBook

    +J.1. DocBook

    J.1. DocBook
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.1. DocBook

    The documentation sources are written in DocBook, which is a markup language defined in XML. In what @@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ FreeBSD Documentation Project also uses DocBook and has some good information, including a number of style guidelines that might be worth considering. -

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    Appendix J. Documentation Home J.2. Tool Sets
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix J. Documentation Home J.2. Tool Sets
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-style.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-style.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-style.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-style.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -J.5. Style Guide
    J.5. Style Guide
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.5. Style Guide

    J.5.1. Reference Pages

    J.5.1. Reference Pages

    +J.5. Style Guide

    J.5. Style Guide
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.5. Style Guide

    J.5.1. Reference Pages

    J.5.1. Reference Pages

    Reference pages should follow a standard layout. This allows users to find the desired information more quickly, and it also encourages writers to document all relevant aspects of a command. @@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ database system it is compatible. The See Also section of SQL commands should list SQL commands before cross-references to programs. -

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    J.4. Documentation Authoring Home Appendix K. PostgreSQL Limits
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    J.4. Documentation Authoring Home Appendix K. PostgreSQL Limits
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-toolsets.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-toolsets.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-toolsets.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide-toolsets.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -J.2. Tool Sets
    J.2. Tool Sets
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.2. Tool Sets

    J.2.1. Installation on Fedora, RHEL, and Derivatives
    J.2.2. Installation on FreeBSD
    J.2.3. Debian Packages
    J.2.4. macOS
    J.2.5. Detection by configure

    +J.2. Tool Sets

    J.2. Tool Sets
    Prev UpAppendix J. DocumentationHome Next

    J.2. Tool Sets

    J.2.1. Installation on Fedora, RHEL, and Derivatives
    J.2.2. Installation on FreeBSD
    J.2.3. Debian Packages
    J.2.4. macOS
    J.2.5. Detection by configure

    The following tools are used to process the documentation. Some might be optional, as noted. @@ -112,4 +112,4 @@ 

     ./configure ... XMLLINT=/opt/local/bin/xmllint ...

    -

    Prev Up Next
    J.1. DocBook Home J.3. Building the Documentation
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    J.1. DocBook Home J.3. Building the Documentation
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/docguide.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix J. Documentation
    Appendix J. Documentation
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    I.1. Getting the Source via Git Home J.1. DocBook
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/domains.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/domains.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/domains.html 2026-02-23 22:14:20.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/domains.html 2026-05-11 20:02:32.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -8.18. Domain Types
    8.18. Domain Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.18. Domain Types

    +8.18. Domain Types

    8.18. Domain Types
    Prev UpChapter 8. Data TypesHome Next

    8.18. Domain Types

    A domain is a user-defined data type that is based on another underlying type. Optionally, it can have constraints that restrict its valid values to a subset of @@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ domain's constraints will be checked.

    For additional information see CREATE DOMAIN. -

    Prev Up Next
    8.17. Range Types Home 8.19. Object Identifier Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.17. Range Types Home 8.19. Object Identifier Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dynamic-trace.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dynamic-trace.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/dynamic-trace.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/dynamic-trace.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -28.5. Dynamic Tracing
    28.5. Dynamic Tracing
    Prev UpChapter 28. Monitoring Database ActivityHome Next

    28.5. Dynamic Tracing

    28.5.1. Compiling for Dynamic Tracing
    28.5.2. Built-in Probes
    28.5.3. Using Probes
    28.5.4. Defining New Probes

    +28.5. Dynamic Tracing

    28.5. Dynamic Tracing
    Prev UpChapter 28. Monitoring Database ActivityHome Next

    28.5. Dynamic Tracing

    28.5.1. Compiling for Dynamic Tracing
    28.5.2. Built-in Probes
    28.5.3. Using Probes
    28.5.4. Defining New Probes

    PostgreSQL provides facilities to support dynamic tracing of the database server. This allows an external utility to be called at specific points in the code and thereby trace @@ -298,4 +298,4 @@ Each trace macro has a corresponding ENABLED macro.

    -

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    28.4. Progress Reporting Home Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    28.4. Progress Reporting Home Chapter 29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/earthdistance.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/earthdistance.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/earthdistance.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/earthdistance.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.15. earthdistance
    F.15. earthdistance
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.15. earthdistance

    F.15.1. Cube-Based Earth Distances
    F.15.2. Point-Based Earth Distances

    +F.15. earthdistance

    F.15. earthdistance
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.15. earthdistance

    F.15.1. Cube-Based Earth Distances
    F.15.2. Point-Based Earth Distances

    The earthdistance module provides two different approaches to calculating great circle distances on the surface of the Earth. The one described first depends on the cube module. @@ -155,4 +155,4 @@ you need to be careful about the edge conditions near the poles and near +/- 180 degrees of longitude. The cube-based representation avoids these discontinuities. -

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    F.14. dict_xsyn Home F.16. file_fdw
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    F.14. dict_xsyn Home F.16. file_fdw
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-commands.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-commands.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-commands.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-commands.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.3. Running SQL Commands
    36.3. Running SQL Commands
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.3. Running SQL Commands

    36.3.1. Executing SQL Statements
    36.3.2. Using Cursors
    36.3.3. Managing Transactions
    36.3.4. Prepared Statements

    +36.3. Running SQL Commands

    36.3. Running SQL Commands
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.3. Running SQL Commands

    36.3.1. Executing SQL Statements
    36.3.2. Using Cursors
    36.3.3. Managing Transactions
    36.3.4. Prepared Statements

    Any SQL command can be run from within an embedded SQL application. Below are some examples of how to do that.

    36.3.1. Executing SQL Statements

    @@ -160,4 +160,4 @@ see PREPARE. Also see Section 36.5 for more details about using placeholders and input parameters. -

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    36.2. Managing Database Connections Home 36.4. Using Host Variables
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.2. Managing Database Connections Home 36.4. Using Host Variables
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-concept.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-concept.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-concept.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-concept.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.1. The Concept
    36.1. The Concept
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.1. The Concept

    +36.1. The Concept

    36.1. The Concept
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.1. The Concept

    An embedded SQL program consists of code written in an ordinary programming language, in this case C, mixed with SQL commands in specially marked sections. To build the program, the source code (*.pgc) @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ Of course, the C part of the program follows C quoting rules.

    The following sections explain all the embedded SQL statements. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C Home 36.2. Managing Database Connections
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C Home 36.2. Managing Database Connections
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-connect.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-connect.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-connect.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-connect.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.2. Managing Database Connections
    36.2. Managing Database Connections
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.2. Managing Database Connections

    36.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server
    36.2.2. Choosing a Connection
    36.2.3. Closing a Connection

    +36.2. Managing Database Connections

    36.2. Managing Database Connections
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.2. Managing Database Connections

    36.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server
    36.2.2. Choosing a Connection
    36.2.3. Closing a Connection

    This section describes how to open, close, and switch database connections.

    36.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server

    @@ -244,4 +244,4 @@

    It is good style that an application always explicitly disconnect from every connection it opened. -

    Prev Up Next
    36.1. The Concept Home 36.3. Running SQL Commands
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.1. The Concept Home 36.3. Running SQL Commands
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.13. C++ Applications
    36.13. C++ Applications
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.13. C++ Applications

    36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables
    36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module

    +36.13. C++ Applications

    36.13. C++ Applications
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.13. C++ Applications

    36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables
    36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module

    ECPG has some limited support for C++ applications. This section describes some caveats.

    @@ -225,4 +225,4 @@ 

     c++ test_cpp.o test_mod.o -lecpg -o test_cpp

    -

    Prev Up Next
    36.12. Large Objects Home 36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.12. Large Objects Home 36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-descriptors.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-descriptors.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-descriptors.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-descriptors.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas

    36.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas
    36.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas

    +36.7. Using Descriptor Areas

    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas

    36.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas
    36.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas

    An SQL descriptor area is a more sophisticated method for processing the result of a SELECT, FETCH or a DESCRIBE statement. An SQL descriptor area groups @@ -707,4 +707,4 @@ tup_inserted = 0 (type: 9) tup_updated = 0 (type: 9) tup_deleted = 0 (type: 9) -


    Prev Up Next
    36.6. pgtypes Library Home 36.8. Error Handling
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    36.6. pgtypes Library Home 36.8. Error Handling
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-develop.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-develop.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-develop.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-develop.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.17. Internals
    36.17. Internals
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    36.17. Internals

    +36.17. Internals

    36.17. Internals
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.17. Internals

    This section explains how ECPG works internally. This information can occasionally be useful to help users understand how to use ECPG. @@ -121,4 +121,4 @@

    (The indentation here is added for readability and not something the preprocessor does.) -

    Prev Up Next
    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode Home Chapter 37. The Information Schema
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode Home Chapter 37. The Information Schema
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-dynamic.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-dynamic.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-dynamic.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-dynamic.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.5. Dynamic SQL
    36.5. Dynamic SQL
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.5. Dynamic SQL

    36.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set
    36.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters
    36.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set

    +36.5. Dynamic SQL

    36.5. Dynamic SQL
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.5. Dynamic SQL

    36.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set
    36.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters
    36.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set

    In many cases, the particular SQL statements that an application has to execute are known at the time the application is written. In some cases, however, the SQL statements are composed at run time @@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ EXEC SQL COMMIT; EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL;

    -

    Prev Up Next
    36.4. Using Host Variables Home 36.6. pgtypes Library
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.4. Using Host Variables Home 36.6. pgtypes Library
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-errors.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-errors.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-errors.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-errors.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.8. Error Handling
    36.8. Error Handling
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.8. Error Handling

    36.8.1. Setting Callbacks
    36.8.2. sqlca
    36.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE

    +36.8. Error Handling

    36.8. Error Handling
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.8. Error Handling

    36.8.1. Setting Callbacks
    36.8.2. sqlca
    36.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE

    This section describes how you can handle exceptional conditions and warnings in an embedded SQL program. There are two nonexclusive facilities for this. @@ -438,4 +438,4 @@

    -605 (ECPG_WARNING_PORTAL_EXISTS)

    An existing cursor name was specified. (SQLSTATE 42P03)

    -

    Prev Up Next
    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas Home 36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas Home 36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode

    36.15.1. Additional Types
    36.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements
    36.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas
    36.15.4. Additional Functions
    36.15.5. Additional Constants

    +36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode

    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode

    36.15.1. Additional Types
    36.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements
    36.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas
    36.15.4. Additional Functions
    36.15.5. Additional Constants

    ecpg can be run in a so-called Informix compatibility mode. If this mode is active, it tries to behave as if it were the Informix precompiler for Informix E/SQL. Generally spoken this will allow you to use @@ -889,4 +889,4 @@ characters it cannot parse. Internally it is defined as -1264 (the Informix definition).

    -

    Prev Up Next
    WHENEVER Home 36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    WHENEVER Home 36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-library.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-library.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-library.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-library.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.11. Library Functions
    36.11. Library Functions
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.11. Library Functions

    +36.11. Library Functions

    36.11. Library Functions
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.11. Library Functions

    The libecpg library primarily contains “hidden” functions that are used to implement the functionality expressed by the embedded SQL commands. But there @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ returns true if you are connected to a database and false if not. connection_name can be NULL if a single connection is being used. -

    Prev Up Next
    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs Home 36.12. Large Objects
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs Home 36.12. Large Objects
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-lo.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-lo.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-lo.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-lo.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.12. Large Objects
    36.12. Large Objects
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.12. Large Objects

    +36.12. Large Objects

    36.12. Large Objects
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.12. Large Objects

    Large objects are not directly supported by ECPG, but ECPG application can manipulate large objects through the libpq large object functions, obtaining the necessary PGconn @@ -97,4 +97,4 @@ EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL; return 0; } -


    Prev Up Next
    36.11. Library Functions Home 36.13. C++ Applications
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    36.11. Library Functions Home 36.13. C++ Applications
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode

    +36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode

    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode

    ecpg can be run in a so-called Oracle compatibility mode. If this mode is active, it tries to behave as if it were Oracle Pro*C. @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Set the null indicator to -1 when character arrays receive empty character string types

    -

    Prev Up Next
    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode Home 36.17. Internals
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode Home 36.17. Internals
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.6. pgtypes Library
    36.6. pgtypes Library
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.6. pgtypes Library

    36.6.1. Character Strings
    36.6.2. The numeric Type
    36.6.3. The date Type
    36.6.4. The timestamp Type
    36.6.5. The interval Type
    36.6.6. The decimal Type
    36.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib
    36.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib

    +36.6. pgtypes Library

    36.6. pgtypes Library
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.6. pgtypes Library

    36.6.1. Character Strings
    36.6.2. The numeric Type
    36.6.3. The date Type
    36.6.4. The timestamp Type
    36.6.5. The interval Type
    36.6.6. The decimal Type
    36.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib
    36.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib

    The pgtypes library maps PostgreSQL database types to C equivalents that can be used in C programs. It also offers functions to do basic calculations with those types within C, i.e., without @@ -762,4 +762,4 @@ errno != 0 after each call to PGTYPEStimestamp_from_asc.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    36.5. Dynamic SQL Home 36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.5. Dynamic SQL Home 36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-preproc.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-preproc.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-preproc.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-preproc.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.9. Preprocessor Directives

    36.9.1. Including Files
    36.9.2. The define and undef Directives
    36.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, elif, else, and endif Directives

    +36.9. Preprocessor Directives

    36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.9. Preprocessor Directives

    36.9.1. Including Files
    36.9.2. The define and undef Directives
    36.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, elif, else, and endif Directives

    Several preprocessor directives are available that modify how the ecpg preprocessor parses and processes a file. @@ -132,4 +132,4 @@ EXEC SQL SET TIMEZONE TO 'GMT'; EXEC SQL endif;

    -

    Prev Up Next
    36.8. Error Handling Home 36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.8. Error Handling Home 36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-process.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-process.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-process.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-process.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs

    +36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs

    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs

    Now that you have an idea how to form embedded SQL C programs, you probably want to know how to compile them. Before compiling you run the file through the embedded SQL @@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ The ecpg library is thread-safe by default. However, you might need to use some threading command-line options to compile your client code. -

    Prev Up Next
    36.9. Preprocessor Directives Home 36.11. Library Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.9. Preprocessor Directives Home 36.11. Library Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-allocate-descriptor.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-allocate-descriptor.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-allocate-descriptor.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-allocate-descriptor.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR

    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — allocate an SQL descriptor area

    Synopsis

    +ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — allocate an SQL descriptor area
    Synopsis
     ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR name
 
    Description
    
      ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR allocates a new named SQL
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@

    Compatibility

    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR is specified in the SQL standard. -

    Prev Up Next
    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands Home CONNECT
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands Home CONNECT
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands

    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — allocate an SQL descriptor area
    CONNECT — establish a database connection
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — deallocate an SQL descriptor area
    DECLARE — define a cursor
    DECLARE STATEMENT — declare SQL statement identifier
    DESCRIBE — obtain information about a prepared statement or result set
    DISCONNECT — terminate a database connection
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE — dynamically prepare and execute a statement
    GET DESCRIPTOR — get information from an SQL descriptor area
    OPEN — open a dynamic cursor
    PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution
    SET AUTOCOMMIT — set the autocommit behavior of the current session
    SET CONNECTION — select a database connection
    SET DESCRIPTOR — set information in an SQL descriptor area
    TYPE — define a new data type
    VAR — define a variable
    WHENEVER — specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised

    +36.14. Embedded SQL Commands

    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands

    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — allocate an SQL descriptor area
    CONNECT — establish a database connection
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — deallocate an SQL descriptor area
    DECLARE — define a cursor
    DECLARE STATEMENT — declare SQL statement identifier
    DESCRIBE — obtain information about a prepared statement or result set
    DISCONNECT — terminate a database connection
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE — dynamically prepare and execute a statement
    GET DESCRIPTOR — get information from an SQL descriptor area
    OPEN — open a dynamic cursor
    PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution
    SET AUTOCOMMIT — set the autocommit behavior of the current session
    SET CONNECTION — select a database connection
    SET DESCRIPTOR — set information in an SQL descriptor area
    TYPE — define a new data type
    VAR — define a variable
    WHENEVER — specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised

    This section describes all SQL commands that are specific to embedded SQL. Also refer to the SQL commands listed in SQL Commands, which can also be used in embedded SQL, unless stated otherwise. -

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    36.13. C++ Applications Home ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.13. C++ Applications Home ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-connect.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-connect.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-connect.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-connect.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -CONNECT
    CONNECT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    CONNECT

    CONNECT — establish a database connection

    Synopsis

    +CONNECT
    CONNECT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    CONNECT
    CONNECT — establish a database connection
    Synopsis
     CONNECT TO connection_target [ AS connection_name ] [ USER connection_user ]
 CONNECT TO DEFAULT
 CONNECT connection_user
@@ -106,4 +106,4 @@
      CONNECT is specified in the SQL standard, but
      the format of the connection parameters is
      implementation-specific.
-    
    Prev Up Next
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR Home DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    
\ No newline at end of file
+
    Prev Up Next
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR Home DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-deallocate-descriptor.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-deallocate-descriptor.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-deallocate-descriptor.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-deallocate-descriptor.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR

    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — deallocate an SQL descriptor area

    Synopsis

    +DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — deallocate an SQL descriptor area
    Synopsis
     DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR name
 
    Description
    
      DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR deallocates a named SQL
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@

    Compatibility

    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR is specified in the SQL standard. -

    Prev Up Next
    CONNECT Home DECLARE
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    CONNECT Home DECLARE
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare-statement.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare-statement.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare-statement.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare-statement.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -DECLARE STATEMENT
    DECLARE STATEMENT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    DECLARE STATEMENT

    DECLARE STATEMENT — declare SQL statement identifier

    Synopsis

    +DECLARE STATEMENT
    DECLARE STATEMENT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    DECLARE STATEMENT
    DECLARE STATEMENT — declare SQL statement identifier
    Synopsis
     EXEC SQL [ AT connection_name ] DECLARE statement_name STATEMENT
 
    Description
    
      DECLARE STATEMENT declares an SQL statement identifier.
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

    Compatibility

    DECLARE STATEMENT is an extension of the SQL standard, but can be used in famous DBMSs. -

    See Also

    CONNECT, DECLARE, OPEN
    Prev Up Next
    DECLARE Home DESCRIBE
    \ No newline at end of file +

    See Also

    CONNECT, DECLARE, OPEN
    Prev Up Next
    DECLARE Home DESCRIBE
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-declare.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -DECLARE
    DECLARE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    DECLARE

    DECLARE — define a cursor

    Synopsis

    +DECLARE
    DECLARE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    DECLARE
    DECLARE — define a cursor
    Synopsis
     DECLARE cursor_name [ BINARY ] [ ASENSITIVE | INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR prepared_name
 DECLARE cursor_name [ BINARY ] [ ASENSITIVE | INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
 
    Description
    
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@

    Compatibility

    DECLARE is specified in the SQL standard. -

    See Also

    OPEN, CLOSE, DECLARE
    Prev Up Next
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR Home DECLARE STATEMENT
    \ No newline at end of file +

    See Also

    OPEN, CLOSE, DECLARE
    Prev Up Next
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR Home DECLARE STATEMENT
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-describe.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-describe.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-describe.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-describe.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -DESCRIBE
    DESCRIBE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    DESCRIBE

    DESCRIBE — obtain information about a prepared statement or result set

    Synopsis

    +DESCRIBE
    DESCRIBE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    DESCRIBE
    DESCRIBE — obtain information about a prepared statement or result set
    Synopsis
     DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] prepared_name USING [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name
 DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] prepared_name INTO [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name
 DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] prepared_name INTO sqlda_name
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
 EXEC SQL DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR mydesc;
 
    Compatibility
    
      DESCRIBE is specified in the SQL standard.
-    
    Prev Up Next
    DECLARE STATEMENT Home DISCONNECT
    
\ No newline at end of file
+
    Prev Up Next
    DECLARE STATEMENT Home DISCONNECT
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-disconnect.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-disconnect.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-disconnect.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-disconnect.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -DISCONNECT
    DISCONNECT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    DISCONNECT

    DISCONNECT — terminate a database connection

    Synopsis

    +DISCONNECT
    DISCONNECT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    DISCONNECT
    DISCONNECT — terminate a database connection
    Synopsis
     DISCONNECT connection_name
 DISCONNECT [ CURRENT ]
 DISCONNECT ALL
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@
 }
 
    Compatibility
    
      DISCONNECT is specified in the SQL standard.
-    
    Prev Up Next
    DESCRIBE Home EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    
\ No newline at end of file
+
    Prev Up Next
    DESCRIBE Home EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-execute-immediate.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-execute-immediate.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-execute-immediate.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-execute-immediate.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE — dynamically prepare and execute a statement

    Synopsis

    +EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE — dynamically prepare and execute a statement
    Synopsis
     EXECUTE IMMEDIATE string
 
    Description
    
      EXECUTE IMMEDIATE immediately prepares and
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@

    Compatibility

    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE is specified in the SQL standard. -

    Prev Up Next
    DISCONNECT Home GET DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    DISCONNECT Home GET DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-get-descriptor.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-get-descriptor.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-get-descriptor.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-get-descriptor.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -GET DESCRIPTOR
    GET DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    GET DESCRIPTOR

    GET DESCRIPTOR — get information from an SQL descriptor area

    Synopsis

    +GET DESCRIPTOR
    GET DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    GET DESCRIPTOR
    GET DESCRIPTOR — get information from an SQL descriptor area
    Synopsis
     GET DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name :cvariable = descriptor_header_item [, ... ]
 GET DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name VALUE column_number :cvariable = descriptor_item [, ... ]
 
    Description
    
@@ -101,4 +101,4 @@

    Compatibility

    GET DESCRIPTOR is specified in the SQL standard. -

    Prev Up Next
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Home OPEN
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Home OPEN
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-open.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-open.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-open.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-open.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -OPEN
    OPEN
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    OPEN

    OPEN — open a dynamic cursor

    Synopsis

    +OPEN
    OPEN
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    OPEN
    OPEN — open a dynamic cursor
    Synopsis
     OPEN cursor_name
 OPEN cursor_name USING value [, ... ]
 OPEN cursor_name USING SQL DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@
 EXEC SQL OPEN :curname1;
 
    Compatibility
    
      OPEN is specified in the SQL standard.
-    
    See Also
    DECLARE, CLOSE
    Prev Up Next
    GET DESCRIPTOR Home PREPARE
    
\ No newline at end of file
+

    See Also

    DECLARE, CLOSE
    Prev Up Next
    GET DESCRIPTOR Home PREPARE
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-prepare.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-prepare.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-prepare.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-prepare.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -PREPARE
    PREPARE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    PREPARE

    PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution

    Synopsis

    +PREPARE
    PREPARE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    PREPARE
    PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution
    Synopsis
     PREPARE prepared_name FROM string
 
    Description
    
      PREPARE prepares a statement dynamically
@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@
 EXEC SQL EXECUTE foo USING SQL DESCRIPTOR indesc INTO SQL DESCRIPTOR outdesc;

    Compatibility

    PREPARE is specified in the SQL standard. -

    See Also

    EXECUTE
    Prev Up Next
    OPEN Home SET AUTOCOMMIT
    \ No newline at end of file +

    See Also

    EXECUTE
    Prev Up Next
    OPEN Home SET AUTOCOMMIT
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-autocommit.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-autocommit.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-autocommit.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-autocommit.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -SET AUTOCOMMIT
    SET AUTOCOMMIT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    SET AUTOCOMMIT

    SET AUTOCOMMIT — set the autocommit behavior of the current session

    Synopsis

    +SET AUTOCOMMIT
    SET AUTOCOMMIT
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    SET AUTOCOMMIT
    SET AUTOCOMMIT — set the autocommit behavior of the current session
    Synopsis
     SET AUTOCOMMIT { = | TO } { ON | OFF }
 
    Description
    
      SET AUTOCOMMIT sets the autocommit behavior of
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@
      where each individual statement is committed implicitly.
     
    Compatibility
    
      SET AUTOCOMMIT is an extension of PostgreSQL ECPG.
-    
    Prev Up Next
    PREPARE Home SET CONNECTION
    
\ No newline at end of file
+
    Prev Up Next
    PREPARE Home SET CONNECTION
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-connection.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-connection.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-connection.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-connection.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -SET CONNECTION
    SET CONNECTION
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    SET CONNECTION

    SET CONNECTION — select a database connection

    Synopsis

    +SET CONNECTION
    SET CONNECTION
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    SET CONNECTION
    SET CONNECTION — select a database connection
    Synopsis
     SET CONNECTION [ TO | = ] connection_name
 
    Description
    
      SET CONNECTION sets the “current”
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@
 EXEC SQL SET CONNECTION = con1;

    Compatibility

    SET CONNECTION is specified in the SQL standard. -

    Prev Up Next
    SET AUTOCOMMIT Home SET DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    SET AUTOCOMMIT Home SET DESCRIPTOR
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-descriptor.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-descriptor.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-descriptor.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-set-descriptor.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -SET DESCRIPTOR
    SET DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    SET DESCRIPTOR

    SET DESCRIPTOR — set information in an SQL descriptor area

    Synopsis

    +SET DESCRIPTOR
    SET DESCRIPTOR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    SET DESCRIPTOR
    SET DESCRIPTOR — set information in an SQL descriptor area
    Synopsis
     SET DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name descriptor_header_item = value [, ... ]
 SET DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name VALUE number descriptor_item = value [, ...]
 
    Description
    
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@
 EXEC SQL SET DESCRIPTOR indesc VALUE 2 INDICATOR = :val2null, DATA = :val2;

    Compatibility

    SET DESCRIPTOR is specified in the SQL standard. -

    Prev Up Next
    SET CONNECTION Home TYPE
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    SET CONNECTION Home TYPE
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-type.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-type.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-type.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-type.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -TYPE
    TYPE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    TYPE

    TYPE — define a new data type

    Synopsis

    +TYPE
    TYPE
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    TYPE
    TYPE — define a new data type
    Synopsis
     TYPE type_name IS ctype
 
    Description
    
      The TYPE command defines a new C type.  It is
@@ -85,4 +85,4 @@

    Compatibility

    The TYPE command is a PostgreSQL extension. -

    Prev Up Next
    SET DESCRIPTOR Home VAR
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    SET DESCRIPTOR Home VAR
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-var.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-var.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-var.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-var.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -VAR
    VAR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    VAR

    VAR — define a variable

    Synopsis

    +VAR
    VAR
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    VAR
    VAR — define a variable
    Synopsis
     VAR varname IS ctype
 
    Description
    
      The VAR command assigns a new C data type
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@
 EXEC SQL VAR a IS int;

    Compatibility

    The VAR command is a PostgreSQL extension. -

    Prev Up Next
    TYPE Home WHENEVER
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    TYPE Home WHENEVER
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-whenever.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-whenever.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-whenever.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-sql-whenever.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -WHENEVER
    WHENEVER
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next

    WHENEVER

    WHENEVER — specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised

    Synopsis

    +WHENEVER
    WHENEVER
    Prev Up36.14. Embedded SQL CommandsHome Next
    WHENEVER
    WHENEVER — specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised
    Synopsis
     WHENEVER { NOT FOUND | SQLERROR | SQLWARNING } action
 
    Description
    
      Define a behavior which is called on the special cases (Rows not
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@
     
    Compatibility
    
      WHENEVER is specified in the SQL standard, but
      most of the actions are PostgreSQL extensions.
-    
    Prev Up Next
    VAR Home 36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    
\ No newline at end of file
+
    Prev Up Next
    VAR Home 36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-variables.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-variables.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-variables.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-variables.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -36.4. Using Host Variables
    36.4. Using Host Variables
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.4. Using Host Variables

    36.4.1. Overview
    36.4.2. Declare Sections
    36.4.3. Retrieving Query Results
    36.4.4. Type Mapping
    36.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types
    36.4.6. Indicators

    +36.4. Using Host Variables

    36.4. Using Host Variables
    Prev UpChapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in CHome Next

    36.4. Using Host Variables

    36.4.1. Overview
    36.4.2. Declare Sections
    36.4.3. Retrieving Query Results
    36.4.4. Type Mapping
    36.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types
    36.4.6. Indicators

    In Section 36.3 you saw how you can execute SQL statements from an embedded SQL program. Some of those statements only used fixed values and did not provide a way to insert @@ -878,4 +878,4 @@ input and output) for character string types as empty string and for integer types as the lowest possible value for type (for example, INT_MIN for int). -

    Prev Up Next
    36.3. Running SQL Commands Home 36.5. Dynamic SQL
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    36.3. Running SQL Commands Home 36.5. Dynamic SQL
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
    Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C

    Table of Contents

    36.1. The Concept
    36.2. Managing Database Connections
    36.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server
    36.2.2. Choosing a Connection
    36.2.3. Closing a Connection
    36.3. Running SQL Commands
    36.3.1. Executing SQL Statements
    36.3.2. Using Cursors
    36.3.3. Managing Transactions
    36.3.4. Prepared Statements
    36.4. Using Host Variables
    36.4.1. Overview
    36.4.2. Declare Sections
    36.4.3. Retrieving Query Results
    36.4.4. Type Mapping
    36.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types
    36.4.6. Indicators
    36.5. Dynamic SQL
    36.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set
    36.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters
    36.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set
    36.6. pgtypes Library
    36.6.1. Character Strings
    36.6.2. The numeric Type
    36.6.3. The date Type
    36.6.4. The timestamp Type
    36.6.5. The interval Type
    36.6.6. The decimal Type
    36.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib
    36.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib
    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    36.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas
    36.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas
    36.8. Error Handling
    36.8.1. Setting Callbacks
    36.8.2. sqlca
    36.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE
    36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    36.9.1. Including Files
    36.9.2. The define and undef Directives
    36.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, elif, else, and endif Directives
    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    36.11. Library Functions
    36.12. Large Objects
    36.13. C++ Applications
    36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables
    36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module
    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — allocate an SQL descriptor area
    CONNECT — establish a database connection
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — deallocate an SQL descriptor area
    DECLARE — define a cursor
    DECLARE STATEMENT — declare SQL statement identifier
    DESCRIBE — obtain information about a prepared statement or result set
    DISCONNECT — terminate a database connection
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE — dynamically prepare and execute a statement
    GET DESCRIPTOR — get information from an SQL descriptor area
    OPEN — open a dynamic cursor
    PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution
    SET AUTOCOMMIT — set the autocommit behavior of the current session
    SET CONNECTION — select a database connection
    SET DESCRIPTOR — set information in an SQL descriptor area
    TYPE — define a new data type
    VAR — define a variable
    WHENEVER — specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised
    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    36.15.1. Additional Types
    36.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements
    36.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas
    36.15.4. Additional Functions
    36.15.5. Additional Constants
    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    36.17. Internals

    +Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C

    Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C

    Table of Contents

    36.1. The Concept
    36.2. Managing Database Connections
    36.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server
    36.2.2. Choosing a Connection
    36.2.3. Closing a Connection
    36.3. Running SQL Commands
    36.3.1. Executing SQL Statements
    36.3.2. Using Cursors
    36.3.3. Managing Transactions
    36.3.4. Prepared Statements
    36.4. Using Host Variables
    36.4.1. Overview
    36.4.2. Declare Sections
    36.4.3. Retrieving Query Results
    36.4.4. Type Mapping
    36.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types
    36.4.6. Indicators
    36.5. Dynamic SQL
    36.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set
    36.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters
    36.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set
    36.6. pgtypes Library
    36.6.1. Character Strings
    36.6.2. The numeric Type
    36.6.3. The date Type
    36.6.4. The timestamp Type
    36.6.5. The interval Type
    36.6.6. The decimal Type
    36.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib
    36.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib
    36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
    36.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas
    36.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas
    36.8. Error Handling
    36.8.1. Setting Callbacks
    36.8.2. sqlca
    36.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE
    36.9. Preprocessor Directives
    36.9.1. Including Files
    36.9.2. The define and undef Directives
    36.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, elif, else, and endif Directives
    36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
    36.11. Library Functions
    36.12. Large Objects
    36.13. C++ Applications
    36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables
    36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module
    36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — allocate an SQL descriptor area
    CONNECT — establish a database connection
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR — deallocate an SQL descriptor area
    DECLARE — define a cursor
    DECLARE STATEMENT — declare SQL statement identifier
    DESCRIBE — obtain information about a prepared statement or result set
    DISCONNECT — terminate a database connection
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE — dynamically prepare and execute a statement
    GET DESCRIPTOR — get information from an SQL descriptor area
    OPEN — open a dynamic cursor
    PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution
    SET AUTOCOMMIT — set the autocommit behavior of the current session
    SET CONNECTION — select a database connection
    SET DESCRIPTOR — set information in an SQL descriptor area
    TYPE — define a new data type
    VAR — define a variable
    WHENEVER — specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised
    36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
    36.15.1. Additional Types
    36.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements
    36.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas
    36.15.4. Additional Functions
    36.15.5. Additional Constants
    36.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode
    36.17. Internals

    This chapter describes the embedded SQL package for PostgreSQL. It was written by Linus Tolke () and Michael Meskes @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ This documentation is quite incomplete. But since this interface is standardized, additional information can be found in many resources about SQL. -

    Prev Up Next
    35.5. Example Program Home 36.1. The Concept
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    35.5. Example Program Home 36.1. The Concept
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/encryption-options.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/encryption-options.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/encryption-options.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/encryption-options.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -19.8. Encryption Options
    19.8. Encryption Options
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.8. Encryption Options

    +19.8. Encryption Options

    19.8. Encryption Options
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.8. Encryption Options

    PostgreSQL offers encryption at several levels, and provides flexibility in protecting data from disclosure due to database server theft, unscrupulous administrators, and @@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ never appears on the database server. Data is encrypted on the client before being sent to the server, and database results have to be decrypted on the client before being used. -

    Prev Up Next
    19.7. Preventing Server Spoofing Home 19.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    19.7. Preventing Server Spoofing Home 19.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/errcodes-appendix.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/errcodes-appendix.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/errcodes-appendix.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/errcodes-appendix.html 2026-05-11 20:02:54.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
    Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes

    +Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes

    Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes

    All messages emitted by the PostgreSQL server are assigned five-character error codes that follow the SQL standard's conventions for “SQLSTATE” codes. Applications @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ what to do from the error class.

    Table A.1 lists all the error codes defined in - PostgreSQL 15.17. (Some are not actually + PostgreSQL 15.18. (Some are not actually used at present, but are defined by the SQL standard.) The error classes are also shown. For each error class there is a “standard” error code having the last three characters @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ As of PostgreSQL 9.3, complete coverage for this feature exists only for errors in SQLSTATE class 23 (integrity constraint violation), but this is likely to be expanded in future. -

    Table A.1. PostgreSQL Error Codes

    Error CodeCondition Name
    Class 00 — Successful Completion
    00000successful_completion
    Class 01 — Warning
    01000warning
    0100Cdynamic_result_sets_returned
    01008implicit_zero_bit_padding
    01003null_value_eliminated_in_set_function
    01007privilege_not_granted
    01006privilege_not_revoked
    01004string_data_right_truncation
    01P01deprecated_feature
    Class 02 — No Data (this is also a warning class per the SQL standard)
    02000no_data
    02001no_additional_dynamic_result_sets_returned
    Class 03 — SQL Statement Not Yet Complete
    03000sql_statement_not_yet_complete
    Class 08 — Connection Exception
    08000connection_exception
    08003connection_does_not_exist
    08006connection_failure
    08001sqlclient_unable_to_establish_sqlconnection
    08004sqlserver_rejected_establishment_of_sqlconnection
    08007transaction_resolution_unknown
    08P01protocol_violation
    Class 09 — Triggered Action Exception
    09000triggered_action_exception
    Class 0A — Feature Not Supported
    0A000feature_not_supported
    Class 0B — Invalid Transaction Initiation
    0B000invalid_transaction_initiation
    Class 0F — Locator Exception
    0F000locator_exception
    0F001invalid_locator_specification
    Class 0L — Invalid Grantor
    0L000invalid_grantor
    0LP01invalid_grant_operation
    Class 0P — Invalid Role Specification
    0P000invalid_role_specification
    Class 0Z — Diagnostics Exception
    0Z000diagnostics_exception
    0Z002stacked_diagnostics_accessed_without_active_handler
    Class 20 — Case Not Found
    20000case_not_found
    Class 21 — Cardinality Violation
    21000cardinality_violation
    Class 22 — Data Exception
    22000data_exception
    2202Earray_subscript_error
    22021character_not_in_repertoire
    22008datetime_field_overflow
    22012division_by_zero
    22005error_in_assignment
    2200Bescape_character_conflict
    22022indicator_overflow
    22015interval_field_overflow
    2201Einvalid_argument_for_logarithm
    22014invalid_argument_for_ntile_function
    22016invalid_argument_for_nth_value_function
    2201Finvalid_argument_for_power_function
    2201Ginvalid_argument_for_width_bucket_function
    22018invalid_character_value_for_cast
    22007invalid_datetime_format
    22019invalid_escape_character
    2200Dinvalid_escape_octet
    22025invalid_escape_sequence
    22P06nonstandard_use_of_escape_character
    22010invalid_indicator_parameter_value
    22023invalid_parameter_value
    22013invalid_preceding_or_following_size
    2201Binvalid_regular_expression
    2201Winvalid_row_count_in_limit_clause
    2201Xinvalid_row_count_in_result_offset_clause
    2202Hinvalid_tablesample_argument
    2202Ginvalid_tablesample_repeat
    22009invalid_time_zone_displacement_value
    2200Cinvalid_use_of_escape_character
    2200Gmost_specific_type_mismatch
    22004null_value_not_allowed
    22002null_value_no_indicator_parameter
    22003numeric_value_out_of_range
    2200Hsequence_generator_limit_exceeded
    22026string_data_length_mismatch
    22001string_data_right_truncation
    22011substring_error
    22027trim_error
    22024unterminated_c_string
    2200Fzero_length_character_string
    22P01floating_point_exception
    22P02invalid_text_representation
    22P03invalid_binary_representation
    22P04bad_copy_file_format
    22P05untranslatable_character
    2200Lnot_an_xml_document
    2200Minvalid_xml_document
    2200Ninvalid_xml_content
    2200Sinvalid_xml_comment
    2200Tinvalid_xml_processing_instruction
    22030duplicate_json_object_key_value
    22031invalid_argument_for_sql_json_datetime_function
    22032invalid_json_text
    22033invalid_sql_json_subscript
    22034more_than_one_sql_json_item
    22035no_sql_json_item
    22036non_numeric_sql_json_item
    22037non_unique_keys_in_a_json_object
    22038singleton_sql_json_item_required
    22039sql_json_array_not_found
    2203Asql_json_member_not_found
    2203Bsql_json_number_not_found
    2203Csql_json_object_not_found
    2203Dtoo_many_json_array_elements
    2203Etoo_many_json_object_members
    2203Fsql_json_scalar_required
    2203Gsql_json_item_cannot_be_cast_to_target_type
    Class 23 — Integrity Constraint Violation
    23000integrity_constraint_violation
    23001restrict_violation
    23502not_null_violation
    23503foreign_key_violation
    23505unique_violation
    23514check_violation
    23P01exclusion_violation
    Class 24 — Invalid Cursor State
    24000invalid_cursor_state
    Class 25 — Invalid Transaction State
    25000invalid_transaction_state
    25001active_sql_transaction
    25002branch_transaction_already_active
    25008held_cursor_requires_same_isolation_level
    25003inappropriate_access_mode_for_branch_transaction
    25004inappropriate_isolation_level_for_branch_transaction
    25005no_active_sql_transaction_for_branch_transaction
    25006read_only_sql_transaction
    25007schema_and_data_statement_mixing_not_supported
    25P01no_active_sql_transaction
    25P02in_failed_sql_transaction
    25P03idle_in_transaction_session_timeout
    Class 26 — Invalid SQL Statement Name
    26000invalid_sql_statement_name
    Class 27 — Triggered Data Change Violation
    27000triggered_data_change_violation
    Class 28 — Invalid Authorization Specification
    28000invalid_authorization_specification
    28P01invalid_password
    Class 2B — Dependent Privilege Descriptors Still Exist
    2B000dependent_privilege_descriptors_still_exist
    2BP01dependent_objects_still_exist
    Class 2D — Invalid Transaction Termination
    2D000invalid_transaction_termination
    Class 2F — SQL Routine Exception
    2F000sql_routine_exception
    2F005function_executed_no_return_statement
    2F002modifying_sql_data_not_permitted
    2F003prohibited_sql_statement_attempted
    2F004reading_sql_data_not_permitted
    Class 34 — Invalid Cursor Name
    34000invalid_cursor_name
    Class 38 — External Routine Exception
    38000external_routine_exception
    38001containing_sql_not_permitted
    38002modifying_sql_data_not_permitted
    38003prohibited_sql_statement_attempted
    38004reading_sql_data_not_permitted
    Class 39 — External Routine Invocation Exception
    39000external_routine_invocation_exception
    39001invalid_sqlstate_returned
    39004null_value_not_allowed
    39P01trigger_protocol_violated
    39P02srf_protocol_violated
    39P03event_trigger_protocol_violated
    Class 3B — Savepoint Exception
    3B000savepoint_exception
    3B001invalid_savepoint_specification
    Class 3D — Invalid Catalog Name
    3D000invalid_catalog_name
    Class 3F — Invalid Schema Name
    3F000invalid_schema_name
    Class 40 — Transaction Rollback
    40000transaction_rollback
    40002transaction_integrity_constraint_violation
    40001serialization_failure
    40003statement_completion_unknown
    40P01deadlock_detected
    Class 42 — Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation
    42000syntax_error_or_access_rule_violation
    42601syntax_error
    42501insufficient_privilege
    42846cannot_coerce
    42803grouping_error
    42P20windowing_error
    42P19invalid_recursion
    42830invalid_foreign_key
    42602invalid_name
    42622name_too_long
    42939reserved_name
    42804datatype_mismatch
    42P18indeterminate_datatype
    42P21collation_mismatch
    42P22indeterminate_collation
    42809wrong_object_type
    428C9generated_always
    42703undefined_column
    42883undefined_function
    42P01undefined_table
    42P02undefined_parameter
    42704undefined_object
    42701duplicate_column
    42P03duplicate_cursor
    42P04duplicate_database
    42723duplicate_function
    42P05duplicate_prepared_statement
    42P06duplicate_schema
    42P07duplicate_table
    42712duplicate_alias
    42710duplicate_object
    42702ambiguous_column
    42725ambiguous_function
    42P08ambiguous_parameter
    42P09ambiguous_alias
    42P10invalid_column_reference
    42611invalid_column_definition
    42P11invalid_cursor_definition
    42P12invalid_database_definition
    42P13invalid_function_definition
    42P14invalid_prepared_statement_definition
    42P15invalid_schema_definition
    42P16invalid_table_definition
    42P17invalid_object_definition
    Class 44 — WITH CHECK OPTION Violation
    44000with_check_option_violation
    Class 53 — Insufficient Resources
    53000insufficient_resources
    53100disk_full
    53200out_of_memory
    53300too_many_connections
    53400configuration_limit_exceeded
    Class 54 — Program Limit Exceeded
    54000program_limit_exceeded
    54001statement_too_complex
    54011too_many_columns
    54023too_many_arguments
    Class 55 — Object Not In Prerequisite State
    55000object_not_in_prerequisite_state
    55006object_in_use
    55P02cant_change_runtime_param
    55P03lock_not_available
    55P04unsafe_new_enum_value_usage
    Class 57 — Operator Intervention
    57000operator_intervention
    57014query_canceled
    57P01admin_shutdown
    57P02crash_shutdown
    57P03cannot_connect_now
    57P04database_dropped
    57P05idle_session_timeout
    Class 58 — System Error (errors external to PostgreSQL itself)
    58000system_error
    58030io_error
    58P01undefined_file
    58P02duplicate_file
    Class 72 — Snapshot Failure
    72000snapshot_too_old
    Class F0 — Configuration File Error
    F0000config_file_error
    F0001lock_file_exists
    Class HV — Foreign Data Wrapper Error (SQL/MED)
    HV000fdw_error
    HV005fdw_column_name_not_found
    HV002fdw_dynamic_parameter_value_needed
    HV010fdw_function_sequence_error
    HV021fdw_inconsistent_descriptor_information
    HV024fdw_invalid_attribute_value
    HV007fdw_invalid_column_name
    HV008fdw_invalid_column_number
    HV004fdw_invalid_data_type
    HV006fdw_invalid_data_type_descriptors
    HV091fdw_invalid_descriptor_field_identifier
    HV00Bfdw_invalid_handle
    HV00Cfdw_invalid_option_index
    HV00Dfdw_invalid_option_name
    HV090fdw_invalid_string_length_or_buffer_length
    HV00Afdw_invalid_string_format
    HV009fdw_invalid_use_of_null_pointer
    HV014fdw_too_many_handles
    HV001fdw_out_of_memory
    HV00Pfdw_no_schemas
    HV00Jfdw_option_name_not_found
    HV00Kfdw_reply_handle
    HV00Qfdw_schema_not_found
    HV00Rfdw_table_not_found
    HV00Lfdw_unable_to_create_execution
    HV00Mfdw_unable_to_create_reply
    HV00Nfdw_unable_to_establish_connection
    Class P0 — PL/pgSQL Error
    P0000plpgsql_error
    P0001raise_exception
    P0002no_data_found
    P0003too_many_rows
    P0004assert_failure
    Class XX — Internal Error
    XX000internal_error
    XX001data_corrupted
    XX002index_corrupted

    Prev Up Next
    Part VIII. Appendixes Home Appendix B. Date/Time Support
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Table A.1. PostgreSQL Error Codes

    Error CodeCondition Name
    Class 00 — Successful Completion
    00000successful_completion
    Class 01 — Warning
    01000warning
    0100Cdynamic_result_sets_returned
    01008implicit_zero_bit_padding
    01003null_value_eliminated_in_set_function
    01007privilege_not_granted
    01006privilege_not_revoked
    01004string_data_right_truncation
    01P01deprecated_feature
    Class 02 — No Data (this is also a warning class per the SQL standard)
    02000no_data
    02001no_additional_dynamic_result_sets_returned
    Class 03 — SQL Statement Not Yet Complete
    03000sql_statement_not_yet_complete
    Class 08 — Connection Exception
    08000connection_exception
    08003connection_does_not_exist
    08006connection_failure
    08001sqlclient_unable_to_establish_sqlconnection
    08004sqlserver_rejected_establishment_of_sqlconnection
    08007transaction_resolution_unknown
    08P01protocol_violation
    Class 09 — Triggered Action Exception
    09000triggered_action_exception
    Class 0A — Feature Not Supported
    0A000feature_not_supported
    Class 0B — Invalid Transaction Initiation
    0B000invalid_transaction_initiation
    Class 0F — Locator Exception
    0F000locator_exception
    0F001invalid_locator_specification
    Class 0L — Invalid Grantor
    0L000invalid_grantor
    0LP01invalid_grant_operation
    Class 0P — Invalid Role Specification
    0P000invalid_role_specification
    Class 0Z — Diagnostics Exception
    0Z000diagnostics_exception
    0Z002stacked_diagnostics_accessed_without_active_handler
    Class 20 — Case Not Found
    20000case_not_found
    Class 21 — Cardinality Violation
    21000cardinality_violation
    Class 22 — Data Exception
    22000data_exception
    2202Earray_subscript_error
    22021character_not_in_repertoire
    22008datetime_field_overflow
    22012division_by_zero
    22005error_in_assignment
    2200Bescape_character_conflict
    22022indicator_overflow
    22015interval_field_overflow
    2201Einvalid_argument_for_logarithm
    22014invalid_argument_for_ntile_function
    22016invalid_argument_for_nth_value_function
    2201Finvalid_argument_for_power_function
    2201Ginvalid_argument_for_width_bucket_function
    22018invalid_character_value_for_cast
    22007invalid_datetime_format
    22019invalid_escape_character
    2200Dinvalid_escape_octet
    22025invalid_escape_sequence
    22P06nonstandard_use_of_escape_character
    22010invalid_indicator_parameter_value
    22023invalid_parameter_value
    22013invalid_preceding_or_following_size
    2201Binvalid_regular_expression
    2201Winvalid_row_count_in_limit_clause
    2201Xinvalid_row_count_in_result_offset_clause
    2202Hinvalid_tablesample_argument
    2202Ginvalid_tablesample_repeat
    22009invalid_time_zone_displacement_value
    2200Cinvalid_use_of_escape_character
    2200Gmost_specific_type_mismatch
    22004null_value_not_allowed
    22002null_value_no_indicator_parameter
    22003numeric_value_out_of_range
    2200Hsequence_generator_limit_exceeded
    22026string_data_length_mismatch
    22001string_data_right_truncation
    22011substring_error
    22027trim_error
    22024unterminated_c_string
    2200Fzero_length_character_string
    22P01floating_point_exception
    22P02invalid_text_representation
    22P03invalid_binary_representation
    22P04bad_copy_file_format
    22P05untranslatable_character
    2200Lnot_an_xml_document
    2200Minvalid_xml_document
    2200Ninvalid_xml_content
    2200Sinvalid_xml_comment
    2200Tinvalid_xml_processing_instruction
    22030duplicate_json_object_key_value
    22031invalid_argument_for_sql_json_datetime_function
    22032invalid_json_text
    22033invalid_sql_json_subscript
    22034more_than_one_sql_json_item
    22035no_sql_json_item
    22036non_numeric_sql_json_item
    22037non_unique_keys_in_a_json_object
    22038singleton_sql_json_item_required
    22039sql_json_array_not_found
    2203Asql_json_member_not_found
    2203Bsql_json_number_not_found
    2203Csql_json_object_not_found
    2203Dtoo_many_json_array_elements
    2203Etoo_many_json_object_members
    2203Fsql_json_scalar_required
    2203Gsql_json_item_cannot_be_cast_to_target_type
    Class 23 — Integrity Constraint Violation
    23000integrity_constraint_violation
    23001restrict_violation
    23502not_null_violation
    23503foreign_key_violation
    23505unique_violation
    23514check_violation
    23P01exclusion_violation
    Class 24 — Invalid Cursor State
    24000invalid_cursor_state
    Class 25 — Invalid Transaction State
    25000invalid_transaction_state
    25001active_sql_transaction
    25002branch_transaction_already_active
    25008held_cursor_requires_same_isolation_level
    25003inappropriate_access_mode_for_branch_transaction
    25004inappropriate_isolation_level_for_branch_transaction
    25005no_active_sql_transaction_for_branch_transaction
    25006read_only_sql_transaction
    25007schema_and_data_statement_mixing_not_supported
    25P01no_active_sql_transaction
    25P02in_failed_sql_transaction
    25P03idle_in_transaction_session_timeout
    Class 26 — Invalid SQL Statement Name
    26000invalid_sql_statement_name
    Class 27 — Triggered Data Change Violation
    27000triggered_data_change_violation
    Class 28 — Invalid Authorization Specification
    28000invalid_authorization_specification
    28P01invalid_password
    Class 2B — Dependent Privilege Descriptors Still Exist
    2B000dependent_privilege_descriptors_still_exist
    2BP01dependent_objects_still_exist
    Class 2D — Invalid Transaction Termination
    2D000invalid_transaction_termination
    Class 2F — SQL Routine Exception
    2F000sql_routine_exception
    2F005function_executed_no_return_statement
    2F002modifying_sql_data_not_permitted
    2F003prohibited_sql_statement_attempted
    2F004reading_sql_data_not_permitted
    Class 34 — Invalid Cursor Name
    34000invalid_cursor_name
    Class 38 — External Routine Exception
    38000external_routine_exception
    38001containing_sql_not_permitted
    38002modifying_sql_data_not_permitted
    38003prohibited_sql_statement_attempted
    38004reading_sql_data_not_permitted
    Class 39 — External Routine Invocation Exception
    39000external_routine_invocation_exception
    39001invalid_sqlstate_returned
    39004null_value_not_allowed
    39P01trigger_protocol_violated
    39P02srf_protocol_violated
    39P03event_trigger_protocol_violated
    Class 3B — Savepoint Exception
    3B000savepoint_exception
    3B001invalid_savepoint_specification
    Class 3D — Invalid Catalog Name
    3D000invalid_catalog_name
    Class 3F — Invalid Schema Name
    3F000invalid_schema_name
    Class 40 — Transaction Rollback
    40000transaction_rollback
    40002transaction_integrity_constraint_violation
    40001serialization_failure
    40003statement_completion_unknown
    40P01deadlock_detected
    Class 42 — Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation
    42000syntax_error_or_access_rule_violation
    42601syntax_error
    42501insufficient_privilege
    42846cannot_coerce
    42803grouping_error
    42P20windowing_error
    42P19invalid_recursion
    42830invalid_foreign_key
    42602invalid_name
    42622name_too_long
    42939reserved_name
    42804datatype_mismatch
    42P18indeterminate_datatype
    42P21collation_mismatch
    42P22indeterminate_collation
    42809wrong_object_type
    428C9generated_always
    42703undefined_column
    42883undefined_function
    42P01undefined_table
    42P02undefined_parameter
    42704undefined_object
    42701duplicate_column
    42P03duplicate_cursor
    42P04duplicate_database
    42723duplicate_function
    42P05duplicate_prepared_statement
    42P06duplicate_schema
    42P07duplicate_table
    42712duplicate_alias
    42710duplicate_object
    42702ambiguous_column
    42725ambiguous_function
    42P08ambiguous_parameter
    42P09ambiguous_alias
    42P10invalid_column_reference
    42611invalid_column_definition
    42P11invalid_cursor_definition
    42P12invalid_database_definition
    42P13invalid_function_definition
    42P14invalid_prepared_statement_definition
    42P15invalid_schema_definition
    42P16invalid_table_definition
    42P17invalid_object_definition
    Class 44 — WITH CHECK OPTION Violation
    44000with_check_option_violation
    Class 53 — Insufficient Resources
    53000insufficient_resources
    53100disk_full
    53200out_of_memory
    53300too_many_connections
    53400configuration_limit_exceeded
    Class 54 — Program Limit Exceeded
    54000program_limit_exceeded
    54001statement_too_complex
    54011too_many_columns
    54023too_many_arguments
    Class 55 — Object Not In Prerequisite State
    55000object_not_in_prerequisite_state
    55006object_in_use
    55P02cant_change_runtime_param
    55P03lock_not_available
    55P04unsafe_new_enum_value_usage
    Class 57 — Operator Intervention
    57000operator_intervention
    57014query_canceled
    57P01admin_shutdown
    57P02crash_shutdown
    57P03cannot_connect_now
    57P04database_dropped
    57P05idle_session_timeout
    Class 58 — System Error (errors external to PostgreSQL itself)
    58000system_error
    58030io_error
    58P01undefined_file
    58P02duplicate_file
    Class 72 — Snapshot Failure
    72000snapshot_too_old
    Class F0 — Configuration File Error
    F0000config_file_error
    F0001lock_file_exists
    Class HV — Foreign Data Wrapper Error (SQL/MED)
    HV000fdw_error
    HV005fdw_column_name_not_found
    HV002fdw_dynamic_parameter_value_needed
    HV010fdw_function_sequence_error
    HV021fdw_inconsistent_descriptor_information
    HV024fdw_invalid_attribute_value
    HV007fdw_invalid_column_name
    HV008fdw_invalid_column_number
    HV004fdw_invalid_data_type
    HV006fdw_invalid_data_type_descriptors
    HV091fdw_invalid_descriptor_field_identifier
    HV00Bfdw_invalid_handle
    HV00Cfdw_invalid_option_index
    HV00Dfdw_invalid_option_name
    HV090fdw_invalid_string_length_or_buffer_length
    HV00Afdw_invalid_string_format
    HV009fdw_invalid_use_of_null_pointer
    HV014fdw_too_many_handles
    HV001fdw_out_of_memory
    HV00Pfdw_no_schemas
    HV00Jfdw_option_name_not_found
    HV00Kfdw_reply_handle
    HV00Qfdw_schema_not_found
    HV00Rfdw_table_not_found
    HV00Lfdw_unable_to_create_execution
    HV00Mfdw_unable_to_create_reply
    HV00Nfdw_unable_to_establish_connection
    Class P0 — PL/pgSQL Error
    P0000plpgsql_error
    P0001raise_exception
    P0002no_data_found
    P0003too_many_rows
    P0004assert_failure
    Class XX — Internal Error
    XX000internal_error
    XX001data_corrupted
    XX002index_corrupted

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    Part VIII. Appendixes Home Appendix B. Date/Time Support
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/error-message-reporting.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/error-message-reporting.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/error-message-reporting.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/error-message-reporting.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
    Prev UpChapter 56. PostgreSQL Coding ConventionsHome Next

    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server

    +56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server

    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
    Prev UpChapter 56. PostgreSQL Coding ConventionsHome Next

    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server

    Error, warning, and log messages generated within the server code should be created using ereport, or its older cousin elog. The use of this function is complex enough to @@ -247,4 +247,4 @@ routines will not affect it. That would not be true if you were to write strerror(errno) explicitly in errmsg's parameter list; accordingly, do not do so. -

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    56.1. Formatting Home 56.3. Error Message Style Guide
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    Prev Up Next
    56.1. Formatting Home 56.3. Error Message Style Guide
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    56.3. Error Message Style Guide
    Prev UpChapter 56. PostgreSQL Coding ConventionsHome Next

    56.3. Error Message Style Guide

    +56.3. Error Message Style Guide

    56.3. Error Message Style Guide
    Prev UpChapter 56. PostgreSQL Coding ConventionsHome Next

    56.3. Error Message Style Guide

    This style guide is offered in the hope of maintaining a consistent, user-friendly style throughout all the messages generated by PostgreSQL. @@ -247,4 +247,4 @@ Keep in mind that error message texts need to be translated into other languages. Follow the guidelines in Section 57.2.2 to avoid making life difficult for translators. -

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    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server Home 56.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
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    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server Home 56.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-log-registration.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-log-registration.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-log-registration.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-log-registration.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows
    19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows

    +19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows

    19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.12. Registering Event Log on Windows

    To register a Windows event log library with the operating system, issue this command: @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ To enable event logging in the database server, modify log_destination to include eventlog in postgresql.conf. -

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    19.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels Home Chapter 20. Server Configuration
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    19.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels Home Chapter 20. Server Configuration
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-definition.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-definition.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-definition.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-definition.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
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    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior

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    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
    Prev UpChapter 40. Event TriggersHome Next

    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior

    An event trigger fires whenever the event with which it is associated occurs in the database in which it is defined. Currently, the only supported events are @@ -80,4 +80,4 @@ trigger can be fired only for particular commands which the user wishes to intercept. A common use of such triggers is to restrict the range of DDL operations which users may perform. -

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    Chapter 40. Event Triggers Home 40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
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    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example
    Prev UpChapter 40. Event TriggersHome Next

    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example

    +40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example

    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example
    Prev UpChapter 40. Event TriggersHome Next

    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example

    Here is a very simple example of an event trigger function written in C. (Examples of triggers written in procedural languages can be found in the documentation of the procedural languages.) @@ -75,4 +75,4 @@

    (Recall that DDL commands on event triggers themselves are not affected by event triggers.) -

    Prev Up Next
    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C Home 40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-interface.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-interface.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-interface.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-interface.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
    Prev UpChapter 40. Event TriggersHome Next

    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C

    +40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C

    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
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    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C

    This section describes the low-level details of the interface to an event trigger function. This information is only needed when writing event trigger functions in C. If you are using a higher-level language @@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ An event trigger function must return a NULL pointer (not an SQL null value, that is, do not set isNull true). -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-matrix.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-matrix.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-matrix.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-matrix.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
    40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
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    40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix

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    40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
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    40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix

    Table 40.1 lists all commands for which event triggers are supported. -

    Table 40.1. Event Trigger Support by Command Tag

    Command Tagddl_​command_​startddl_​command_​endsql_​droptable_​rewriteNotes
    ALTER AGGREGATEXX-- 
    ALTER COLLATIONXX-- 
    ALTER CONVERSIONXX-- 
    ALTER DOMAINXX-- 
    ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGESXX-- 
    ALTER EXTENSIONXX-- 
    ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPERXX-- 
    ALTER FOREIGN TABLEXXX- 
    ALTER FUNCTIONXX-- 
    ALTER LANGUAGEXX-- 
    ALTER LARGE OBJECTXX-- 
    ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEWXX-X 
    ALTER OPERATORXX-- 
    ALTER OPERATOR CLASSXX-- 
    ALTER OPERATOR FAMILYXX-- 
    ALTER POLICYXX-- 
    ALTER PROCEDUREXX-- 
    ALTER PUBLICATIONXX-- 
    ALTER ROUTINEXX-- 
    ALTER SCHEMAXX-- 
    ALTER SEQUENCEXX-- 
    ALTER SERVERXX-- 
    ALTER STATISTICSXX-- 
    ALTER SUBSCRIPTIONXX-- 
    ALTER TABLEXXXX 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATIONXX-- 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARYXX-- 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSERXX-- 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATEXX-- 
    ALTER TRIGGERXX-- 
    ALTER TYPEXX-X 
    ALTER USER MAPPINGXX-- 
    ALTER VIEWXX-- 
    COMMENTXX--Only for local objects
    CREATE ACCESS METHODXX-- 
    CREATE AGGREGATEXX-- 
    CREATE CASTXX-- 
    CREATE COLLATIONXX-- 
    CREATE CONVERSIONXX-- 
    CREATE DOMAINXX-- 
    CREATE EXTENSIONXX-- 
    CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPERXX-- 
    CREATE FOREIGN TABLEXX-- 
    CREATE FUNCTIONXX-- 
    CREATE INDEXXX-- 
    CREATE LANGUAGEXX-- 
    CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEWXX-- 
    CREATE OPERATORXX-- 
    CREATE OPERATOR CLASSXX-- 
    CREATE OPERATOR FAMILYXX-- 
    CREATE POLICYXX-- 
    CREATE PROCEDUREXX-- 
    CREATE PUBLICATIONXX-- 
    CREATE RULEXX-- 
    CREATE SCHEMAXX-- 
    CREATE SEQUENCEXX-- 
    CREATE SERVERXX-- 
    CREATE STATISTICSXX-- 
    CREATE SUBSCRIPTIONXX-- 
    CREATE TABLEXX-- 
    CREATE TABLE ASXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATIONXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARYXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSERXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATEXX-- 
    CREATE TRIGGERXX-- 
    CREATE TYPEXX-- 
    CREATE USER MAPPINGXX-- 
    CREATE VIEWXX-- 
    DROP ACCESS METHODXXX- 
    DROP AGGREGATEXXX- 
    DROP CASTXXX- 
    DROP COLLATIONXXX- 
    DROP CONVERSIONXXX- 
    DROP DOMAINXXX- 
    DROP EXTENSIONXXX- 
    DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPERXXX- 
    DROP FOREIGN TABLEXXX- 
    DROP FUNCTIONXXX- 
    DROP INDEXXXX- 
    DROP LANGUAGEXXX- 
    DROP MATERIALIZED VIEWXXX- 
    DROP OPERATORXXX- 
    DROP OPERATOR CLASSXXX- 
    DROP OPERATOR FAMILYXXX- 
    DROP OWNEDXXX- 
    DROP POLICYXXX- 
    DROP PROCEDUREXXX- 
    DROP PUBLICATIONXXX- 
    DROP ROUTINEXXX- 
    DROP RULEXXX- 
    DROP SCHEMAXXX- 
    DROP SEQUENCEXXX- 
    DROP SERVERXXX- 
    DROP STATISTICSXXX- 
    DROP SUBSCRIPTIONXXX- 
    DROP TABLEXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATIONXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARYXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSERXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATEXXX- 
    DROP TRIGGERXXX- 
    DROP TYPEXXX- 
    DROP USER MAPPINGXXX- 
    DROP VIEWXXX- 
    GRANTXX--Only for local objects
    IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMAXX-- 
    REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEWXX-- 
    REVOKEXX--Only for local objects
    SECURITY LABELXX--Only for local objects
    SELECT INTOXX-- 

    Prev Up Next
    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior Home 40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Table 40.1. Event Trigger Support by Command Tag

    Command Tagddl_​command_​startddl_​command_​endsql_​droptable_​rewriteNotes
    ALTER AGGREGATEXX-- 
    ALTER COLLATIONXX-- 
    ALTER CONVERSIONXX-- 
    ALTER DOMAINXX-- 
    ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGESXX-- 
    ALTER EXTENSIONXX-- 
    ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPERXX-- 
    ALTER FOREIGN TABLEXXX- 
    ALTER FUNCTIONXX-- 
    ALTER LANGUAGEXX-- 
    ALTER LARGE OBJECTXX-- 
    ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEWXX-X 
    ALTER OPERATORXX-- 
    ALTER OPERATOR CLASSXX-- 
    ALTER OPERATOR FAMILYXX-- 
    ALTER POLICYXX-- 
    ALTER PROCEDUREXX-- 
    ALTER PUBLICATIONXX-- 
    ALTER ROUTINEXX-- 
    ALTER SCHEMAXX-- 
    ALTER SEQUENCEXX-- 
    ALTER SERVERXX-- 
    ALTER STATISTICSXX-- 
    ALTER SUBSCRIPTIONXX-- 
    ALTER TABLEXXXX 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATIONXX-- 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARYXX-- 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSERXX-- 
    ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATEXX-- 
    ALTER TRIGGERXX-- 
    ALTER TYPEXX-X 
    ALTER USER MAPPINGXX-- 
    ALTER VIEWXX-- 
    COMMENTXX--Only for local objects
    CREATE ACCESS METHODXX-- 
    CREATE AGGREGATEXX-- 
    CREATE CASTXX-- 
    CREATE COLLATIONXX-- 
    CREATE CONVERSIONXX-- 
    CREATE DOMAINXX-- 
    CREATE EXTENSIONXX-- 
    CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPERXX-- 
    CREATE FOREIGN TABLEXX-- 
    CREATE FUNCTIONXX-- 
    CREATE INDEXXX-- 
    CREATE LANGUAGEXX-- 
    CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEWXX-- 
    CREATE OPERATORXX-- 
    CREATE OPERATOR CLASSXX-- 
    CREATE OPERATOR FAMILYXX-- 
    CREATE POLICYXX-- 
    CREATE PROCEDUREXX-- 
    CREATE PUBLICATIONXX-- 
    CREATE RULEXX-- 
    CREATE SCHEMAXX-- 
    CREATE SEQUENCEXX-- 
    CREATE SERVERXX-- 
    CREATE STATISTICSXX-- 
    CREATE SUBSCRIPTIONXX-- 
    CREATE TABLEXX-- 
    CREATE TABLE ASXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATIONXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARYXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSERXX-- 
    CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATEXX-- 
    CREATE TRIGGERXX-- 
    CREATE TYPEXX-- 
    CREATE USER MAPPINGXX-- 
    CREATE VIEWXX-- 
    DROP ACCESS METHODXXX- 
    DROP AGGREGATEXXX- 
    DROP CASTXXX- 
    DROP COLLATIONXXX- 
    DROP CONVERSIONXXX- 
    DROP DOMAINXXX- 
    DROP EXTENSIONXXX- 
    DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPERXXX- 
    DROP FOREIGN TABLEXXX- 
    DROP FUNCTIONXXX- 
    DROP INDEXXXX- 
    DROP LANGUAGEXXX- 
    DROP MATERIALIZED VIEWXXX- 
    DROP OPERATORXXX- 
    DROP OPERATOR CLASSXXX- 
    DROP OPERATOR FAMILYXXX- 
    DROP OWNEDXXX- 
    DROP POLICYXXX- 
    DROP PROCEDUREXXX- 
    DROP PUBLICATIONXXX- 
    DROP ROUTINEXXX- 
    DROP RULEXXX- 
    DROP SCHEMAXXX- 
    DROP SEQUENCEXXX- 
    DROP SERVERXXX- 
    DROP STATISTICSXXX- 
    DROP SUBSCRIPTIONXXX- 
    DROP TABLEXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATIONXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARYXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSERXXX- 
    DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATEXXX- 
    DROP TRIGGERXXX- 
    DROP TYPEXXX- 
    DROP USER MAPPINGXXX- 
    DROP VIEWXXX- 
    GRANTXX--Only for local objects
    IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMAXX-- 
    REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEWXX-- 
    REVOKEXX--Only for local objects
    SECURITY LABELXX--Only for local objects
    SELECT INTOXX-- 

    Prev Up Next
    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior Home 40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example
    40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example
    Prev UpChapter 40. Event TriggersHome Next

    40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example

    +40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example

    40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example
    Prev UpChapter 40. Event TriggersHome Next

    40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example

    Thanks to the table_rewrite event, it is possible to implement a table rewriting policy only allowing the rewrite in maintenance windows.

    @@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ ON table_rewrite EXECUTE FUNCTION no_rewrite();

    -

    Prev Up Next
    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example Home Chapter 41. The Rule System
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example Home Chapter 41. The Rule System
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-triggers.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-triggers.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/event-triggers.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/event-triggers.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 40. Event Triggers
    Chapter 40. Event Triggers
    Prev UpPart V. Server ProgrammingHome Next

    Chapter 40. Event Triggers

    Table of Contents

    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
    40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example
    40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example

    +Chapter 40. Event Triggers

    Chapter 40. Event Triggers
    Prev UpPart V. Server ProgrammingHome Next

    Chapter 40. Event Triggers

    Table of Contents

    40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
    40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
    40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
    40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example
    40.5. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example

    To supplement the trigger mechanism discussed in Chapter 39, PostgreSQL also provides event triggers. Unlike regular triggers, which are attached to a single table and capture only DML events, @@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ Like regular triggers, event triggers can be written in any procedural language that includes event trigger support, or in C, but not in plain SQL. -

    Prev Up Next
    39.4. A Complete Trigger Example Home 40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    39.4. A Complete Trigger Example Home 40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/executor.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/executor.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/executor.html 2026-02-23 22:14:38.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/executor.html 2026-05-11 20:02:50.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -52.6. Executor
    52.6. Executor
    Prev UpChapter 52. Overview of PostgreSQL InternalsHome Next

    52.6. Executor

    +52.6. Executor

    52.6. Executor
    Prev UpChapter 52. Overview of PostgreSQL InternalsHome Next

    52.6. Executor

    The executor takes the plan created by the planner/optimizer and recursively processes it to extract the required set of rows. This is essentially a demand-pull pipeline mechanism. @@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ trivial plan tree consisting of a single Result node, which computes just one result row, feeding that up to ModifyTable to perform the insertion. -

    Prev Up Next
    52.5. Planner/Optimizer Home Chapter 53. System Catalogs
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    52.5. Planner/Optimizer Home Chapter 53. System Catalogs
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-joins.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-joins.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-joins.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-joins.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
    14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
    Prev UpChapter 14. Performance TipsHome Next

    14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses

    +14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses

    14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
    Prev UpChapter 14. Performance TipsHome Next

    14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses

    It is possible to control the query planner to some extent by using the explicit JOIN syntax. To see why this matters, we first need some background. @@ -141,4 +141,4 @@ to control join order with explicit joins). But you might set them differently if you are trying to fine-tune the trade-off between planning time and run time. -

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    14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner Home 14.4. Populating a Database
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner Home 14.4. Populating a Database
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-locking.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-locking.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-locking.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/explicit-locking.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -13.3. Explicit Locking
    13.3. Explicit Locking
    Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

    13.3. Explicit Locking

    13.3.1. Table-Level Locks
    13.3.2. Row-Level Locks
    13.3.3. Page-Level Locks
    13.3.4. Deadlocks
    13.3.5. Advisory Locks

    +13.3. Explicit Locking

    13.3. Explicit Locking
    Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

    13.3. Explicit Locking

    13.3.1. Table-Level Locks
    13.3.2. Row-Level Locks
    13.3.3. Page-Level Locks
    13.3.4. Deadlocks
    13.3.5. Advisory Locks

    PostgreSQL provides various lock modes to control concurrent access to data in tables. These modes can be used for application-controlled locking in situations where @@ -393,4 +393,4 @@

    The functions provided to manipulate advisory locks are described in Section 9.27.10. -

    Prev Up Next
    13.2. Transaction Isolation Home 13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    13.2. Transaction Isolation Home 13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-extensions.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-extensions.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-extensions.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-extensions.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension

    38.17.1. Extension Files
    38.17.2. Extension Relocatability
    38.17.3. Extension Configuration Tables
    38.17.4. Extension Updates
    38.17.5. Installing Extensions Using Update Scripts
    38.17.6. Security Considerations for Extensions
    38.17.7. Extension Example

    +38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension

    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension

    38.17.1. Extension Files
    38.17.2. Extension Relocatability
    38.17.3. Extension Configuration Tables
    38.17.4. Extension Updates
    38.17.5. Installing Extensions Using Update Scripts
    38.17.6. Security Considerations for Extensions
    38.17.7. Extension Example

    A useful extension to PostgreSQL typically includes multiple SQL objects; for example, a new data type will require new functions, new operators, and probably new index operator classes. @@ -623,4 +623,4 @@ Once the files are installed, use the CREATE EXTENSION command to load the objects into any particular database. -

    Prev Up Next
    38.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes Home 38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    38.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes Home 38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-how.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-how.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-how.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-how.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -38.1. How Extensibility Works
    38.1. How Extensibility Works
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.1. How Extensibility Works

    +38.1. How Extensibility Works

    38.1. How Extensibility Works
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.1. How Extensibility Works

    PostgreSQL is extensible because its operation is catalog-driven. If you are familiar with standard relational database systems, you know that they store information @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ fly” makes PostgreSQL uniquely suited for rapid prototyping of new applications and storage structures. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 38. Extending SQL Home 38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 38. Extending SQL Home 38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-pgxs.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-pgxs.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-pgxs.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-pgxs.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure
    38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure

    +38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure

    38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure

    If you are thinking about distributing your PostgreSQL extension modules, setting up a portable build system for them can be fairly difficult. Therefore @@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ output_iso/results/ directory (for tests in ISOLATION), then copy them to expected/ if they match what you expect from the test. -

    Prev Up Next
    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension Home Chapter 39. Triggers
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension Home Chapter 39. Triggers
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-type-system.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-type-system.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-type-system.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend-type-system.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System

    38.2.1. Base Types
    38.2.2. Container Types
    38.2.3. Domains
    38.2.4. Pseudo-Types
    38.2.5. Polymorphic Types

    +38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System

    38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    Prev UpChapter 38. Extending SQLHome Next

    38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System

    38.2.1. Base Types
    38.2.2. Container Types
    38.2.3. Domains
    38.2.4. Pseudo-Types
    38.2.5. Polymorphic Types

    PostgreSQL data types can be divided into base types, container types, domains, and pseudo-types.

    38.2.1. Base Types

    @@ -219,4 +219,4 @@ the same as if you had written the appropriate number of anynonarray or anycompatiblenonarray parameters. -

    Prev Up Next
    38.1. How Extensibility Works Home 38.3. User-Defined Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    38.1. How Extensibility Works Home 38.3. User-Defined Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/extend.html 2026-02-23 22:14:29.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/extend.html 2026-05-11 20:02:41.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 38. Extending SQL
    Chapter 38. Extending SQL
    Prev UpPart V. Server ProgrammingHome Next

    Chapter 38. Extending SQL

    Table of Contents

    38.1. How Extensibility Works
    38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    38.2.1. Base Types
    38.2.2. Container Types
    38.2.3. Domains
    38.2.4. Pseudo-Types
    38.2.5. Polymorphic Types
    38.3. User-Defined Functions
    38.4. User-Defined Procedures
    38.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions
    38.5.1. Arguments for SQL Functions
    38.5.2. SQL Functions on Base Types
    38.5.3. SQL Functions on Composite Types
    38.5.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters
    38.5.5. SQL Procedures with Output Parameters
    38.5.6. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
    38.5.7. SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments
    38.5.8. SQL Functions as Table Sources
    38.5.9. SQL Functions Returning Sets
    38.5.10. SQL Functions Returning TABLE
    38.5.11. Polymorphic SQL Functions
    38.5.12. SQL Functions with Collations
    38.6. Function Overloading
    38.7. Function Volatility Categories
    38.8. Procedural Language Functions
    38.9. Internal Functions
    38.10. C-Language Functions
    38.10.1. Dynamic Loading
    38.10.2. Base Types in C-Language Functions
    38.10.3. Version 1 Calling Conventions
    38.10.4. Writing Code
    38.10.5. Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
    38.10.6. Composite-Type Arguments
    38.10.7. Returning Rows (Composite Types)
    38.10.8. Returning Sets
    38.10.9. Polymorphic Arguments and Return Types
    38.10.10. Shared Memory and LWLocks
    38.10.11. Using C++ for Extensibility
    38.11. Function Optimization Information
    38.12. User-Defined Aggregates
    38.12.1. Moving-Aggregate Mode
    38.12.2. Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
    38.12.3. Ordered-Set Aggregates
    38.12.4. Partial Aggregation
    38.12.5. Support Functions for Aggregates
    38.13. User-Defined Types
    38.13.1. TOAST Considerations
    38.14. User-Defined Operators
    38.15. Operator Optimization Information
    38.15.1. COMMUTATOR
    38.15.2. NEGATOR
    38.15.3. RESTRICT
    38.15.4. JOIN
    38.15.5. HASHES
    38.15.6. MERGES
    38.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes
    38.16.1. Index Methods and Operator Classes
    38.16.2. Index Method Strategies
    38.16.3. Index Method Support Routines
    38.16.4. An Example
    38.16.5. Operator Classes and Operator Families
    38.16.6. System Dependencies on Operator Classes
    38.16.7. Ordering Operators
    38.16.8. Special Features of Operator Classes
    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
    38.17.1. Extension Files
    38.17.2. Extension Relocatability
    38.17.3. Extension Configuration Tables
    38.17.4. Extension Updates
    38.17.5. Installing Extensions Using Update Scripts
    38.17.6. Security Considerations for Extensions
    38.17.7. Extension Example
    38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure

    +Chapter 38. Extending SQL

    Chapter 38. Extending SQL
    Prev UpPart V. Server ProgrammingHome Next

    Chapter 38. Extending SQL

    Table of Contents

    38.1. How Extensibility Works
    38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
    38.2.1. Base Types
    38.2.2. Container Types
    38.2.3. Domains
    38.2.4. Pseudo-Types
    38.2.5. Polymorphic Types
    38.3. User-Defined Functions
    38.4. User-Defined Procedures
    38.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions
    38.5.1. Arguments for SQL Functions
    38.5.2. SQL Functions on Base Types
    38.5.3. SQL Functions on Composite Types
    38.5.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters
    38.5.5. SQL Procedures with Output Parameters
    38.5.6. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
    38.5.7. SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments
    38.5.8. SQL Functions as Table Sources
    38.5.9. SQL Functions Returning Sets
    38.5.10. SQL Functions Returning TABLE
    38.5.11. Polymorphic SQL Functions
    38.5.12. SQL Functions with Collations
    38.6. Function Overloading
    38.7. Function Volatility Categories
    38.8. Procedural Language Functions
    38.9. Internal Functions
    38.10. C-Language Functions
    38.10.1. Dynamic Loading
    38.10.2. Base Types in C-Language Functions
    38.10.3. Version 1 Calling Conventions
    38.10.4. Writing Code
    38.10.5. Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
    38.10.6. Composite-Type Arguments
    38.10.7. Returning Rows (Composite Types)
    38.10.8. Returning Sets
    38.10.9. Polymorphic Arguments and Return Types
    38.10.10. Shared Memory and LWLocks
    38.10.11. Using C++ for Extensibility
    38.11. Function Optimization Information
    38.12. User-Defined Aggregates
    38.12.1. Moving-Aggregate Mode
    38.12.2. Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
    38.12.3. Ordered-Set Aggregates
    38.12.4. Partial Aggregation
    38.12.5. Support Functions for Aggregates
    38.13. User-Defined Types
    38.13.1. TOAST Considerations
    38.14. User-Defined Operators
    38.15. Operator Optimization Information
    38.15.1. COMMUTATOR
    38.15.2. NEGATOR
    38.15.3. RESTRICT
    38.15.4. JOIN
    38.15.5. HASHES
    38.15.6. MERGES
    38.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes
    38.16.1. Index Methods and Operator Classes
    38.16.2. Index Method Strategies
    38.16.3. Index Method Support Routines
    38.16.4. An Example
    38.16.5. Operator Classes and Operator Families
    38.16.6. System Dependencies on Operator Classes
    38.16.7. Ordering Operators
    38.16.8. Special Features of Operator Classes
    38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
    38.17.1. Extension Files
    38.17.2. Extension Relocatability
    38.17.3. Extension Configuration Tables
    38.17.4. Extension Updates
    38.17.5. Installing Extensions Using Update Scripts
    38.17.6. Security Considerations for Extensions
    38.17.7. Extension Example
    38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure

    In the sections that follow, we will discuss how you can extend the PostgreSQL SQL query language by adding: @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@

  • packages of related objects (starting in Section 38.17)

    • -

    Prev Up Next
    Part V. Server Programming Home 38.1. How Extensibility Works
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Part V. Server Programming Home 38.1. How Extensibility Works
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-admin-tools.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-admin-tools.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-admin-tools.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-admin-tools.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -H.2. Administration Tools
    H.2. Administration Tools
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.2. Administration Tools

    +H.2. Administration Tools

    H.2. Administration Tools
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.2. Administration Tools

    There are several administration tools available for PostgreSQL. The most popular is pgAdmin, and there are several commercially available ones as well. -

    Prev Up Next
    H.1. Client Interfaces Home H.3. Procedural Languages
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    H.1. Client Interfaces Home H.3. Procedural Languages
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-extensions.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-extensions.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-extensions.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-extensions.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -H.4. Extensions
    H.4. Extensions
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.4. Extensions

    +H.4. Extensions

    H.4. Extensions
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.4. Extensions

    PostgreSQL is designed to be easily extensible. For this reason, extensions loaded into the database can function just like features that are built in. The @@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ externally. For example, Slony-I is a popular primary/standby replication solution that is developed independently from the core project. -

    Prev Up Next
    H.3. Procedural Languages Home Appendix I. The Source Code Repository
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    H.3. Procedural Languages Home Appendix I. The Source Code Repository
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-interfaces.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-interfaces.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-interfaces.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-interfaces.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -H.1. Client Interfaces
    H.1. Client Interfaces
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.1. Client Interfaces

    +H.1. Client Interfaces

    H.1. Client Interfaces
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.1. Client Interfaces

    There are only two client interfaces included in the base PostgreSQL distribution:

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix H. External Projects Home H.2. Administration Tools
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix H. External Projects Home H.2. Administration Tools
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-pl.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-pl.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-pl.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-pl.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -H.3. Procedural Languages
    H.3. Procedural Languages
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.3. Procedural Languages

    +H.3. Procedural Languages

    H.3. Procedural Languages
    Prev UpAppendix H. External ProjectsHome Next

    H.3. Procedural Languages

    PostgreSQL includes several procedural languages with the base distribution: PL/pgSQL, PL/Tcl, PL/Perl, and PL/Python. @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ and documentation.

    https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PL_Matrix -

    Prev Up Next
    H.2. Administration Tools Home H.4. Extensions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    H.2. Administration Tools Home H.4. Extensions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-projects.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-projects.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/external-projects.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/external-projects.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -Appendix H. External Projects
    Appendix H. External Projects
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix H. External Projects

    Table of Contents

    H.1. Client Interfaces
    H.2. Administration Tools
    H.3. Procedural Languages
    H.4. Extensions

    +Appendix H. External Projects

    Appendix H. External Projects
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix H. External Projects

    Table of Contents

    H.1. Client Interfaces
    H.2. Administration Tools
    H.3. Procedural Languages
    H.4. Extensions

    PostgreSQL is a complex software project, and managing the project is difficult. We have found that many enhancements to PostgreSQL can be more efficiently developed separately from the core project. -

    Prev Up Next
    G.2. Server Applications Home H.1. Client Interfaces
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    G.2. Server Applications Home H.1. Client Interfaces
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/fdw-callbacks.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/fdw-callbacks.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/fdw-callbacks.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/fdw-callbacks.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
    59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
    Prev UpChapter 59. Writing a Foreign Data WrapperHome Next

    59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines

    59.2.1. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Tables
    59.2.2. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Joins
    59.2.3. FDW Routines for Planning Post-Scan/Join Processing
    59.2.4. FDW Routines for Updating Foreign Tables
    59.2.5. FDW Routines for TRUNCATE
    59.2.6. FDW Routines for Row Locking
    59.2.7. FDW Routines for EXPLAIN
    59.2.8. FDW Routines for ANALYZE
    59.2.9. FDW Routines for IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
    59.2.10. FDW Routines for Parallel Execution
    59.2.11. FDW Routines for Asynchronous Execution
    59.2.12. FDW Routines for Reparameterization of Paths

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    59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines

    59.2.1. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Tables
    59.2.2. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Joins
    59.2.3. FDW Routines for Planning Post-Scan/Join Processing
    59.2.4. FDW Routines for Updating Foreign Tables
    59.2.5. FDW Routines for TRUNCATE
    59.2.6. FDW Routines for Row Locking
    59.2.7. FDW Routines for EXPLAIN
    59.2.8. FDW Routines for ANALYZE
    59.2.9. FDW Routines for IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
    59.2.10. FDW Routines for Parallel Execution
    59.2.11. FDW Routines for Asynchronous Execution
    59.2.12. FDW Routines for Reparameterization of Paths

    The FDW handler function returns a palloc'd FdwRoutine struct containing pointers to the callback functions described below. The scan-related functions are required, the rest are optional. @@ -1254,4 +1254,4 @@ callback may use reparameterize_path_by_child, adjust_appendrel_attrs or adjust_appendrel_attrs_multilevel as required. -

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    The FDW author needs to implement a handler function, and optionally a validator function. Both functions must be written in a compiled language such as C, using the version-1 interface. @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

    • AttributeRelationId

    • ForeignDataWrapperRelationId

    • ForeignServerRelationId

    • ForeignTableRelationId

    • UserMappingRelationId

    If no validator function is supplied, options are not checked at object creation time or object alteration time. -

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    59.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
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    Several helper functions are exported from the core server so that authors of foreign data wrappers can get easy access to attributes of FDW-related objects, such as FDW options. @@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ This function returns a ForeignServer object for the foreign server with the given name. If the server is not found, return NULL if missing_ok is true, otherwise raise an error. -

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    59.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
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    59.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning

    The FDW callback functions GetForeignRelSize, GetForeignPaths, GetForeignPlan, PlanForeignModify, GetForeignJoinPaths, @@ -188,4 +188,4 @@ exclusion constraints on remote tables are not locally known. This in turn implies that ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE is not supported, since the specification is mandatory there. -

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    59.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers

    If an FDW's underlying storage mechanism has a concept of locking individual rows to prevent concurrent updates of those rows, it is usually worthwhile for the FDW to perform row-level locking with as @@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ in src/include/nodes/plannodes.h, and the comments for ExecRowMark in src/include/nodes/execnodes.h for additional information. -

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    Chapter 59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
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    Chapter 59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper

    Table of Contents

    59.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions
    59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
    59.2.1. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Tables
    59.2.2. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Joins
    59.2.3. FDW Routines for Planning Post-Scan/Join Processing
    59.2.4. FDW Routines for Updating Foreign Tables
    59.2.5. FDW Routines for TRUNCATE
    59.2.6. FDW Routines for Row Locking
    59.2.7. FDW Routines for EXPLAIN
    59.2.8. FDW Routines for ANALYZE
    59.2.9. FDW Routines for IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
    59.2.10. FDW Routines for Parallel Execution
    59.2.11. FDW Routines for Asynchronous Execution
    59.2.12. FDW Routines for Reparameterization of Paths
    59.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
    59.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
    59.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers

    +Chapter 59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper

    Chapter 59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
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    D.1. Supported Features
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    D.1. Supported Features

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    D.1. Supported Features

    IdentifierCore?DescriptionComment
    B012 Embedded C 
    B021 Direct SQL 
    B128 Routine language SQL 
    E011CoreNumeric data types 
    E011-01CoreINTEGER and SMALLINT data types 
    E011-02CoreREAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, and FLOAT data types 
    E011-03CoreDECIMAL and NUMERIC data types 
    E011-04CoreArithmetic operators 
    E011-05CoreNumeric comparison 
    E011-06CoreImplicit casting among the numeric data types 
    E021CoreCharacter data types 
    E021-01CoreCHARACTER data type 
    E021-02CoreCHARACTER VARYING data type 
    E021-03CoreCharacter literals 
    E021-04CoreCHARACTER_LENGTH functiontrims trailing spaces from CHARACTER values before counting
    E021-05CoreOCTET_LENGTH function 
    E021-06CoreSUBSTRING function 
    E021-07CoreCharacter concatenation 
    E021-08CoreUPPER and LOWER functions 
    E021-09CoreTRIM function 
    E021-10CoreImplicit casting among the character string types 
    E021-11CorePOSITION function 
    E021-12CoreCharacter comparison 
    E031CoreIdentifiers 
    E031-01CoreDelimited identifiers 
    E031-02CoreLower case identifiers 
    E031-03CoreTrailing underscore 
    E051CoreBasic query specification 
    E051-01CoreSELECT DISTINCT 
    E051-02CoreGROUP BY clause 
    E051-04CoreGROUP BY can contain columns not in <select list> 
    E051-05CoreSelect list items can be renamed 
    E051-06CoreHAVING clause 
    E051-07CoreQualified * in select list 
    E051-08CoreCorrelation names in the FROM clause 
    E051-09CoreRename columns in the FROM clause 
    E061CoreBasic predicates and search conditions 
    E061-01CoreComparison predicate 
    E061-02CoreBETWEEN predicate 
    E061-03CoreIN predicate with list of values 
    E061-04CoreLIKE predicate 
    E061-05CoreLIKE predicate ESCAPE clause 
    E061-06CoreNULL predicate 
    E061-07CoreQuantified comparison predicate 
    E061-08CoreEXISTS predicate 
    E061-09CoreSubqueries in comparison predicate 
    E061-11CoreSubqueries in IN predicate 
    E061-12CoreSubqueries in quantified comparison predicate 
    E061-13CoreCorrelated subqueries 
    E061-14CoreSearch condition 
    E071CoreBasic query expressions 
    E071-01CoreUNION DISTINCT table operator 
    E071-02CoreUNION ALL table operator 
    E071-03CoreEXCEPT DISTINCT table operator 
    E071-05CoreColumns combined via table operators need not have exactly the same data type 
    E071-06CoreTable operators in subqueries 
    E081CoreBasic Privileges 
    E081-01CoreSELECT privilege 
    E081-02CoreDELETE privilege 
    E081-03CoreINSERT privilege at the table level 
    E081-04CoreUPDATE privilege at the table level 
    E081-05CoreUPDATE privilege at the column level 
    E081-06CoreREFERENCES privilege at the table level 
    E081-07CoreREFERENCES privilege at the column level 
    E081-08CoreWITH GRANT OPTION 
    E081-09CoreUSAGE privilege 
    E081-10CoreEXECUTE privilege 
    E091CoreSet functions 
    E091-01CoreAVG 
    E091-02CoreCOUNT 
    E091-03CoreMAX 
    E091-04CoreMIN 
    E091-05CoreSUM 
    E091-06CoreALL quantifier 
    E091-07CoreDISTINCT quantifier 
    E101CoreBasic data manipulation 
    E101-01CoreINSERT statement 
    E101-03CoreSearched UPDATE statement 
    E101-04CoreSearched DELETE statement 
    E111CoreSingle row SELECT statement 
    E121CoreBasic cursor support 
    E121-01CoreDECLARE CURSOR 
    E121-02CoreORDER BY columns need not be in select list 
    E121-03CoreValue expressions in ORDER BY clause 
    E121-04CoreOPEN statement 
    E121-06CorePositioned UPDATE statement 
    E121-07CorePositioned DELETE statement 
    E121-08CoreCLOSE statement 
    E121-10CoreFETCH statement implicit NEXT 
    E121-17CoreWITH HOLD cursors 
    E131CoreNull value support (nulls in lieu of values) 
    E141CoreBasic integrity constraints 
    E141-01CoreNOT NULL constraints 
    E141-02CoreUNIQUE constraints of NOT NULL columns 
    E141-03CorePRIMARY KEY constraints 
    E141-04CoreBasic FOREIGN KEY constraint with the NO ACTION default for both referential delete action and referential update action 
    E141-06CoreCHECK constraints 
    E141-07CoreColumn defaults 
    E141-08CoreNOT NULL inferred on PRIMARY KEY 
    E141-10CoreNames in a foreign key can be specified in any order 
    E151CoreTransaction support 
    E151-01CoreCOMMIT statement 
    E151-02CoreROLLBACK statement 
    E152CoreBasic SET TRANSACTION statement 
    E152-01CoreSET TRANSACTION statement: ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE clause 
    E152-02CoreSET TRANSACTION statement: READ ONLY and READ WRITE clauses 
    E153CoreUpdatable queries with subqueries 
    E161CoreSQL comments using leading double minus 
    E171CoreSQLSTATE support 
    E182CoreHost language binding 
    F021CoreBasic information schema 
    F021-01CoreCOLUMNS view 
    F021-02CoreTABLES view 
    F021-03CoreVIEWS view 
    F021-04CoreTABLE_CONSTRAINTS view 
    F021-05CoreREFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS view 
    F021-06CoreCHECK_CONSTRAINTS view 
    F031CoreBasic schema manipulation 
    F031-01CoreCREATE TABLE statement to create persistent base tables 
    F031-02CoreCREATE VIEW statement 
    F031-03CoreGRANT statement 
    F031-04CoreALTER TABLE statement: ADD COLUMN clause 
    F031-13CoreDROP TABLE statement: RESTRICT clause 
    F031-16CoreDROP VIEW statement: RESTRICT clause 
    F031-19CoreREVOKE statement: RESTRICT clause 
    F032 CASCADE drop behavior 
    F033 ALTER TABLE statement: DROP COLUMN clause 
    F034 Extended REVOKE statement 
    F034-01 REVOKE statement performed by other than the owner of a schema object 
    F034-02 REVOKE statement: GRANT OPTION FOR clause 
    F034-03 REVOKE statement to revoke a privilege that the grantee has WITH GRANT OPTION 
    F041CoreBasic joined table 
    F041-01CoreInner join (but not necessarily the INNER keyword) 
    F041-02CoreINNER keyword 
    F041-03CoreLEFT OUTER JOIN 
    F041-04CoreRIGHT OUTER JOIN 
    F041-05CoreOuter joins can be nested 
    F041-07CoreThe inner table in a left or right outer join can also be used in an inner join 
    F041-08CoreAll comparison operators are supported (rather than just =) 
    F051CoreBasic date and time 
    F051-01CoreDATE data type (including support of DATE literal) 
    F051-02CoreTIME data type (including support of TIME literal) with fractional seconds precision of at least 0 
    F051-03CoreTIMESTAMP data type (including support of TIMESTAMP literal) with fractional seconds precision of at least 0 and 6 
    F051-04CoreComparison predicate on DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP data types 
    F051-05CoreExplicit CAST between datetime types and character string types 
    F051-06CoreCURRENT_DATE 
    F051-07CoreLOCALTIME 
    F051-08CoreLOCALTIMESTAMP 
    F052 Intervals and datetime arithmetic 
    F053 OVERLAPS predicate 
    F081CoreUNION and EXCEPT in views 
    F111 Isolation levels other than SERIALIZABLE 
    F111-01 READ UNCOMMITTED isolation level 
    F111-02 READ COMMITTED isolation level 
    F111-03 REPEATABLE READ isolation level 
    F131CoreGrouped operations 
    F131-01CoreWHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses supported in queries with grouped views 
    F131-02CoreMultiple tables supported in queries with grouped views 
    F131-03CoreSet functions supported in queries with grouped views 
    F131-04CoreSubqueries with GROUP BY and HAVING clauses and grouped views 
    F131-05CoreSingle row SELECT with GROUP BY and HAVING clauses and grouped views 
    F171 Multiple schemas per user 
    F181CoreMultiple module support 
    F191 Referential delete actions 
    F200 TRUNCATE TABLE statement 
    F201CoreCAST function 
    F202 TRUNCATE TABLE: identity column restart option 
    F221CoreExplicit defaults 
    F222 INSERT statement: DEFAULT VALUES clause 
    F231 Privilege tables 
    F231-01 TABLE_PRIVILEGES view 
    F231-02 COLUMN_PRIVILEGES view 
    F231-03 USAGE_PRIVILEGES view 
    F251 Domain support 
    F261CoreCASE expression 
    F261-01CoreSimple CASE 
    F261-02CoreSearched CASE 
    F261-03CoreNULLIF 
    F261-04CoreCOALESCE 
    F262 Extended CASE expression 
    F271 Compound character literals 
    F281 LIKE enhancements 
    F292 UNIQUE null treatmentSQL:202x draft
    F302 INTERSECT table operator 
    F302-01 INTERSECT DISTINCT table operator 
    F302-02 INTERSECT ALL table operator 
    F304 EXCEPT ALL table operator 
    F311CoreSchema definition statement 
    F311-01CoreCREATE SCHEMA 
    F311-02CoreCREATE TABLE for persistent base tables 
    F311-03CoreCREATE VIEW 
    F311-04CoreCREATE VIEW: WITH CHECK OPTION 
    F311-05CoreGRANT statement 
    F312 MERGE statement 
    F313 Enhanced MERGE statement 
    F314 MERGE statement with DELETE branch 
    F321 User authorization 
    F341 Usage tables 
    F361 Subprogram support 
    F381 Extended schema manipulation 
    F381-01 ALTER TABLE statement: ALTER COLUMN clause 
    F381-02 ALTER TABLE statement: ADD CONSTRAINT clause 
    F381-03 ALTER TABLE statement: DROP CONSTRAINT clause 
    F382 Alter column data type 
    F383 Set column not null clause 
    F384 Drop identity property clause 
    F385 Drop column generation expression clause 
    F386 Set identity column generation clause 
    F391 Long identifiers 
    F392 Unicode escapes in identifiers 
    F393 Unicode escapes in literals 
    F394 Optional normal form specification 
    F401 Extended joined table 
    F401-01 NATURAL JOIN 
    F401-02 FULL OUTER JOIN 
    F401-04 CROSS JOIN 
    F402 Named column joins for LOBs, arrays, and multisets 
    F404 Range variable for common column names 
    F411 Time zone specificationdifferences regarding literal interpretation
    F421 National character 
    F431 Read-only scrollable cursors 
    F431-01 FETCH with explicit NEXT 
    F431-02 FETCH FIRST 
    F431-03 FETCH LAST 
    F431-04 FETCH PRIOR 
    F431-05 FETCH ABSOLUTE 
    F431-06 FETCH RELATIVE 
    F441 Extended set function support 
    F442 Mixed column references in set functions 
    F471CoreScalar subquery values 
    F481CoreExpanded NULL predicate 
    F491 Constraint management 
    F501CoreFeatures and conformance views 
    F501-01CoreSQL_FEATURES view 
    F501-02CoreSQL_SIZING view 
    F502 Enhanced documentation tables 
    F531 Temporary tables 
    F555 Enhanced seconds precision 
    F561 Full value expressions 
    F571 Truth value tests 
    F591 Derived tables 
    F611 Indicator data types 
    F641 Row and table constructors 
    F651 Catalog name qualifiers 
    F661 Simple tables 
    F672 Retrospective check constraints 
    F690 Collation supportbut no character set support
    F692 Extended collation support 
    F701 Referential update actions 
    F711 ALTER domain 
    F731 INSERT column privileges 
    F751 View CHECK enhancements 
    F761 Session management 
    F762 CURRENT_CATALOG 
    F763 CURRENT_SCHEMA 
    F771 Connection management 
    F781 Self-referencing operations 
    F791 Insensitive cursors 
    F801 Full set function 
    F850 Top-level <order by clause> in <query expression> 
    F851 <order by clause> in subqueries 
    F852 Top-level <order by clause> in views 
    F855 Nested <order by clause> in <query expression> 
    F856 Nested <fetch first clause> in <query expression> 
    F857 Top-level <fetch first clause> in <query expression> 
    F858 <fetch first clause> in subqueries 
    F859 Top-level <fetch first clause> in views 
    F860 <fetch first row count> in <fetch first clause> 
    F861 Top-level <result offset clause> in <query expression> 
    F862 <result offset clause> in subqueries 
    F863 Nested <result offset clause> in <query expression> 
    F864 Top-level <result offset clause> in views 
    F865 <offset row count> in <result offset clause> 
    F867 FETCH FIRST clause: WITH TIES option 
    S071 SQL paths in function and type name resolution 
    S091-01 Arrays of built-in data types 
    S091-03 Array expressions 
    S092 Arrays of user-defined types 
    S095 Array constructors by query 
    S096 Optional array bounds 
    S098 ARRAY_AGG 
    S111 ONLY in query expressions 
    S201 SQL-invoked routines on arrays 
    S201-01 Array parameters 
    S201-02 Array as result type of functions 
    S211 User-defined cast functions 
    S301 Enhanced UNNEST 
    S404 TRIM_ARRAY 
    T031 BOOLEAN data type 
    T071 BIGINT data type 
    T121 WITH (excluding RECURSIVE) in query expression 
    T122 WITH (excluding RECURSIVE) in subquery 
    T131 Recursive query 
    T132 Recursive query in subquery 
    T133 Enhanced cycle mark valuesSQL:202x draft
    T141 SIMILAR predicate 
    T151 DISTINCT predicate 
    T152 DISTINCT predicate with negation 
    T171 LIKE clause in table definition 
    T172 AS subquery clause in table definition 
    T173 Extended LIKE clause in table definition 
    T174 Identity columns 
    T177 Sequence generator support: simple restart option 
    T178 Identity columns: simple restart option 
    T191 Referential action RESTRICT 
    T201 Comparable data types for referential constraints 
    T211-01 Triggers activated on UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE of one base table 
    T211-02 BEFORE triggers 
    T211-03 AFTER triggers 
    T211-04 FOR EACH ROW triggers 
    T211-05 Ability to specify a search condition that must be true before the trigger is invoked 
    T211-07 TRIGGER privilege 
    T212 Enhanced trigger capability 
    T213 INSTEAD OF triggers 
    T241 START TRANSACTION statement 
    T261 Chained transactions 
    T271 Savepoints 
    T281 SELECT privilege with column granularity 
    T285 Enhanced derived column names 
    T312 OVERLAY function 
    T321-01CoreUser-defined functions with no overloading 
    T321-02CoreUser-defined stored procedures with no overloading 
    T321-03CoreFunction invocation 
    T321-04CoreCALL statement 
    T321-05CoreRETURN statement 
    T321-06CoreROUTINES view 
    T321-07CorePARAMETERS view 
    T323 Explicit security for external routines 
    T325 Qualified SQL parameter references 
    T331 Basic roles 
    T332 Extended roles 
    T341 Overloading of SQL-invoked functions and procedures 
    T351 Bracketed SQL comments (/*...*/ comments) 
    T431 Extended grouping capabilities 
    T432 Nested and concatenated GROUPING SETS 
    T433 Multiargument GROUPING function 
    T434 GROUP BY DISTINCT 
    T441 ABS and MOD functions 
    T461 Symmetric BETWEEN predicate 
    T491 LATERAL derived table 
    T501 Enhanced EXISTS predicate 
    T521 Named arguments in CALL statement 
    T523 Default values for INOUT parameters of SQL-invoked procedures 
    T524 Named arguments in routine invocations other than a CALL statement 
    T525 Default values for parameters of SQL-invoked functions 
    T551 Optional key words for default syntax 
    T581 Regular expression substring function 
    T591 UNIQUE constraints of possibly null columns 
    T611 Elementary OLAP operations 
    T612 Advanced OLAP operations 
    T613 Sampling 
    T614 NTILE function 
    T615 LEAD and LAG functions 
    T617 FIRST_VALUE and LAST_VALUE function 
    T620 WINDOW clause: GROUPS option 
    T621 Enhanced numeric functions 
    T622 Trigonometric functions 
    T623 General logarithm functions 
    T624 Common logarithm functions 
    T631CoreIN predicate with one list element 
    T651 SQL-schema statements in SQL routines 
    T653 SQL-schema statements in external routines 
    T655 Cyclically dependent routines 
    T831 SQL/JSON path language: strict mode 
    T832 SQL/JSON path language: item method 
    T833 SQL/JSON path language: multiple subscripts 
    T834 SQL/JSON path language: wildcard member accessor 
    T835 SQL/JSON path language: filter expressions 
    T836 SQL/JSON path language: starts with predicate 
    T837 SQL/JSON path language: regex_like predicate 
    X010 XML type 
    X011 Arrays of XML type 
    X014 Attributes of XML type 
    X016 Persistent XML values 
    X020 XMLConcat 
    X031 XMLElement 
    X032 XMLForest 
    X034 XMLAgg 
    X035 XMLAgg: ORDER BY option 
    X036 XMLComment 
    X037 XMLPI 
    X040 Basic table mapping 
    X041 Basic table mapping: nulls absent 
    X042 Basic table mapping: null as nil 
    X043 Basic table mapping: table as forest 
    X044 Basic table mapping: table as element 
    X045 Basic table mapping: with target namespace 
    X046 Basic table mapping: data mapping 
    X047 Basic table mapping: metadata mapping 
    X048 Basic table mapping: base64 encoding of binary strings 
    X049 Basic table mapping: hex encoding of binary strings 
    X050 Advanced table mapping 
    X051 Advanced table mapping: nulls absent 
    X052 Advanced table mapping: null as nil 
    X053 Advanced table mapping: table as forest 
    X054 Advanced table mapping: table as element 
    X055 Advanced table mapping: with target namespace 
    X056 Advanced table mapping: data mapping 
    X057 Advanced table mapping: metadata mapping 
    X058 Advanced table mapping: base64 encoding of binary strings 
    X059 Advanced table mapping: hex encoding of binary strings 
    X060 XMLParse: character string input and CONTENT option 
    X061 XMLParse: character string input and DOCUMENT option 
    X070 XMLSerialize: character string serialization and CONTENT option 
    X071 XMLSerialize: character string serialization and DOCUMENT option 
    X072 XMLSerialize: character string serialization 
    X090 XML document predicate 
    X120 XML parameters in SQL routines 
    X121 XML parameters in external routines 
    X221 XML passing mechanism BY VALUE 
    X301 XMLTable: derived column list option 
    X302 XMLTable: ordinality column option 
    X303 XMLTable: column default option 
    X304 XMLTable: passing a context itemmust be XML DOCUMENT
    X400 Name and identifier mapping 
    X410 Alter column data type: XML type 

    -

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix D. SQL Conformance Home D.2. Unsupported Features
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix D. SQL Conformance Home D.2. Unsupported Features
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/features.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/features.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/features.html 2026-02-23 22:14:44.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/features.html 2026-05-11 20:02:55.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Appendix D. SQL Conformance
    Appendix D. SQL Conformance
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix D. SQL Conformance

    Table of Contents

    D.1. Supported Features
    D.2. Unsupported Features
    D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
    D.3.1. Queries Are Restricted to XPath 1.0
    D.3.2. Incidental Limits of the Implementation

    +Appendix D. SQL Conformance

    Appendix D. SQL Conformance
    Prev UpPart VIII. AppendixesHome Next

    Appendix D. SQL Conformance

    Table of Contents

    D.1. Supported Features
    D.2. Unsupported Features
    D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
    D.3.1. Queries Are Restricted to XPath 1.0
    D.3.2. Incidental Limits of the Implementation

    This section attempts to outline to what extent PostgreSQL conforms to the current SQL standard. The following information is not a full statement of @@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ Feature codes containing a hyphen are subfeatures. Therefore, if a particular subfeature is not supported, the main feature is listed as unsupported even if some other subfeatures are supported. -

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix C. SQL Key Words Home D.1. Supported Features
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Appendix C. SQL Key Words Home D.1. Supported Features
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/file-fdw.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/file-fdw.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/file-fdw.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/file-fdw.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.16. file_fdw
    F.16. file_fdw
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.16. file_fdw

    +F.16. file_fdw

    F.16. file_fdw
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.16. file_fdw

    The file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server @@ -142,4 +142,4 @@

    That's it — now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation. -


    Prev Up Next
    F.15. earthdistance Home F.17. fuzzystrmatch
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    F.15. earthdistance Home F.17. fuzzystrmatch
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-admin.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-admin.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-admin.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-admin.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.27. System Administration Functions
    9.27. System Administration Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators Home 9.28. Trigger Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators Home 9.28. Trigger Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-aggregate.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-aggregate.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-aggregate.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-aggregate.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.21. Aggregate Functions
    9.21. Aggregate Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.21. Aggregate Functions

    +9.21. Aggregate Functions

    9.21. Aggregate Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.21. Aggregate Functions

    Aggregate functions compute a single result from a set of input values. The built-in general-purpose aggregate functions are listed in Table 9.58 @@ -726,4 +726,4 @@ neither make nor model was grouped by in the last row (which therefore is an aggregate over all the input rows). -

    Prev Up Next
    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators Home 9.22. Window Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators Home 9.22. Window Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-array.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-array.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-array.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-array.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.19. Array Functions and Operators

    +9.19. Array Functions and Operators

    9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.19. Array Functions and Operators

    Table 9.52 shows the specialized operators available for array types. In addition to those, the usual comparison operators shown in Table 9.1 are available for @@ -382,4 +382,4 @@


    See also Section 9.21 about the aggregate function array_agg for use with arrays. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.18. Conditional Expressions Home 9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.18. Conditional Expressions Home 9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-binarystring.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-binarystring.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-binarystring.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-binarystring.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators

    +9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators

    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators

    This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating binary strings, that is values of type bytea. Many of these are equivalent, in purpose and syntax, to the @@ -507,4 +507,4 @@ See also the aggregate function string_agg in Section 9.21 and the large object functions in Section 35.4. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.4. String Functions and Operators Home 9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.4. String Functions and Operators Home 9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-bitstring.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-bitstring.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-bitstring.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-bitstring.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators

    +9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators

    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators

    This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating bit strings, that is values of the types bit and bit varying. (While only @@ -232,4 +232,4 @@ Note that casting to just “bit” means casting to bit(1), and so will deliver only the least significant bit of the integer. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators Home 9.7. Pattern Matching
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators Home 9.7. Pattern Matching
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparison.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparison.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparison.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparison.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators

    +9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators

    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators

    The usual comparison operators are available, as shown in Table 9.1.

    Table 9.1. Comparison Operators

    OperatorDescription
    datatype < datatype @@ -397,4 +397,4 @@

    num_nulls(1, NULL, 2) → 1 -


    Prev Up Next
    9.1. Logical Operators Home 9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    9.1. Logical Operators Home 9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparisons.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparisons.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparisons.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-comparisons.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons

    9.24.1. IN
    9.24.2. NOT IN
    9.24.3. ANY/SOME (array)
    9.24.4. ALL (array)
    9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison
    9.24.6. Composite Type Comparison

    +9.24. Row and Array Comparisons

    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons

    9.24.1. IN
    9.24.2. NOT IN
    9.24.3. ANY/SOME (array)
    9.24.4. ALL (array)
    9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison
    9.24.6. Composite Type Comparison

    This section describes several specialized constructs for making multiple comparisons between groups of values. These forms are syntactically related to the subquery forms of the previous section, @@ -212,4 +212,4 @@ for materialized views and might be useful for other specialized purposes such as replication and B-Tree deduplication (see Section 67.4.3). They are not intended to be generally useful for writing queries, though. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.23. Subquery Expressions Home 9.25. Set Returning Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.23. Subquery Expressions Home 9.25. Set Returning Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-conditional.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-conditional.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-conditional.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-conditional.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.18. Conditional Expressions
    9.18. Conditional Expressions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.18. Conditional Expressions

    9.18.1. CASE
    9.18.2. COALESCE
    9.18.3. NULLIF
    9.18.4. GREATEST and LEAST

    +9.18. Conditional Expressions

    9.18. Conditional Expressions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.18. Conditional Expressions

    9.18.1. CASE
    9.18.2. COALESCE
    9.18.3. NULLIF
    9.18.4. GREATEST and LEAST

    This section describes the SQL-compliant conditional expressions available in PostgreSQL.

    Tip

    @@ -184,4 +184,4 @@ the SQL standard, but are a common extension. Some other databases make them return NULL if any argument is NULL, rather than only when all are NULL. -

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    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions Home 9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions Home 9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-datetime.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-datetime.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-datetime.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-datetime.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators

    9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part
    9.9.2. date_trunc
    9.9.3. date_bin
    9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE
    9.9.5. Current Date/Time
    9.9.6. Delaying Execution

    +9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators

    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators

    9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part
    9.9.2. date_trunc
    9.9.3. date_bin
    9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE
    9.9.5. Current Date/Time
    9.9.6. Delaying Execution

    Table 9.33 shows the available functions for date/time value processing, with details appearing in the following subsections. Table 9.32 illustrates the behaviors of @@ -1312,4 +1312,4 @@ when calling pg_sleep or its variants. Otherwise other sessions might have to wait for your sleeping process, slowing down the entire system. -

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    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions Home 9.10. Enum Support Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions Home 9.10. Enum Support Functions
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    9.10. Enum Support Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.10. Enum Support Functions

    +9.10. Enum Support Functions

    9.10. Enum Support Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.10. Enum Support Functions

    For enum types (described in Section 8.7), there are several functions that allow cleaner programming without hard-coding particular values of an enum type. @@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ the type can be passed, with the same result. It is more common to apply these functions to a table column or function argument than to a hardwired type name as used in the examples. -

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    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators Home 9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators Home 9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-event-triggers.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-event-triggers.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-event-triggers.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-event-triggers.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.29. Event Trigger Functions
    9.29. Event Trigger Functions
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    9.29. Event Trigger Functions

    9.29.1. Capturing Changes at Command End
    9.29.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
    9.29.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event

    +9.29. Event Trigger Functions

    9.29. Event Trigger Functions
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    9.29. Event Trigger Functions

    9.29.1. Capturing Changes at Command End
    9.29.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
    9.29.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event

    PostgreSQL provides these helper functions to retrieve information from event triggers.

    @@ -134,4 +134,4 @@ ON table_rewrite EXECUTE FUNCTION test_event_trigger_table_rewrite_oid();

    -

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    9.28. Trigger Functions Home 9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.28. Trigger Functions Home 9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-formatting.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-formatting.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-formatting.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-formatting.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
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    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions

    +9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions

    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
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    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions

    The PostgreSQL formatting functions provide a powerful set of tools for converting various data types (date/time, integer, floating point, numeric) to formatted strings @@ -407,4 +407,4 @@

    Table 9.30. Template Pattern Modifiers for Numeric Formatting

    ModifierDescriptionExample
    FM prefixfill mode (suppress trailing zeroes and padding blanks)FM99.99
    TH suffixupper case ordinal number suffix999TH
    th suffixlower case ordinal number suffix999th

    Table 9.31 shows some examples of the use of the to_char function. -

    Table 9.31. to_char Examples

    ExpressionResult
    to_char(current_timestamp, 'Day, DD  HH12:MI:SS')'Tuesday  , 06  05:39:18'
    to_char(current_timestamp, 'FMDay, FMDD  HH12:MI:SS')'Tuesday, 6  05:39:18'
    to_char(-0.1, '99.99')'  -.10'
    to_char(-0.1, 'FM9.99')'-.1'
    to_char(-0.1, 'FM90.99')'-0.1'
    to_char(0.1, '0.9')' 0.1'
    to_char(12, '9990999.9')'    0012.0'
    to_char(12, 'FM9990999.9')'0012.'
    to_char(485, '999')' 485'
    to_char(-485, '999')'-485'
    to_char(485, '9 9 9')' 4 8 5'
    to_char(1485, '9,999')' 1,485'
    to_char(1485, '9G999')' 1 485'
    to_char(148.5, '999.999')' 148.500'
    to_char(148.5, 'FM999.999')'148.5'
    to_char(148.5, 'FM999.990')'148.500'
    to_char(148.5, '999D999')' 148,500'
    to_char(3148.5, '9G999D999')' 3 148,500'
    to_char(-485, '999S')'485-'
    to_char(-485, '999MI')'485-'
    to_char(485, '999MI')'485 '
    to_char(485, 'FM999MI')'485'
    to_char(485, 'PL999')'+485'
    to_char(485, 'SG999')'+485'
    to_char(-485, 'SG999')'-485'
    to_char(-485, '9SG99')'4-85'
    to_char(-485, '999PR')'<485>'
    to_char(485, 'L999')'DM 485'
    to_char(485, 'RN')'        CDLXXXV'
    to_char(485, 'FMRN')'CDLXXXV'
    to_char(5.2, 'FMRN')'V'
    to_char(482, '999th')' 482nd'
    to_char(485, '"Good number:"999')'Good number: 485'
    to_char(485.8, '"Pre:"999" Post:" .999')'Pre: 485 Post: .800'
    to_char(12, '99V999')' 12000'
    to_char(12.4, '99V999')' 12400'
    to_char(12.45, '99V9')' 125'
    to_char(0.0004859, '9.99EEEE')' 4.86e-04'

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    9.7. Pattern Matching Home 9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Table 9.31. to_char Examples

    ExpressionResult
    to_char(current_timestamp, 'Day, DD  HH12:MI:SS')'Tuesday  , 06  05:39:18'
    to_char(current_timestamp, 'FMDay, FMDD  HH12:MI:SS')'Tuesday, 6  05:39:18'
    to_char(-0.1, '99.99')'  -.10'
    to_char(-0.1, 'FM9.99')'-.1'
    to_char(-0.1, 'FM90.99')'-0.1'
    to_char(0.1, '0.9')' 0.1'
    to_char(12, '9990999.9')'    0012.0'
    to_char(12, 'FM9990999.9')'0012.'
    to_char(485, '999')' 485'
    to_char(-485, '999')'-485'
    to_char(485, '9 9 9')' 4 8 5'
    to_char(1485, '9,999')' 1,485'
    to_char(1485, '9G999')' 1 485'
    to_char(148.5, '999.999')' 148.500'
    to_char(148.5, 'FM999.999')'148.5'
    to_char(148.5, 'FM999.990')'148.500'
    to_char(148.5, '999D999')' 148,500'
    to_char(3148.5, '9G999D999')' 3 148,500'
    to_char(-485, '999S')'485-'
    to_char(-485, '999MI')'485-'
    to_char(485, '999MI')'485 '
    to_char(485, 'FM999MI')'485'
    to_char(485, 'PL999')'+485'
    to_char(485, 'SG999')'+485'
    to_char(-485, 'SG999')'-485'
    to_char(-485, '9SG99')'4-85'
    to_char(-485, '999PR')'<485>'
    to_char(485, 'L999')'DM 485'
    to_char(485, 'RN')'        CDLXXXV'
    to_char(485, 'FMRN')'CDLXXXV'
    to_char(5.2, 'FMRN')'V'
    to_char(482, '999th')' 482nd'
    to_char(485, '"Good number:"999')'Good number: 485'
    to_char(485.8, '"Pre:"999" Post:" .999')'Pre: 485 Post: .800'
    to_char(12, '99V999')' 12000'
    to_char(12.4, '99V999')' 12400'
    to_char(12.45, '99V9')' 125'
    to_char(0.0004859, '9.99EEEE')' 4.86e-04'

    Prev Up Next
    9.7. Pattern Matching Home 9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-geometry.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-geometry.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-geometry.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-geometry.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators

    +9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators

    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators

    The geometric types point, box, lseg, line, path, polygon, and circle have a large set of @@ -883,4 +883,4 @@ UPDATE t SET p[1] = ... changes the Y coordinate. In the same way, a value of type box or lseg can be treated as an array of two point values. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.10. Enum Support Functions Home 9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.10. Enum Support Functions Home 9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-info.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-info.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-info.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-info.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators

    +9.26. System Information Functions and Operators

    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators

    Table 9.66 shows several functions that extract session and system information.

    @@ -1821,4 +1821,4 @@

    Returns information about recovery state, as shown in Table 9.86. -


    Table 9.83. pg_control_checkpoint Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    checkpoint_lsnpg_lsn
    redo_lsnpg_lsn
    redo_wal_filetext
    timeline_idinteger
    prev_timeline_idinteger
    full_page_writesboolean
    next_xidtext
    next_oidoid
    next_multixact_idxid
    next_multi_offsetxid
    oldest_xidxid
    oldest_xid_dbidoid
    oldest_active_xidxid
    oldest_multi_xidxid
    oldest_multi_dbidoid
    oldest_commit_ts_xidxid
    newest_commit_ts_xidxid
    checkpoint_timetimestamp with time zone

    Table 9.84. pg_control_system Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    pg_control_versioninteger
    catalog_version_nointeger
    system_identifierbigint
    pg_control_last_modifiedtimestamp with time zone

    Table 9.85. pg_control_init Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    max_data_alignmentinteger
    database_block_sizeinteger
    blocks_per_segmentinteger
    wal_block_sizeinteger
    bytes_per_wal_segmentinteger
    max_identifier_lengthinteger
    max_index_columnsinteger
    max_toast_chunk_sizeinteger
    large_object_chunk_sizeinteger
    float8_pass_by_valueboolean
    data_page_checksum_versioninteger

    Table 9.86. pg_control_recovery Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    min_recovery_end_lsnpg_lsn
    min_recovery_end_timelineinteger
    backup_start_lsnpg_lsn
    backup_end_lsnpg_lsn
    end_of_backup_record_requiredboolean

    Prev Up Next
    9.25. Set Returning Functions Home 9.27. System Administration Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Table 9.83. pg_control_checkpoint Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    checkpoint_lsnpg_lsn
    redo_lsnpg_lsn
    redo_wal_filetext
    timeline_idinteger
    prev_timeline_idinteger
    full_page_writesboolean
    next_xidtext
    next_oidoid
    next_multixact_idxid
    next_multi_offsetxid
    oldest_xidxid
    oldest_xid_dbidoid
    oldest_active_xidxid
    oldest_multi_xidxid
    oldest_multi_dbidoid
    oldest_commit_ts_xidxid
    newest_commit_ts_xidxid
    checkpoint_timetimestamp with time zone

    Table 9.84. pg_control_system Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    pg_control_versioninteger
    catalog_version_nointeger
    system_identifierbigint
    pg_control_last_modifiedtimestamp with time zone

    Table 9.85. pg_control_init Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    max_data_alignmentinteger
    database_block_sizeinteger
    blocks_per_segmentinteger
    wal_block_sizeinteger
    bytes_per_wal_segmentinteger
    max_identifier_lengthinteger
    max_index_columnsinteger
    max_toast_chunk_sizeinteger
    large_object_chunk_sizeinteger
    float8_pass_by_valueboolean
    data_page_checksum_versioninteger

    Table 9.86. pg_control_recovery Output Columns

    Column NameData Type
    min_recovery_end_lsnpg_lsn
    min_recovery_end_timelineinteger
    backup_start_lsnpg_lsn
    backup_end_lsnpg_lsn
    end_of_backup_record_requiredboolean

    Prev Up Next
    9.25. Set Returning Functions Home 9.27. System Administration Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-json.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-json.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-json.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-json.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators

    9.16.1. Processing and Creating JSON Data
    9.16.2. The SQL/JSON Path Language

    +9.16. JSON Functions and Operators

    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators

    9.16.1. Processing and Creating JSON Data
    9.16.2. The SQL/JSON Path Language

    This section describes:

    • @@ -1778,4 +1778,4 @@ 

       $.* ? (@ like_regex "^\\d+$")

      -

    Prev Up Next
    9.15. XML Functions Home 9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.15. XML Functions Home 9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-logical.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-logical.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-logical.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-logical.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.1. Logical Operators
    9.1. Logical Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.1. Logical Operators

    +9.1. Logical Operators

    9.1. Logical Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.1. Logical Operators

    The usual logical operators are available: @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ without affecting the result. (However, it is not guaranteed that the left operand is evaluated before the right operand. See Section 4.2.14 for more information about the order of evaluation of subexpressions.) -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 9. Functions and Operators Home 9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 9. Functions and Operators Home 9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-matching.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-matching.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-matching.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-matching.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.7. Pattern Matching
    9.7. Pattern Matching
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.7. Pattern Matching

    9.7.1. LIKE
    9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
    9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions

    +9.7. Pattern Matching

    9.7. Pattern Matching
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.7. Pattern Matching

    9.7.1. LIKE
    9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
    9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions

    There are three separate approaches to pattern matching provided by PostgreSQL: the traditional SQL LIKE operator, the @@ -1412,4 +1412,4 @@ backslash.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators Home 9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators Home 9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-math.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-math.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-math.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-math.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators

    +9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators

    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators

    Mathematical operators are provided for many PostgreSQL types. For types without standard mathematical conventions @@ -1008,4 +1008,4 @@

    atanh(0.5) → 0.5493061443340548 -


    Prev Up Next
    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators Home 9.4. String Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators Home 9.4. String Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-net.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-net.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-net.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-net.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators

    +9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators

    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators

    The IP network address types, cidr and inet, support the usual comparison operators shown in Table 9.1 @@ -394,4 +394,4 @@

    macaddr8_set7bit(macaddr8 '00:34:56:ab:cd:ef') → 02:34:56:ff:fe:ab:cd:ef -


    Prev Up Next
    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators Home 9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators Home 9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-range.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-range.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-range.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-range.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators

    +9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators

    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators

    See Section 8.17 for an overview of range types.

    Table 9.54 shows the specialized operators @@ -704,4 +704,4 @@ The lower_inc, upper_inc, lower_inf, and upper_inf functions all return false for an empty range or multirange. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.19. Array Functions and Operators Home 9.21. Aggregate Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.19. Array Functions and Operators Home 9.21. Aggregate Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-sequence.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-sequence.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-sequence.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-sequence.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions

    +9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions

    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions

    This section describes functions for operating on sequence objects, also called sequence generators or just sequences. Sequence objects are special single-row tables created with CREATE SEQUENCE. @@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ OID by hand, however, since the regclass data type's input converter will do the work for you. See Section 8.19 for details. -

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    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators Home 9.18. Conditional Expressions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators Home 9.18. Conditional Expressions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-srf.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-srf.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-srf.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-srf.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.25. Set Returning Functions
    9.25. Set Returning Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.25. Set Returning Functions

    +9.25. Set Returning Functions

    9.25. Set Returning Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.25. Set Returning Functions

    This section describes functions that possibly return more than one row. The most widely used functions in this class are series generating functions, as detailed in Table 9.64 and @@ -215,4 +215,4 @@ pg_subtrans | 19 (19 rows)

    -

    Prev Up Next
    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons Home 9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons Home 9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-statistics.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-statistics.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-statistics.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-statistics.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.30. Statistics Information Functions

    9.30.1. Inspecting MCV Lists

    +9.30. Statistics Information Functions

    9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.30. Statistics Information Functions

    9.30.1. Inspecting MCV Lists

    PostgreSQL provides a function to inspect complex statistics defined using the CREATE STATISTICS command.

    9.30.1. Inspecting MCV Lists

    @@ -21,4 +21,4 @@
     Values of the pg_mcv_list type can be obtained only from the
     pg_statistic_ext_data.stxdmcv
     column.
-
    Prev Up Next
    9.29. Event Trigger Functions Home Chapter 10. Type Conversion
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.29. Event Trigger Functions Home Chapter 10. Type Conversion
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-string.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-string.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-string.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-string.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.4. String Functions and Operators
    9.4. String Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.4. String Functions and Operators

    9.4.1. format

    +9.4. String Functions and Operators

    9.4. String Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.4. String Functions and Operators

    9.4.1. format

    This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating string values. Strings in this context include values of the types character, character varying, @@ -1205,4 +1205,4 @@ The %I and %L format specifiers are particularly useful for safely constructing dynamic SQL statements. See Example 43.1. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators Home 9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators Home 9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-subquery.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-subquery.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-subquery.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-subquery.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.23. Subquery Expressions
    9.23. Subquery Expressions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.23. Subquery Expressions

    9.23.1. EXISTS
    9.23.2. IN
    9.23.3. NOT IN
    9.23.4. ANY/SOME
    9.23.5. ALL
    9.23.6. Single-Row Comparison

    +9.23. Subquery Expressions

    9.23. Subquery Expressions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.23. Subquery Expressions

    9.23.1. EXISTS
    9.23.2. IN
    9.23.3. NOT IN
    9.23.4. ANY/SOME
    9.23.5. ALL
    9.23.6. Single-Row Comparison

    This section describes the SQL-compliant subquery expressions available in PostgreSQL. All of the expression forms documented in this section return @@ -210,4 +210,4 @@

    See Section 9.24.5 for details about the meaning of a row constructor comparison. -

    Prev Up Next
    9.22. Window Functions Home 9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.22. Window Functions Home 9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-textsearch.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-textsearch.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-textsearch.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-textsearch.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators

    +9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators

    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators

    Table 9.42, Table 9.43 and Table 9.44 @@ -760,4 +760,4 @@

    ts_stat('SELECT vector FROM apod') → (foo,10,15) ... -


    Prev Up Next
    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators Home 9.14. UUID Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators Home 9.14. UUID Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-trigger.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-trigger.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-trigger.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-trigger.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.28. Trigger Functions
    9.28. Trigger Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.28. Trigger Functions

    +9.28. Trigger Functions

    9.28. Trigger Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.28. Trigger Functions

    While many uses of triggers involve user-written trigger functions, PostgreSQL provides a few built-in trigger functions that can be used directly in user-defined triggers. These @@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ choose a trigger name that comes after the name of any other trigger you might have on the table. (Hence the “z” prefix in the example.) -

    Prev Up Next
    9.27. System Administration Functions Home 9.29. Event Trigger Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.27. System Administration Functions Home 9.29. Event Trigger Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-uuid.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-uuid.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-uuid.html 2026-02-23 22:14:21.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-uuid.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.14. UUID Functions
    9.14. UUID Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.14. UUID Functions

    +9.14. UUID Functions

    9.14. UUID Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.14. UUID Functions

    PostgreSQL includes one function to generate a UUID: 

     gen_random_uuid () → uuid
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@
    PostgreSQL also provides the usual comparison
    operators shown in Table 9.1 for
    UUIDs.
-
    Prev Up Next
    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators Home 9.15. XML Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators Home 9.15. XML Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-window.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-window.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-window.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-window.html 2026-05-11 20:02:34.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.22. Window Functions
    9.22. Window Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.22. Window Functions

    +9.22. Window Functions

    9.22. Window Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.22. Window Functions

    Window functions provide the ability to perform calculations across sets of rows that are related to the current query row. See Section 3.5 for an introduction to this @@ -179,4 +179,4 @@ default FROM FIRST behavior is supported. (You can achieve the result of FROM LAST by reversing the ORDER BY ordering.) -

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    9.21. Aggregate Functions Home 9.23. Subquery Expressions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.21. Aggregate Functions Home 9.23. Subquery Expressions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-xml.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-xml.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-xml.html 2026-02-23 22:14:22.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions-xml.html 2026-05-11 20:02:33.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -9.15. XML Functions
    9.15. XML Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.15. XML Functions

    9.15.1. Producing XML Content
    9.15.2. XML Predicates
    9.15.3. Processing XML
    9.15.4. Mapping Tables to XML

    +9.15. XML Functions

    9.15. XML Functions
    Prev UpChapter 9. Functions and OperatorsHome Next

    9.15. XML Functions

    9.15.1. Producing XML Content
    9.15.2. XML Predicates
    9.15.3. Processing XML
    9.15.4. Mapping Tables to XML

    The functions and function-like expressions described in this section operate on values of type xml. See Section 8.13 for information about the xml type. The function-like expressions xmlparse @@ -909,4 +909,4 @@ will be put into content form with each such disallowed node replaced by its string value, as defined for the XPath 1.0 string function. -

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    9.14. UUID Functions Home 9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    9.14. UUID Functions Home 9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/functions.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/functions.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 9. Functions and Operators
    Chapter 9. Functions and Operators
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 9. Functions and Operators

    Table of Contents

    9.1. Logical Operators
    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    9.4. String Functions and Operators
    9.4.1. format
    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    9.7. Pattern Matching
    9.7.1. LIKE
    9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
    9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions
    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part
    9.9.2. date_trunc
    9.9.3. date_bin
    9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE
    9.9.5. Current Date/Time
    9.9.6. Delaying Execution
    9.10. Enum Support Functions
    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    9.14. UUID Functions
    9.15. XML Functions
    9.15.1. Producing XML Content
    9.15.2. XML Predicates
    9.15.3. Processing XML
    9.15.4. Mapping Tables to XML
    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    9.16.1. Processing and Creating JSON Data
    9.16.2. The SQL/JSON Path Language
    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    9.18. Conditional Expressions
    9.18.1. CASE
    9.18.2. COALESCE
    9.18.3. NULLIF
    9.18.4. GREATEST and LEAST
    9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    9.21. Aggregate Functions
    9.22. Window Functions
    9.23. Subquery Expressions
    9.23.1. EXISTS
    9.23.2. IN
    9.23.3. NOT IN
    9.23.4. ANY/SOME
    9.23.5. ALL
    9.23.6. Single-Row Comparison
    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    9.24.1. IN
    9.24.2. NOT IN
    9.24.3. ANY/SOME (array)
    9.24.4. ALL (array)
    9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison
    9.24.6. Composite Type Comparison
    9.25. Set Returning Functions
    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    9.27. System Administration Functions
    9.27.1. Configuration Settings Functions
    9.27.2. Server Signaling Functions
    9.27.3. Backup Control Functions
    9.27.4. Recovery Control Functions
    9.27.5. Snapshot Synchronization Functions
    9.27.6. Replication Management Functions
    9.27.7. Database Object Management Functions
    9.27.8. Index Maintenance Functions
    9.27.9. Generic File Access Functions
    9.27.10. Advisory Lock Functions
    9.28. Trigger Functions
    9.29. Event Trigger Functions
    9.29.1. Capturing Changes at Command End
    9.29.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
    9.29.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event
    9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    9.30.1. Inspecting MCV Lists

    +Chapter 9. Functions and Operators

    Chapter 9. Functions and Operators
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 9. Functions and Operators

    Table of Contents

    9.1. Logical Operators
    9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators
    9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators
    9.4. String Functions and Operators
    9.4.1. format
    9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators
    9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators
    9.7. Pattern Matching
    9.7.1. LIKE
    9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
    9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions
    9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions
    9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators
    9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part
    9.9.2. date_trunc
    9.9.3. date_bin
    9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE
    9.9.5. Current Date/Time
    9.9.6. Delaying Execution
    9.10. Enum Support Functions
    9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators
    9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators
    9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators
    9.14. UUID Functions
    9.15. XML Functions
    9.15.1. Producing XML Content
    9.15.2. XML Predicates
    9.15.3. Processing XML
    9.15.4. Mapping Tables to XML
    9.16. JSON Functions and Operators
    9.16.1. Processing and Creating JSON Data
    9.16.2. The SQL/JSON Path Language
    9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions
    9.18. Conditional Expressions
    9.18.1. CASE
    9.18.2. COALESCE
    9.18.3. NULLIF
    9.18.4. GREATEST and LEAST
    9.19. Array Functions and Operators
    9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators
    9.21. Aggregate Functions
    9.22. Window Functions
    9.23. Subquery Expressions
    9.23.1. EXISTS
    9.23.2. IN
    9.23.3. NOT IN
    9.23.4. ANY/SOME
    9.23.5. ALL
    9.23.6. Single-Row Comparison
    9.24. Row and Array Comparisons
    9.24.1. IN
    9.24.2. NOT IN
    9.24.3. ANY/SOME (array)
    9.24.4. ALL (array)
    9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison
    9.24.6. Composite Type Comparison
    9.25. Set Returning Functions
    9.26. System Information Functions and Operators
    9.27. System Administration Functions
    9.27.1. Configuration Settings Functions
    9.27.2. Server Signaling Functions
    9.27.3. Backup Control Functions
    9.27.4. Recovery Control Functions
    9.27.5. Snapshot Synchronization Functions
    9.27.6. Replication Management Functions
    9.27.7. Database Object Management Functions
    9.27.8. Index Maintenance Functions
    9.27.9. Generic File Access Functions
    9.27.10. Advisory Lock Functions
    9.28. Trigger Functions
    9.29. Event Trigger Functions
    9.29.1. Capturing Changes at Command End
    9.29.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
    9.29.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event
    9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    9.30.1. Inspecting MCV Lists

    PostgreSQL provides a large number of functions and operators for the built-in data types. This chapter describes most of them, although additional special-purpose functions @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ is present in other SQL database management systems, and in many cases this functionality is compatible and consistent between the various implementations. -

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    8.21. Pseudo-Types Home 9.1. Logical Operators
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    8.21. Pseudo-Types Home 9.1. Logical Operators
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/fuzzystrmatch.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/fuzzystrmatch.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/fuzzystrmatch.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/fuzzystrmatch.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.17. fuzzystrmatch
    F.17. fuzzystrmatch
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.17. fuzzystrmatch

    F.17.1. Soundex
    F.17.2. Levenshtein
    F.17.3. Metaphone
    F.17.4. Double Metaphone

    +F.17. fuzzystrmatch

    F.17. fuzzystrmatch
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.17. fuzzystrmatch

    F.17.1. Soundex
    F.17.2. Levenshtein
    F.17.3. Metaphone
    F.17.4. Double Metaphone

    The fuzzystrmatch module provides several functions to determine similarities and distance between strings.

    Caution

    @@ -135,4 +135,4 @@ ------------ KMP (1 row) -

    Prev Up Next
    F.16. file_fdw Home F.18. hstore
    \ No newline at end of file +
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    F.16. file_fdw Home F.18. hstore
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/generic-wal.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/generic-wal.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/generic-wal.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/generic-wal.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records
    Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records

    +Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records

    Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 65. Generic WAL Records

    Although all built-in WAL-logged modules have their own types of WAL records, there is also a generic WAL record type, which describes changes to pages in a generic way. This is useful for extensions that provide @@ -99,4 +99,4 @@ comparison. This is not very compact for the case of moving data within a page, and might be improved in the future.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions Home Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions Home Chapter 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-biblio.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-biblio.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-biblio.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-biblio.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -62.4. Further Reading
    62.4. Further Reading
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.4. Further Reading

    +62.4. Further Reading

    62.4. Further Reading
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.4. Further Reading

    The following resources contain additional information about genetic algorithms: @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@

  • [fong]

    • -

    Prev Up Next
    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL Home Chapter 63. Table Access Method Interface Definition
    \ No newline at end of file +

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-intro.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-intro.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-intro.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-intro.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem

    +62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem

    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem

    Among all relational operators the most difficult one to process and optimize is the join. The number of possible query plans grows exponentially with the @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ genetic algorithm to solve the join ordering problem in a manner that is efficient for queries involving large numbers of joins. -

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    Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer Home 62.2. Genetic Algorithms
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    62.2. Genetic Algorithms
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.2. Genetic Algorithms

    +62.2. Genetic Algorithms

    62.2. Genetic Algorithms
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.2. Genetic Algorithms

    The genetic algorithm (GA) is a heuristic optimization method which operates through randomized search. The set of possible solutions for the optimization problem is considered as a @@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ strongly that a GA is not a pure random search for a solution to a problem. A GA uses stochastic processes, but the result is distinctly non-random (better than random). -

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    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem Home 62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-pg-intro.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-pg-intro.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-pg-intro.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo-pg-intro.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL

    62.3.1. Generating Possible Plans with GEQO
    62.3.2. Future Implementation Tasks for +62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    Prev UpChapter 62. Genetic Query OptimizerHome Next

    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL

    62.3.1. Generating Possible Plans with GEQO
    62.3.2. Future Implementation Tasks for PostgreSQL GEQO

    The GEQO module approaches the query optimization problem as though it were the well-known traveling salesman @@ -104,4 +104,4 @@ of the rest of the tour, but this is certainly not true for query optimization. Thus it is questionable whether edge recombination crossover is the most effective mutation procedure. -

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    62.2. Genetic Algorithms Home 62.4. Further Reading
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/geqo.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer

    Table of Contents

    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    62.2. Genetic Algorithms
    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    62.3.1. Generating Possible Plans with GEQO
    62.3.2. Future Implementation Tasks for +Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    Chapter 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    61.3. Executing Custom Scans Home 62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
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    61.3. Executing Custom Scans Home 62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-builtin-opclasses.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-builtin-opclasses.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-builtin-opclasses.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-builtin-opclasses.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -70.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    70.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.2. Built-in Operator Classes

    +70.2. Built-in Operator Classes

    70.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.2. Built-in Operator Classes

    The core PostgreSQL distribution includes the GIN operator classes shown in Table 70.1. @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ is the default. jsonb_path_ops supports fewer operators but offers better performance for those operators. See Section 8.14.4 for details. -

    Prev Up Next
    70.1. Introduction Home 70.3. Extensibility
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-examples.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-examples.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-examples.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-examples.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -70.7. Examples
    70.7. Examples
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.7. Examples

    +70.7. Examples

    70.7. Examples
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.7. Examples

    The core PostgreSQL distribution includes the GIN operator classes previously shown in Table 70.1. @@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ GIN operator classes:

    btree_gin

    B-tree equivalent functionality for several data types

    hstore

    Module for storing (key, value) pairs

    intarray

    Enhanced support for int[]

    pg_trgm

    Text similarity using trigram matching

    -

    Prev Up Next
    70.6. Limitations Home Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file +

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    70.6. Limitations Home Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-extensibility.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-extensibility.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-extensibility.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-extensibility.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -70.3. Extensibility
    70.3. Extensibility
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.3. Extensibility

    +70.3. Extensibility

    70.3. Extensibility
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.3. Extensibility

    The GIN interface has a high level of abstraction, requiring the access method implementer only to implement the semantics of the data type being accessed. The GIN layer itself @@ -234,4 +234,4 @@ recommended that the SQL declarations of these three support functions use the opclass's indexed data type for the query argument, even though the actual type might be something else depending on the operator. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-implementation.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-implementation.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-implementation.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin-implementation.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -70.4. Implementation
    70.4. Implementation
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.4. Implementation

    70.4.1. GIN Fast Update Technique
    70.4.2. Partial Match Algorithm

    +70.4. Implementation

    70.4. Implementation
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    70.4. Implementation

    70.4.1. GIN Fast Update Technique
    70.4.2. Partial Match Algorithm

    Internally, a GIN index contains a B-tree index constructed over keys, where each key is an element of one or more indexed items (a member of an array, for example) and where each tuple in a leaf @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ index key, less than zero for a non-match that is still within the range to be searched, or greater than zero if the index key is past the range that could match. -

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    70.1. Introduction
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    70.1. Introduction

    +70.1. Introduction

    70.1. Introduction
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    70.1. Introduction

    GIN stands for Generalized Inverted Index. GIN is designed for handling cases where the items to be indexed are composite values, and the queries to be handled by @@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ maintained by Teodor Sigaev and Oleg Bartunov. There is more information about GIN on their website. -

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    70.6. Limitations
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    GIN assumes that indexable operators are strict. This means that extractValue will not be called at all on a null item value (instead, a placeholder index entry is created automatically), @@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ value either (instead, the query is presumed to be unsatisfiable). Note however that null key values contained within a non-null composite item or query value are supported. -

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    70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
    Prev UpChapter 70. GIN IndexesHome Next

    70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks

    Create vs. insert

    +70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks

    70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
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    70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks

    Create vs. insert

    Insertion into a GIN index can be slow due to the likelihood of many keys being inserted for each item. So, for bulk insertions into a table it is advisable to drop the GIN @@ -55,4 +55,4 @@

    From experience, values in the thousands (e.g., 5000 — 20000) work well. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gin.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gin.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -Chapter 70. GIN Indexes
    Chapter 70. GIN Indexes
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    69.5. Examples Home 70.1. Introduction
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    Chapter 70. GIN Indexes
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-builtin-opclasses.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-builtin-opclasses.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-builtin-opclasses.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-builtin-opclasses.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -68.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    68.2. Built-in Operator Classes
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    68.2. Built-in Operator Classes

    +68.2. Built-in Operator Classes

    68.2. Built-in Operator Classes
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    68.2. Built-in Operator Classes

    The core PostgreSQL distribution includes the GiST operator classes shown in Table 68.1. @@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ 

     CREATE INDEX ON my_table USING GIST (my_inet_column inet_ops);

    -

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    68.5. Examples
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    68.5. Examples
    Prev UpChapter 68. GiST IndexesHome Next

    68.5. Examples

    The PostgreSQL source distribution includes several examples of index methods implemented using GiST. The core system currently provides text search @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ operator classes:

    btree_gist

    B-tree equivalent functionality for several data types

    cube

    Indexing for multidimensional cubes

    hstore

    Module for storing (key, value) pairs

    intarray

    RD-Tree for one-dimensional array of int4 values

    ltree

    Indexing for tree-like structures

    pg_trgm

    Text similarity using trigram matching

    seg

    Indexing for “float ranges”

    -

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    68.3. Extensibility
    Prev UpChapter 68. GiST IndexesHome Next

    68.3. Extensibility

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    68.3. Extensibility
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    68.3. Extensibility

    Traditionally, implementing a new index access method meant a lot of difficult work. It was necessary to understand the inner workings of the database, such as the lock manager and Write-Ahead Log. The @@ -810,4 +810,4 @@ index scan, index build, or index tuple insertion). Be careful to pfree the previous value when replacing a fn_extra value, or the leak will accumulate for the duration of the operation. -

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    68.4. Implementation
    Prev UpChapter 68. GiST IndexesHome Next

    68.4. Implementation

    68.4.1. GiST Index Build Methods

    68.4.1. GiST Index Build Methods

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    68.4. Implementation
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    68.4. Implementation

    68.4.1. GiST Index Build Methods

    68.4.1. GiST Index Build Methods

    The simplest way to build a GiST index is just to insert all the entries, one by one. This tends to be slow for large indexes, because if the index tuples are scattered across the index and the index is large enough @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ CREATE INDEX command. The default behavior is good for most cases, but turning buffering off might speed up the build somewhat if the input data is ordered. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-intro.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-intro.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-intro.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gist-intro.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -68.1. Introduction
    68.1. Introduction
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    68.1. Introduction

    +68.1. Introduction

    68.1. Introduction
    Prev UpChapter 68. GiST IndexesHome Next

    68.1. Introduction

    GiST stands for Generalized Search Tree. It is a balanced, tree-structured access method, that acts as a base template in which to implement arbitrary indexing schemes. B-trees, R-trees and many @@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ maintained by Teodor Sigaev and Oleg Bartunov, and there is more information on their web site. -

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    Chapter 68. GiST Indexes
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next
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    67.4. Implementation Home 68.1. Introduction
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    Chapter 68. GiST Indexes
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    67.4. Implementation Home 68.1. Introduction
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/git.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/git.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/git.html 2026-02-23 22:14:46.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/git.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -I.1. Getting the Source via Git
    I.1. Getting the Source via Git
    Prev UpAppendix I. The Source Code RepositoryHome Next

    I.1. Getting the Source via Git

    +I.1. Getting the Source via Git

    I.1. Getting the Source via Git
    Prev UpAppendix I. The Source Code RepositoryHome Next

    I.1. Getting the Source via Git

    With Git you will make a copy of the entire code repository on your local machine, so you will have access to all history and branches offline. This is the fastest and most flexible way to develop or test @@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ Git can do a lot more things than just fetch the source. For more information, consult the Git man pages, or see the website at https://git-scm.com. -

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    Appendix I. The Source Code Repository Home Appendix J. Documentation
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    Appendix M. Glossary
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    Appendix M. Glossary

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    Appendix M. Glossary
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    Appendix M. Glossary

    This is a list of terms and their meaning in the context of PostgreSQL and relational database systems in general. @@ -1072,4 +1072,4 @@ It comprises many individual WAL records written sequentially to WAL files. -

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    Appendix L. Acronyms Home Appendix N. Color Support
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-auth.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-auth.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-auth.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-auth.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
    21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
    Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

    21.6. GSSAPI Authentication

    +21.6. GSSAPI Authentication

    21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
    Prev UpChapter 21. Client AuthenticationHome Next

    21.6. GSSAPI Authentication

    GSSAPI is an industry-standard protocol for secure authentication defined in RFC 2743. @@ -115,4 +115,4 @@ parameter. If that is set to true, client principals are matched to user map entries case-insensitively. krb_realm, if set, is also matched case-insensitively. -

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    21.5. Password Authentication Home 21.7. SSPI Authentication
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-enc.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-enc.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-enc.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/gssapi-enc.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
    19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption

    19.10.1. Basic Setup

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    19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
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    19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption

    19.10.1. Basic Setup

    PostgreSQL also has native support for using GSSAPI to encrypt client/server communications for increased security. Support requires that a GSSAPI @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ behavior, GSSAPI encryption requires no setup beyond that which is necessary for GSSAPI authentication. (For more information on configuring that, see Section 21.6.) -

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    19.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL Home 19.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-implementation.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-implementation.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-implementation.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-implementation.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -72.2. Implementation
    72.2. Implementation
    Prev UpChapter 72. Hash IndexesHome Next

    72.2. Implementation

    +72.2. Implementation

    72.2. Implementation
    Prev UpChapter 72. Hash IndexesHome Next

    72.2. Implementation

    There are four kinds of pages in a hash index: the meta page (page zero), which contains statically allocated control information; primary bucket pages; overflow pages; and bitmap pages, which keep track of overflow @@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ src/backend/access/hash/README. The split algorithm is crash safe and can be restarted if not completed successfully. -

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    72.1. Overview Home Chapter 73. Database Physical Storage
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    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-index.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-index.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-index.html 2026-02-23 22:14:41.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/hash-index.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -Chapter 72. Hash Indexes
    Chapter 72. Hash Indexes
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 72. Hash Indexes

    Table of Contents

    72.1. Overview
    72.2. Implementation
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    Chapter 72. Hash Indexes
    Prev UpPart VII. InternalsHome Next

    Chapter 72. Hash Indexes

    Table of Contents

    72.1. Overview
    72.2. Implementation
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    72.1. Overview
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    72.1. Overview

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    72.1. Overview
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    72.1. Overview

    PostgreSQL includes an implementation of persistent on-disk hash indexes, which are fully crash recoverable. Any data type can be indexed by a @@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ The expansion occurs in the foreground, which could increase execution time for user inserts. Thus, hash indexes may not be suitable for tables with rapidly increasing number of rows. -

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    Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
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    Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication

    Table of Contents

    27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
    27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers
    27.2.1. Planning
    27.2.2. Standby Server Operation
    27.2.3. Preparing the Primary for Standby Servers
    27.2.4. Setting Up a Standby Server
    27.2.5. Streaming Replication
    27.2.6. Replication Slots
    27.2.7. Cascading Replication
    27.2.8. Synchronous Replication
    27.2.9. Continuous Archiving in Standby
    27.3. Failover
    27.4. Hot Standby
    27.4.1. User's Overview
    27.4.2. Handling Query Conflicts
    27.4.3. Administrator's Overview
    27.4.4. Hot Standby Parameter Reference
    27.4.5. Caveats

    +Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication

    Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
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    Chapter 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication

    Table of Contents

    27.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
    27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers
    27.2.1. Planning
    27.2.2. Standby Server Operation
    27.2.3. Preparing the Primary for Standby Servers
    27.2.4. Setting Up a Standby Server
    27.2.5. Streaming Replication
    27.2.6. Replication Slots
    27.2.7. Cascading Replication
    27.2.8. Synchronous Replication
    27.2.9. Continuous Archiving in Standby
    27.3. Failover
    27.4. Hot Standby
    27.4.1. User's Overview
    27.4.2. Handling Query Conflicts
    27.4.3. Administrator's Overview
    27.4.4. Hot Standby Parameter Reference
    27.4.5. Caveats

    Database servers can work together to allow a second server to take over quickly if the primary server fails (high availability), or to allow several computers to serve the same @@ -54,4 +54,4 @@

    The remainder of this section outlines various failover, replication, and load balancing solutions. -

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    2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL
    Prev UpPrefaceHome Next

    2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL

    2.1. The Berkeley POSTGRES Project
    2.2. Postgres95
    2.3. PostgreSQL

    +2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL

    2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL
    Prev UpPrefaceHome Next

    2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL

    2.1. The Berkeley POSTGRES Project
    2.2. Postgres95
    2.3. PostgreSQL

    The object-relational database management system now known as PostgreSQL is derived from the POSTGRES package written at the @@ -135,4 +135,4 @@

    Details about what has happened in PostgreSQL since then can be found in Appendix E. -

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    27.4. Hot Standby
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    27.4. Hot Standby

    27.4.1. User's Overview
    27.4.2. Handling Query Conflicts
    27.4.3. Administrator's Overview
    27.4.4. Hot Standby Parameter Reference
    27.4.5. Caveats

    +27.4. Hot Standby

    27.4. Hot Standby
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    27.4. Hot Standby

    27.4.1. User's Overview
    27.4.2. Handling Query Conflicts
    27.4.3. Administrator's Overview
    27.4.4. Hot Standby Parameter Reference
    27.4.5. Caveats

    Hot standby is the term used to describe the ability to connect to the server and run read-only queries while the server is in archive recovery or standby mode. This @@ -572,4 +572,4 @@ hot standby mode will generate an error.

    -

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    15.1. How Parallel Query Works
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    15.1. How Parallel Query Works

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    15.1. How Parallel Query Works
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    15.1. How Parallel Query Works

    When the optimizer determines that parallel query is the fastest execution strategy for a particular query, it will create a query plan that includes a Gather or Gather Merge @@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ order-preserving merge. In contrast, Gather reads tuples from the workers in whatever order is convenient, destroying any sort order that may have existed. -

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    F.18. hstore
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    F.18. hstore

    F.18.1. hstore External Representation
    F.18.2. hstore Operators and Functions
    F.18.3. Indexes
    F.18.4. Examples
    F.18.5. Statistics
    F.18.6. Compatibility
    F.18.7. Transforms
    F.18.8. Authors

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    F.18. hstore
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    F.18. hstore

    F.18.1. hstore External Representation
    F.18.2. hstore Operators and Functions
    F.18.3. Indexes
    F.18.4. Examples
    F.18.5. Statistics
    F.18.6. Compatibility
    F.18.7. Transforms
    F.18.8. Authors

    This module implements the hstore data type for storing sets of key/value pairs within a single PostgreSQL value. This can be useful in various scenarios, such as rows with many attributes @@ -696,4 +696,4 @@

    Additional enhancements by Andrew Gierth , United Kingdom -

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    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
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    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes

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    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
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    Each index access method is described by a row in the pg_am system catalog. The pg_am entry @@ -177,4 +177,4 @@ sensible: it means that there can only be one key column, but there can also be included column(s). Also, included columns must be allowed to be null, independently of amoptionalkey. -

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    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions
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    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions
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    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions

    The amcostestimate function is given information describing a possible index scan, including lists of WHERE and ORDER BY clauses that have been determined to be usable with the index. It must return estimates @@ -139,4 +139,4 @@

    Examples of cost estimator functions can be found in src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c. -

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    64.2. Index Access Method Functions
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    64.2. Index Access Method Functions

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    64.2. Index Access Method Functions

    The index construction and maintenance functions that an index access method must provide in IndexAmRoutine are:

    @@ -484,4 +484,4 @@ must be restarted. It should reset any shared state set up by aminitparallelscan such that the scan will be restarted from the beginning. -

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    64.4. Index Locking Considerations
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    64.4. Index Locking Considerations
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    64.4. Index Locking Considerations

    Index access methods must handle concurrent updates of the index by multiple processes. The core PostgreSQL system obtains @@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ integrity. When the flag is set, it indicates that the index access method implements finer-grained predicate locking, which will tend to reduce the frequency of such transaction cancellations. -

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    64.3. Index Scanning
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    64.3. Index Scanning
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    64.3. Index Scanning

    In an index scan, the index access method is responsible for regurgitating the TIDs of all the tuples it has been told about that match the scan keys. The access method is not involved in @@ -120,4 +120,4 @@ Note that it is permitted for an access method to implement only amgetbitmap and not amgettuple, or vice versa, if its internal implementation is unsuited to one API or the other. -

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    64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
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    64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks

    PostgreSQL enforces SQL uniqueness constraints using unique indexes, which are indexes that disallow multiple entries with identical keys. An access method that supports this @@ -106,4 +106,4 @@ target row is found in the recheck verifies that we are scanning for the same tuple values as were used in the original insertion.

    -

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    PostgreSQL 15.17 Documentation
         Next

    PostgreSQL 15.17 Documentation

    The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

    Copyright © 1996–2026 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

    Table of Contents

    Preface
    1. What Is PostgreSQL?
    2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL
    3. Conventions
    4. Further Information
    5. Bug Reporting Guidelines
    I. Tutorial
    1. Getting Started
    2. The SQL Language
    3. Advanced Features
    II. The SQL Language
    4. SQL Syntax
    5. Data Definition
    6. Data Manipulation
    7. Queries
    8. Data Types
    9. Functions and Operators
    10. Type Conversion
    11. Indexes
    12. Full Text Search
    13. Concurrency Control
    14. Performance Tips
    15. Parallel Query
    III. Server Administration
    16. Installation from Binaries
    17. Installation from Source Code
    18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
    19. Server Setup and Operation
    20. Server Configuration
    21. Client Authentication
    22. Database Roles
    23. Managing Databases
    24. Localization
    25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
    26. Backup and Restore
    27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
    28. Monitoring Database Activity
    29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
    31. Logical Replication
    32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    33. Regression Tests
    IV. Client Interfaces
    34. libpq — C Library
    35. Large Objects
    36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
    37. The Information Schema
    V. Server Programming
    38. Extending SQL
    39. Triggers
    40. Event Triggers
    41. The Rule System
    42. Procedural Languages
    43. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language
    44. PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language
    45. PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
    46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language
    47. Server Programming Interface
    48. Background Worker Processes
    49. Logical Decoding
    50. Replication Progress Tracking
    51. Archive Modules
    VI. Reference
    I. SQL Commands
    II. PostgreSQL Client Applications
    III. PostgreSQL Server Applications
    VII. Internals
    52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
    53. System Catalogs
    54. System Views
    55. Frontend/Backend Protocol
    56. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
    57. Native Language Support
    58. Writing a Procedural Language Handler
    59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
    60. Writing a Table Sampling Method
    61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    63. Table Access Method Interface Definition
    64. Index Access Method Interface Definition
    65. Generic WAL Records
    66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    67. B-Tree Indexes
    68. GiST Indexes
    69. SP-GiST Indexes
    70. GIN Indexes
    71. BRIN Indexes
    72. Hash Indexes
    73. Database Physical Storage
    74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
    75. How the Planner Uses Statistics
    76. Backup Manifest Format
    VIII. Appendixes
    A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
    B. Date/Time Support
    C. SQL Key Words
    D. SQL Conformance
    E. Release Notes
    F. Additional Supplied Modules
    G. Additional Supplied Programs
    H. External Projects
    I. The Source Code Repository
    J. Documentation
    K. PostgreSQL Limits
    L. Acronyms
    M. Glossary
    N. Color Support
    O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
    Bibliography
    Index
       Next
       Preface
    \ No newline at end of file +PostgreSQL 15.18 Documentation
    PostgreSQL 15.18 Documentation
         Next

    PostgreSQL 15.18 Documentation

    The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

    Copyright © 1996–2026 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

    Table of Contents

    Preface
    1. What Is PostgreSQL?
    2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL
    3. Conventions
    4. Further Information
    5. Bug Reporting Guidelines
    I. Tutorial
    1. Getting Started
    2. The SQL Language
    3. Advanced Features
    II. The SQL Language
    4. SQL Syntax
    5. Data Definition
    6. Data Manipulation
    7. Queries
    8. Data Types
    9. Functions and Operators
    10. Type Conversion
    11. Indexes
    12. Full Text Search
    13. Concurrency Control
    14. Performance Tips
    15. Parallel Query
    III. Server Administration
    16. Installation from Binaries
    17. Installation from Source Code
    18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
    19. Server Setup and Operation
    20. Server Configuration
    21. Client Authentication
    22. Database Roles
    23. Managing Databases
    24. Localization
    25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
    26. Backup and Restore
    27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
    28. Monitoring Database Activity
    29. Monitoring Disk Usage
    30. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
    31. Logical Replication
    32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    33. Regression Tests
    IV. Client Interfaces
    34. libpq — C Library
    35. Large Objects
    36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C
    37. The Information Schema
    V. Server Programming
    38. Extending SQL
    39. Triggers
    40. Event Triggers
    41. The Rule System
    42. Procedural Languages
    43. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language
    44. PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language
    45. PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
    46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language
    47. Server Programming Interface
    48. Background Worker Processes
    49. Logical Decoding
    50. Replication Progress Tracking
    51. Archive Modules
    VI. Reference
    I. SQL Commands
    II. PostgreSQL Client Applications
    III. PostgreSQL Server Applications
    VII. Internals
    52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
    53. System Catalogs
    54. System Views
    55. Frontend/Backend Protocol
    56. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
    57. Native Language Support
    58. Writing a Procedural Language Handler
    59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
    60. Writing a Table Sampling Method
    61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    63. Table Access Method Interface Definition
    64. Index Access Method Interface Definition
    65. Generic WAL Records
    66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    67. B-Tree Indexes
    68. GiST Indexes
    69. SP-GiST Indexes
    70. GIN Indexes
    71. BRIN Indexes
    72. Hash Indexes
    73. Database Physical Storage
    74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
    75. How the Planner Uses Statistics
    76. Backup Manifest Format
    VIII. Appendixes
    A. PostgreSQL Error Codes
    B. Date/Time Support
    C. SQL Key Words
    D. SQL Conformance
    E. Release Notes
    F. Additional Supplied Modules
    G. Additional Supplied Programs
    H. External Projects
    I. The Source Code Repository
    J. Documentation
    K. PostgreSQL Limits
    L. Acronyms
    M. Glossary
    N. Color Support
    O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
    Bibliography
    Index
       Next
       Preface
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    Table of Contents

    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
    64.2. Index Access Method Functions
    64.3. Index Scanning
    64.4. Index Locking Considerations
    64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions

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    Chapter 64. Index Access Method Interface Definition

    Table of Contents

    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
    64.2. Index Access Method Functions
    64.3. Index Scanning
    64.4. Index Locking Considerations
    64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions

    This chapter defines the interface between the core PostgreSQL system and index access methods, which manage individual index types. The core system @@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ statement; but indexes do not deal with those, either.) Index entries for dead tuples are reclaimed (by vacuuming) when the dead tuples themselves are reclaimed. -

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    A single index scan can only use query clauses that use the index's columns with operators of its operator class and are joined with AND. For example, given an index on (a, b) @@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ common. If one of the types of query is much less common than the others, you'd probably settle for creating just the two indexes that best match the common types. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-collations.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-collations.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-collations.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-collations.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.11. Indexes and Collations
    11.11. Indexes and Collations
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.11. Indexes and Collations

    +11.11. Indexes and Collations

    11.11. Indexes and Collations
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.11. Indexes and Collations

    An index can support only one collation per index column. If multiple collations are of interest, multiple indexes may be needed.

    @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ 

     CREATE INDEX test1c_content_y_index ON test1c (content COLLATE "y");

    -

    Prev Up Next
    11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families Home 11.12. Examining Index Usage
    \ No newline at end of file +

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    11.12. Examining Index Usage
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.12. Examining Index Usage

    +11.12. Examining Index Usage

    11.12. Examining Index Usage
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.12. Examining Index Usage

    Although indexes in PostgreSQL do not need maintenance or tuning, it is still important to check which indexes are actually used by the real-life query workload. @@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ appropriate, then you might have to resort to forcing index usage explicitly. You might also want to contact the PostgreSQL developers to examine the issue. -

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    11.11. Indexes and Collations Home Chapter 12. Full Text Search
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    11.11. Indexes and Collations Home Chapter 12. Full Text Search
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-expressional.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-expressional.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-expressional.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-expressional.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.7. Indexes on Expressions
    11.7. Indexes on Expressions
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.7. Indexes on Expressions

    +11.7. Indexes on Expressions

    11.7. Indexes on Expressions
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.7. Indexes on Expressions

    An index column need not be just a column of the underlying table, but can be a function or scalar expression computed from one or more columns of the table. This feature is useful to obtain fast @@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ and so the speed of the search is equivalent to any other simple index query. Thus, indexes on expressions are useful when retrieval speed is more important than insertion and update speed. -

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    11.6. Unique Indexes Home 11.8. Partial Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
    11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes

    +11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes

    11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
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    11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes

    All indexes in PostgreSQL are secondary indexes, meaning that each index is stored separately from the table's main data area (which is called the @@ -206,4 +206,4 @@ checked in the plan. PostgreSQL versions 9.6 and later will recognize such cases and allow index-only scans to be generated, but older versions will not. -

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    11.1. Introduction
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.1. Introduction

    +11.1. Introduction

    11.1. Introduction
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.1. Introduction

    Suppose we have a table similar to this: 

     CREATE TABLE test1 (
@@ -103,4 +103,4 @@
    tuples.
    Therefore indexes that are seldom or never used in queries
    should be removed.
-
    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 11. Indexes Home 11.2. Index Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 11. Indexes Home 11.2. Index Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-multicolumn.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-multicolumn.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-multicolumn.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-multicolumn.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.3. Multicolumn Indexes
    11.3. Multicolumn Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.3. Multicolumn Indexes

    +11.3. Multicolumn Indexes

    11.3. Multicolumn Indexes
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    11.3. Multicolumn Indexes

    An index can be defined on more than one column of a table. For example, if you have a table of this form: 

    @@ -79,4 +79,4 @@
    Section 11.5 and
    Section 11.9 for some discussion of the
    merits of different index configurations.
-
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    11.2. Index Types Home 11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    11.2. Index Types Home 11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-opclass.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-opclass.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-opclass.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-opclass.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families
    11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families

    +11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families

    11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families

    An index definition can specify an operator class for each column of an index. 

    @@ -104,4 +104,4 @@
     commands \dAc, \dAf,
     and \dAo, which provide slightly more sophisticated
     versions of these queries.
-
    Prev Up Next
    11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes Home 11.11. Indexes and Collations
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes Home 11.11. Indexes and Collations
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-ordering.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-ordering.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-ordering.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-ordering.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY
    11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY

    +11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY

    11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY

    In addition to simply finding the rows to be returned by a query, an index may be able to deliver them in a specific sorted order. This allows a query's ORDER BY specification to be honored @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ speedups for certain queries. Whether it's worth maintaining such an index depends on how often you use queries that require a special sort ordering. -

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    11.3. Multicolumn Indexes Home 11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    11.3. Multicolumn Indexes Home 11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-partial.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-partial.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-partial.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-partial.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.8. Partial Indexes
    11.8. Partial Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.8. Partial Indexes

    +11.8. Partial Indexes

    11.8. Partial Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.8. Partial Indexes

    A partial index is an index built over a subset of a table; the subset is defined by a conditional expression (called the predicate of the @@ -209,4 +209,4 @@ far better performance is possible.


    More information about partial indexes can be found in [ston89b], [olson93], and [seshadri95]. -

    Prev Up Next
    11.7. Indexes on Expressions Home 11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    11.7. Indexes on Expressions Home 11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-types.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-types.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-types.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-types.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.2. Index Types
    11.2. Index Types
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.2. Index Types

    11.2.1. B-Tree
    11.2.2. Hash
    11.2.3. GiST
    11.2.4. SP-GiST
    11.2.5. GIN
    11.2.6. BRIN

    +11.2. Index Types

    11.2. Index Types
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.2. Index Types

    11.2.1. B-Tree
    11.2.2. Hash
    11.2.3. GiST
    11.2.4. SP-GiST
    11.2.5. GIN
    11.2.6. BRIN

    PostgreSQL provides several index types: B-tree, Hash, GiST, SP-GiST, GIN, BRIN, and the extension bloom. Each index type uses a different @@ -159,4 +159,4 @@ The BRIN operator classes included in the standard distribution are documented in Table 71.1. For more information see Chapter 71. -

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    11.1. Introduction Home 11.3. Multicolumn Indexes
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-unique.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-unique.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-unique.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes-unique.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -11.6. Unique Indexes
    11.6. Unique Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.6. Unique Indexes

    +11.6. Unique Indexes

    11.6. Unique Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 11. IndexesHome Next

    11.6. Unique Indexes

    Indexes can also be used to enforce uniqueness of a column's value, or the uniqueness of the combined values of more than one column. 

    @@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
     There's no need to manually
     create indexes on unique columns; doing so would just duplicate
     the automatically-created index.
-
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    11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes Home 11.7. Indexes on Expressions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/indexes.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Chapter 11. Indexes
    Chapter 11. Indexes
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    10.6. SELECT Output Columns Home 11.1. Introduction
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/information-schema.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/information-schema.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/information-schema.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/information-schema.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 37. The Information Schema
    Chapter 37. The Information Schema
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 37. The Information Schema

    Table of Contents

    37.1. The Schema
    37.2. Data Types
    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
    37.5. applicable_roles
    37.6. attributes
    37.7. character_sets
    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
    37.9. check_constraints
    37.10. collations
    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
    37.12. column_column_usage
    37.13. column_domain_usage
    37.14. column_options
    37.15. column_privileges
    37.16. column_udt_usage
    37.17. columns
    37.18. constraint_column_usage
    37.19. constraint_table_usage
    37.20. data_type_privileges
    37.21. domain_constraints
    37.22. domain_udt_usage
    37.23. domains
    37.24. element_types
    37.25. enabled_roles
    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
    37.28. foreign_server_options
    37.29. foreign_servers
    37.30. foreign_table_options
    37.31. foreign_tables
    37.32. key_column_usage
    37.33. parameters
    37.34. referential_constraints
    37.35. role_column_grants
    37.36. role_routine_grants
    37.37. role_table_grants
    37.38. role_udt_grants
    37.39. role_usage_grants
    37.40. routine_column_usage
    37.41. routine_privileges
    37.42. routine_routine_usage
    37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    37.44. routine_table_usage
    37.45. routines
    37.46. schemata
    37.47. sequences
    37.48. sql_features
    37.49. sql_implementation_info
    37.50. sql_parts
    37.51. sql_sizing
    37.52. table_constraints
    37.53. table_privileges
    37.54. tables
    37.55. transforms
    37.56. triggered_update_columns
    37.57. triggers
    37.58. udt_privileges
    37.59. usage_privileges
    37.60. user_defined_types
    37.61. user_mapping_options
    37.62. user_mappings
    37.63. view_column_usage
    37.64. view_routine_usage
    37.65. view_table_usage
    37.66. views

    +Chapter 37. The Information Schema

    Chapter 37. The Information Schema
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 37. The Information Schema

    Table of Contents

    37.1. The Schema
    37.2. Data Types
    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
    37.5. applicable_roles
    37.6. attributes
    37.7. character_sets
    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
    37.9. check_constraints
    37.10. collations
    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
    37.12. column_column_usage
    37.13. column_domain_usage
    37.14. column_options
    37.15. column_privileges
    37.16. column_udt_usage
    37.17. columns
    37.18. constraint_column_usage
    37.19. constraint_table_usage
    37.20. data_type_privileges
    37.21. domain_constraints
    37.22. domain_udt_usage
    37.23. domains
    37.24. element_types
    37.25. enabled_roles
    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
    37.28. foreign_server_options
    37.29. foreign_servers
    37.30. foreign_table_options
    37.31. foreign_tables
    37.32. key_column_usage
    37.33. parameters
    37.34. referential_constraints
    37.35. role_column_grants
    37.36. role_routine_grants
    37.37. role_table_grants
    37.38. role_udt_grants
    37.39. role_usage_grants
    37.40. routine_column_usage
    37.41. routine_privileges
    37.42. routine_routine_usage
    37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    37.44. routine_table_usage
    37.45. routines
    37.46. schemata
    37.47. sequences
    37.48. sql_features
    37.49. sql_implementation_info
    37.50. sql_parts
    37.51. sql_sizing
    37.52. table_constraints
    37.53. table_privileges
    37.54. tables
    37.55. transforms
    37.56. triggered_update_columns
    37.57. triggers
    37.58. udt_privileges
    37.59. usage_privileges
    37.60. user_defined_types
    37.61. user_mapping_options
    37.62. user_mappings
    37.63. view_column_usage
    37.64. view_routine_usage
    37.65. view_table_usage
    37.66. views

    The information schema consists of a set of views that contain information about the objects defined in the current database. The information schema is defined in the SQL standard and can therefore @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ issues but contain the table name to help distinguish duplicate rows, e.g., constraint_column_usage, constraint_table_usage, table_constraints. -

    Prev Up Next
    36.17. Internals Home 37.1. The Schema
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations

    +37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations

    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations

    The view administrable_role_authorizations identifies all roles that the current user has the admin option for. @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@

    Always YES -


    Prev Up Next
    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name Home 37.5. applicable_roles
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.5. applicable_roles
    37.5. applicable_roles
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.5. applicable_roles

    +37.5. applicable_roles

    37.5. applicable_roles
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    37.5. applicable_roles

    The view applicable_roles identifies all roles whose privileges the current user can use. This means there is some chain of role grants from the current user to the role in @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

    YES if the grantee has the admin option on the role, NO if not -


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    37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations Home 37.6. attributes
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    Prev Up Next
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    37.6. attributes
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.6. attributes

    +37.6. attributes

    37.6. attributes
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.6. attributes

    The view attributes contains information about the attributes of composite data types defined in the database. (Note that the view does not give information about table columns, @@ -223,4 +223,4 @@


    See also under Section 37.17, a similarly structured view, for further information on some of the columns. -

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    37.5. applicable_roles Home 37.7. character_sets
    \ No newline at end of file +

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    37.5. applicable_roles Home 37.7. character_sets
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-character-sets.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-character-sets.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-character-sets.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-character-sets.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.7. character_sets
    37.7. character_sets
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.7. character_sets

    +37.7. character_sets

    37.7. character_sets
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.7. character_sets

    The view character_sets identifies the character sets available in the current database. Since PostgreSQL does not support multiple character sets within one database, this view only @@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ settings of the current database. If there is no such collation, then this column and the associated schema and catalog columns are null. -


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    37.6. attributes Home 37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.6. attributes Home 37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage

    +37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage

    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
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    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage

    The view check_constraint_routine_usage identifies routines (functions and procedures) that are used by a check constraint. Only those routines are shown that are owned by @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@

    The “specific name” of the function. See Section 37.45 for more information. -


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    37.7. character_sets Home 37.9. check_constraints
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.7. character_sets Home 37.9. check_constraints
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.9. check_constraints
    37.9. check_constraints
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.9. check_constraints

    +37.9. check_constraints

    37.9. check_constraints
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.9. check_constraints

    The view check_constraints contains all check constraints, either defined on a table or on a domain, that are owned by a currently enabled role. (The owner of the table or @@ -29,4 +29,4 @@

    The check expression of the check constraint -


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    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage Home 37.10. collations
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage Home 37.10. collations
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
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    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability

    +37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability

    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
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    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability

    The view collation_character_set_applicability identifies which character set the available collations are applicable to. In PostgreSQL, there is only one character set per @@ -41,4 +41,4 @@

    Name of the character set -


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    37.10. collations Home 37.12. column_column_usage
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    Prev Up Next
    37.10. collations Home 37.12. column_column_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collations.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collations.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collations.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-collations.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.10. collations
    37.10. collations
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.10. collations

    +37.10. collations

    37.10. collations
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.10. collations

    The view collations contains the collations available in the current database.

    Table 37.8. collations Columns

    @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@

    Always NO PAD (The alternative PAD SPACE is not supported by PostgreSQL.) -


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    37.9. check_constraints Home 37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.9. check_constraints Home 37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.12. column_column_usage
    37.12. column_column_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.12. column_column_usage

    +37.12. column_column_usage

    37.12. column_column_usage
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    37.12. column_column_usage

    The view column_column_usage identifies all generated columns that depend on another base column in the same table. Only tables owned by a currently enabled role are included. @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@

    Name of the generated column -


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    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability Home 37.13. column_domain_usage
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.11. collation_character_set_​applicability Home 37.13. column_domain_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.13. column_domain_usage
    37.13. column_domain_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.13. column_domain_usage

    +37.13. column_domain_usage

    37.13. column_domain_usage
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    37.13. column_domain_usage

    The view column_domain_usage identifies all columns (of a table or a view) that make use of some domain defined in the current database and owned by a currently enabled role. @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@

    Name of the column -


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    37.12. column_column_usage Home 37.14. column_options
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.12. column_column_usage Home 37.14. column_options
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-options.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-options.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-options.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-options.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.14. column_options
    37.14. column_options
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    37.14. column_options

    +37.14. column_options

    37.14. column_options
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.14. column_options

    The view column_options contains all the options defined for foreign table columns in the current database. Only those foreign table columns are shown that the current user has access to @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@

    Value of the option -


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    37.13. column_domain_usage Home 37.15. column_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.13. column_domain_usage Home 37.15. column_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.15. column_privileges
    37.15. column_privileges
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    37.15. column_privileges

    +37.15. column_privileges

    37.15. column_privileges
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    37.15. column_privileges

    The view column_privileges identifies all privileges granted on columns to a currently enabled role or by a currently enabled role. There is one row for each combination of @@ -57,4 +57,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.14. column_options Home 37.16. column_udt_usage
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.14. column_options Home 37.16. column_udt_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.16. column_udt_usage
    37.16. column_udt_usage
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    37.16. column_udt_usage

    +37.16. column_udt_usage

    37.16. column_udt_usage
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    37.16. column_udt_usage

    The view column_udt_usage identifies all columns that use data types owned by a currently enabled role. Note that in PostgreSQL, built-in data types behave @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@

    Name of the column -


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    37.15. column_privileges Home 37.17. columns
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    Prev Up Next
    37.15. column_privileges Home 37.17. columns
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    37.17. columns
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    37.17. columns

    +37.17. columns

    37.17. columns
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.17. columns

    The view columns contains information about all table columns (or view columns) in the database. System columns (ctid, etc.) are not included. Only those columns are @@ -334,4 +334,4 @@ columns with their associated data types and treat domains as separate types, you could write coalesce(domain_name, udt_name), etc. -

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    37.16. column_udt_usage Home 37.18. constraint_column_usage
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    Prev Up Next
    37.16. column_udt_usage Home 37.18. constraint_column_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.18. constraint_column_usage
    37.18. constraint_column_usage
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    37.18. constraint_column_usage

    +37.18. constraint_column_usage

    37.18. constraint_column_usage
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    37.18. constraint_column_usage

    The view constraint_column_usage identifies all columns in the current database that are used by some constraint. Only those columns are shown that are contained in a table owned by @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@

    Name of the constraint -


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    37.17. columns Home 37.19. constraint_table_usage
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    Prev Up Next
    37.17. columns Home 37.19. constraint_table_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.19. constraint_table_usage
    37.19. constraint_table_usage
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    37.19. constraint_table_usage

    +37.19. constraint_table_usage

    37.19. constraint_table_usage
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    37.19. constraint_table_usage

    The view constraint_table_usage identifies all tables in the current database that are used by some constraint and are owned by a currently enabled role. (This is different from the @@ -47,4 +47,4 @@

    Name of the constraint -


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    37.18. constraint_column_usage Home 37.20. data_type_privileges
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    Prev Up Next
    37.18. constraint_column_usage Home 37.20. data_type_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.20. data_type_privileges
    37.20. data_type_privileges
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    37.20. data_type_privileges

    +37.20. data_type_privileges

    37.20. data_type_privileges
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    37.20. data_type_privileges

    The view data_type_privileges identifies all data type descriptors that the current user has access to, by way of being the owner of the described object or having some privilege @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@

    The identifier of the data type descriptor, which is unique among the data type descriptors for that same object. -


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    37.19. constraint_table_usage Home 37.21. domain_constraints
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    37.19. constraint_table_usage Home 37.21. domain_constraints
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-datatypes.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-datatypes.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-datatypes.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-datatypes.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.2. Data Types
    37.2. Data Types
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    37.2. Data Types

    +37.2. Data Types

    37.2. Data Types
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    37.2. Data Types

    The columns of the information schema views use special data types that are defined in the information schema. These are defined as simple domains over ordinary built-in types. You should not use @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

    Every column in the information schema has one of these five types. -

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    37.1. The Schema Home 37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
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    Prev Up Next
    37.1. The Schema Home 37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.21. domain_constraints
    37.21. domain_constraints
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    37.21. domain_constraints

    +37.21. domain_constraints

    37.21. domain_constraints
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    37.21. domain_constraints

    The view domain_constraints contains all constraints belonging to domains defined in the current database. Only those domains are shown that the current user has access to (by way of being the owner or @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@

    YES if the constraint is deferrable and initially deferred, NO if not -


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    37.20. data_type_privileges Home 37.22. domain_udt_usage
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.20. data_type_privileges Home 37.22. domain_udt_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.22. domain_udt_usage
    37.22. domain_udt_usage
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    37.22. domain_udt_usage

    +37.22. domain_udt_usage

    37.22. domain_udt_usage
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    37.22. domain_udt_usage

    The view domain_udt_usage identifies all domains that are based on data types owned by a currently enabled role. Note that in PostgreSQL, built-in data @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@

    Name of the domain -


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    37.21. domain_constraints Home 37.23. domains
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.21. domain_constraints Home 37.23. domains
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domains.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domains.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domains.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-domains.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.23. domains
    37.23. domains
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    37.23. domains

    +37.23. domains

    37.23. domains
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    37.23. domains

    The view domains contains all domains defined in the current database. Only those domains are shown that the current user has @@ -194,4 +194,4 @@ instances of such identifiers. (The specific format of the identifier is not defined and not guaranteed to remain the same in future versions.) -


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    37.22. domain_udt_usage Home 37.24. element_types
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    37.22. domain_udt_usage Home 37.24. element_types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-element-types.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-element-types.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-element-types.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-element-types.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.24. element_types
    37.24. element_types
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    37.24. element_types

    +37.24. element_types

    37.24. element_types
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.24. element_types

    The view element_types contains the data type descriptors of the elements of arrays. When a table column, composite-type attribute, domain, function parameter, or function return value is defined to @@ -191,4 +191,4 @@

    An identifier of the data type descriptor of the element. This is currently not useful. -


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    37.23. domains Home 37.25. enabled_roles
    \ No newline at end of file +


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    37.23. domains Home 37.25. enabled_roles
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.25. enabled_roles
    37.25. enabled_roles
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.25. enabled_roles

    +37.25. enabled_roles

    37.25. enabled_roles
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.25. enabled_roles

    The view enabled_roles identifies the currently “enabled roles”. The enabled roles are recursively defined as the current user together with all roles that have been @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@

    Name of a role -


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    37.24. element_types Home 37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
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    37.24. element_types Home 37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options

    +37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options

    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options
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    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options

    The view foreign_data_wrapper_options contains all the options defined for foreign-data wrappers in the current database. Only those foreign-data wrappers are shown that the @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@

    Value of the option -


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    37.25. enabled_roles Home 37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
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    37.25. enabled_roles Home 37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
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    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers

    +37.27. foreign_data_wrappers

    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers

    The view foreign_data_wrappers contains all foreign-data wrappers defined in the current database. Only those foreign-data wrappers are shown that the current user has access to @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@

    Language used to implement this foreign-data wrapper -


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    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options Home 37.28. foreign_server_options
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    37.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options Home 37.28. foreign_server_options
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.28. foreign_server_options
    37.28. foreign_server_options
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    37.28. foreign_server_options

    +37.28. foreign_server_options

    37.28. foreign_server_options
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    37.28. foreign_server_options

    The view foreign_server_options contains all the options defined for foreign servers in the current database. Only those foreign servers are shown that the current user has access to @@ -29,4 +29,4 @@

    Value of the option -


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    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers Home 37.29. foreign_servers
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    37.27. foreign_data_wrappers Home 37.29. foreign_servers
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.29. foreign_servers
    37.29. foreign_servers
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    37.29. foreign_servers

    +37.29. foreign_servers

    37.29. foreign_servers
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    37.29. foreign_servers

    The view foreign_servers contains all foreign servers defined in the current database. Only those foreign servers are shown that the current user has access to (by way of @@ -45,4 +45,4 @@

    Name of the owner of the foreign server -


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    37.28. foreign_server_options Home 37.30. foreign_table_options
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    37.28. foreign_server_options Home 37.30. foreign_table_options
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    37.30. foreign_table_options
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.30. foreign_table_options

    +37.30. foreign_table_options

    37.30. foreign_table_options
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    37.30. foreign_table_options

    The view foreign_table_options contains all the options defined for foreign tables in the current database. Only those foreign tables are shown that the current user has access to @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@

    Value of the option -


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    37.29. foreign_servers Home 37.31. foreign_tables
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    37.29. foreign_servers Home 37.31. foreign_tables
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    37.31. foreign_tables
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    37.31. foreign_tables

    +37.31. foreign_tables

    37.31. foreign_tables
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    37.31. foreign_tables

    The view foreign_tables contains all foreign tables defined in the current database. Only those foreign tables are shown that the current user has access to (by way of @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@

    Name of the foreign server -


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    37.30. foreign_table_options Home 37.32. key_column_usage
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    37.30. foreign_table_options Home 37.32. key_column_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
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    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name

    +37.3. information_schema_catalog_name

    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
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    37.3. information_schema_catalog_name

    information_schema_catalog_name is a table that always contains one row and one column containing the name of the current database (current catalog, in SQL terminology). @@ -13,4 +13,4 @@

    Name of the database that contains this information schema -


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    37.2. Data Types Home 37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
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    37.2. Data Types Home 37.4. administrable_role_​authorizations
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.32. key_column_usage
    37.32. key_column_usage
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    37.32. key_column_usage

    +37.32. key_column_usage

    37.32. key_column_usage
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    37.32. key_column_usage

    The view key_column_usage identifies all columns in the current database that are restricted by some unique, primary key, or foreign key constraint. Check constraints are not included @@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ For a foreign-key constraint, ordinal position of the referenced column within its unique constraint (count starts at 1); otherwise null -


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    37.33. parameters
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    37.33. parameters

    +37.33. parameters

    37.33. parameters
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    37.33. parameters

    The view parameters contains information about the parameters (arguments) of all functions in the current database. Only those functions are shown that the current user has access to @@ -185,4 +185,4 @@

    The default expression of the parameter, or null if none or if the function is not owned by a currently enabled role. -


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    37.32. key_column_usage Home 37.34. referential_constraints
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    37.32. key_column_usage Home 37.34. referential_constraints
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    37.34. referential_constraints
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    37.34. referential_constraints

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    37.34. referential_constraints
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    37.34. referential_constraints

    The view referential_constraints contains all referential (foreign key) constraints in the current database. Only those constraints are shown for which the current user has @@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ CASCADE, SET NULL, SET DEFAULT, RESTRICT, or NO ACTION. -


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    37.33. parameters Home 37.35. role_column_grants
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    37.33. parameters Home 37.35. role_column_grants
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    37.35. role_column_grants
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    37.35. role_column_grants

    +37.35. role_column_grants

    37.35. role_column_grants
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    37.35. role_column_grants

    The view role_column_grants identifies all privileges granted on columns where the grantor or grantee is a currently enabled role. Further information can be found under @@ -55,4 +55,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.34. referential_constraints Home 37.36. role_routine_grants
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    37.36. role_routine_grants
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    37.36. role_routine_grants

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    37.36. role_routine_grants
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    37.36. role_routine_grants

    The view role_routine_grants identifies all privileges granted on functions where the grantor or grantee is a currently enabled role. Further information can be found under @@ -63,4 +63,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.37. role_table_grants
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    37.37. role_table_grants

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    37.37. role_table_grants
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    37.37. role_table_grants

    The view role_table_grants identifies all privileges granted on tables or views where the grantor or grantee is a currently enabled role. Further information can be found @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ in the SELECT privilege, so this column shows YES if the privilege is SELECT, else NO. -


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    37.38. role_udt_grants
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    37.38. role_udt_grants

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    37.38. role_udt_grants
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    37.38. role_udt_grants

    The view role_udt_grants is intended to identify USAGE privileges granted on user-defined types where the grantor or grantee is a currently enabled role. Further @@ -50,4 +50,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.37. role_table_grants Home 37.39. role_usage_grants
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    37.39. role_usage_grants
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    37.39. role_usage_grants

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    37.39. role_usage_grants
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    37.39. role_usage_grants

    The view role_usage_grants identifies USAGE privileges granted on various kinds of objects where the grantor or grantee is a currently enabled role. @@ -54,4 +54,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.38. role_udt_grants Home 37.40. routine_column_usage
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.40. routine_column_usage
    37.40. routine_column_usage
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    37.40. routine_column_usage

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    37.40. routine_column_usage

    The view routine_column_usage identifies all columns that are used by a function or procedure, either in the SQL body or in parameter default expressions. (This only works for unquoted SQL bodies, @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@

    Name of the column that is used by the function -


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    37.39. role_usage_grants Home 37.41. routine_privileges
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.41. routine_privileges
    37.41. routine_privileges
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    37.41. routine_privileges

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    37.41. routine_privileges
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    37.41. routine_privileges

    The view routine_privileges identifies all privileges granted on functions to a currently enabled role or by a currently enabled role. There is one row for each combination of function, @@ -59,4 +59,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.42. routine_routine_usage
    37.42. routine_routine_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.42. routine_routine_usage

    +37.42. routine_routine_usage

    37.42. routine_routine_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.42. routine_routine_usage

    The view routine_routine_usage identifies all functions or procedures that are used by another (or the same) function or procedure, either in the SQL body or in parameter default expressions. (This only @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@

    The “specific name” of the function that is used by the first function. -


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    37.41. routine_privileges Home 37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.41. routine_privileges Home 37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.43. routine_sequence_usage

    +37.43. routine_sequence_usage

    37.43. routine_sequence_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.43. routine_sequence_usage

    The view routine_sequence_usage identifies all sequences that are used by a function or procedure, either in the SQL body or in parameter default expressions. (This only works for unquoted SQL bodies, @@ -56,4 +56,4 @@

    Name of the sequence that is used by the function -


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    37.42. routine_routine_usage Home 37.44. routine_table_usage
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.42. routine_routine_usage Home 37.44. routine_table_usage
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.44. routine_table_usage
    37.44. routine_table_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.44. routine_table_usage

    +37.44. routine_table_usage

    37.44. routine_table_usage
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.44. routine_table_usage

    The view routine_table_usage is meant to identify all tables that are used by a function or procedure. This information is currently not tracked by PostgreSQL. @@ -54,4 +54,4 @@

    Name of the table that is used by the function -


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    37.43. routine_sequence_usage Home 37.45. routines
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    Prev Up Next
    37.43. routine_sequence_usage Home 37.45. routines
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routines.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routines.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routines.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-routines.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.45. routines
    37.45. routines
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.45. routines

    +37.45. routines

    37.45. routines
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.45. routines

    The view routines contains all functions and procedures in the current database. Only those functions and procedures are shown that the current user has access to (by way of being the owner or having some @@ -461,4 +461,4 @@

    Applies to a feature not available in PostgreSQL -


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    37.44. routine_table_usage Home 37.46. schemata
    \ No newline at end of file +


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    37.44. routine_table_usage Home 37.46. schemata
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schema.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schema.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schema.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schema.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.1. The Schema
    37.1. The Schema
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    37.1. The Schema

    +37.1. The Schema

    37.1. The Schema
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.1. The Schema

    The information schema itself is a schema named information_schema. This schema automatically exists in all databases. The owner of this schema is the initial @@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ schema are generic names that might occur in user applications, you should be careful if you want to put the information schema in the path. -

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    Chapter 37. The Information Schema Home 37.2. Data Types
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 37. The Information Schema Home 37.2. Data Types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schemata.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schemata.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schemata.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-schemata.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.46. schemata
    37.46. schemata
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.46. schemata

    +37.46. schemata

    37.46. schemata
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.46. schemata

    The view schemata contains all schemas in the current database that the current user has access to (by way of being the owner or having some privilege). @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@

    Applies to a feature not available in PostgreSQL -


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    37.45. routines Home 37.47. sequences
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.45. routines Home 37.47. sequences
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sequences.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sequences.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sequences.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sequences.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.47. sequences
    37.47. sequences
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.47. sequences

    +37.47. sequences

    37.47. sequences
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.47. sequences

    The view sequences contains all sequences defined in the current database. Only those sequences are shown that the current user has access to (by way of being the owner or @@ -84,4 +84,4 @@


    Note that in accordance with the SQL standard, the start, minimum, maximum, and increment values are returned as character strings. -

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    37.46. schemata Home 37.48. sql_features
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    37.46. schemata Home 37.48. sql_features
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-features.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-features.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-features.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-features.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.48. sql_features
    37.48. sql_features
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.48. sql_features

    +37.48. sql_features

    37.48. sql_features
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    37.48. sql_features

    The table sql_features contains information about which formal features defined in the SQL standard are supported by PostgreSQL. This is the @@ -47,4 +47,4 @@

    Possibly a comment about the supported status of the feature -


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    37.47. sequences Home 37.49. sql_implementation_info
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    Prev Up Next
    37.47. sequences Home 37.49. sql_implementation_info
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.49. sql_implementation_info
    37.49. sql_implementation_info
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.49. sql_implementation_info

    +37.49. sql_implementation_info

    37.49. sql_implementation_info
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.49. sql_implementation_info

    The table sql_implementation_info contains information about various aspects that are left implementation-defined by the SQL standard. This information is @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@

    Possibly a comment pertaining to the implementation information item -


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    37.48. sql_features Home 37.50. sql_parts
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    Prev Up Next
    37.48. sql_features Home 37.50. sql_parts
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.50. sql_parts
    37.50. sql_parts
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.50. sql_parts

    +37.50. sql_parts

    37.50. sql_parts
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.50. sql_parts

    The table sql_parts contains information about which of the several parts of the SQL standard are supported by PostgreSQL. @@ -36,4 +36,4 @@

    Possibly a comment about the supported status of the part -


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    37.49. sql_implementation_info Home 37.51. sql_sizing
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    37.49. sql_implementation_info Home 37.51. sql_sizing
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.51. sql_sizing
    37.51. sql_sizing
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.51. sql_sizing

    +37.51. sql_sizing

    37.51. sql_sizing
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    37.51. sql_sizing

    The table sql_sizing contains information about various size limits and maximum values in PostgreSQL. This information is @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@

    Possibly a comment pertaining to the sizing item -


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    37.50. sql_parts Home 37.52. table_constraints
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    37.50. sql_parts Home 37.52. table_constraints
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.52. table_constraints
    37.52. table_constraints
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.52. table_constraints

    +37.52. table_constraints

    37.52. table_constraints
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.52. table_constraints

    The view table_constraints contains all constraints belonging to tables that the current user owns or has some privilege other than SELECT on. @@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ if the constraint treats nulls as distinct or NO if it treats nulls as not distinct, otherwise null for other types of constraints. -


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    37.51. sql_sizing Home 37.53. table_privileges
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    Prev Up Next
    37.51. sql_sizing Home 37.53. table_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.53. table_privileges
    37.53. table_privileges
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.53. table_privileges

    +37.53. table_privileges

    37.53. table_privileges
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.53. table_privileges

    The view table_privileges identifies all privileges granted on tables or views to a currently enabled role or by a currently enabled role. There is one row for each @@ -57,4 +57,4 @@ in the SELECT privilege, so this column shows YES if the privilege is SELECT, else NO. -


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    37.52. table_constraints Home 37.54. tables
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.52. table_constraints Home 37.54. tables
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-tables.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-tables.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-tables.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-tables.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.54. tables
    37.54. tables
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.54. tables

    +37.54. tables

    37.54. tables
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.54. tables

    The view tables contains all tables and views defined in the current database. Only those tables and views are shown that the current user has access to (by way of being the @@ -79,4 +79,4 @@

    Not yet implemented -


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    37.53. table_privileges Home 37.55. transforms
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.53. table_privileges Home 37.55. transforms
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-transforms.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-transforms.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-transforms.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-transforms.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.55. transforms
    37.55. transforms
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    37.55. transforms

    +37.55. transforms

    37.55. transforms
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.55. transforms

    The view transforms contains information about the transforms defined in the current database. More precisely, it contains a row for each function contained in a transform (the “from SQL” @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@

    FROM SQL or TO SQL -


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    37.54. tables Home 37.56. triggered_update_columns
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
    37.54. tables Home 37.56. triggered_update_columns
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.56. triggered_update_columns
    37.56. triggered_update_columns
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    37.56. triggered_update_columns

    +37.56. triggered_update_columns

    37.56. triggered_update_columns
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    37.56. triggered_update_columns

    For triggers in the current database that specify a column list (like UPDATE OF column1, column2), the view triggered_update_columns identifies these @@ -48,4 +48,4 @@

    Name of the column that the trigger is defined on -


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    37.55. transforms Home 37.57. triggers
    \ No newline at end of file +


    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggers.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggers.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggers.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-triggers.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.57. triggers
    37.57. triggers
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    37.57. triggers

    +37.57. triggers

    37.57. triggers
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.57. triggers

    The view triggers contains all triggers defined in the current database on tables and views that the current user owns or has some privilege other than SELECT on. @@ -147,4 +147,4 @@ respectively. That was how they were named in the SQL:1999 standard. The new naming conforms to SQL:2003 and later. -

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    37.56. triggered_update_columns Home 37.58. udt_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    37.56. triggered_update_columns Home 37.58. udt_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.58. udt_privileges
    37.58. udt_privileges
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    37.58. udt_privileges

    +37.58. udt_privileges

    37.58. udt_privileges
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.58. udt_privileges

    The view udt_privileges identifies USAGE privileges granted on user-defined types to a currently enabled role or by a currently enabled role. There is one row for @@ -47,4 +47,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.57. triggers Home 37.59. usage_privileges
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    Prev Up Next
    37.57. triggers Home 37.59. usage_privileges
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.59. usage_privileges
    37.59. usage_privileges
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.59. usage_privileges

    +37.59. usage_privileges

    37.59. usage_privileges
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    37.59. usage_privileges

    The view usage_privileges identifies USAGE privileges granted on various kinds of objects to a currently enabled role or by a currently enabled role. @@ -63,4 +63,4 @@

    YES if the privilege is grantable, NO if not -


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    37.58. udt_privileges Home 37.60. user_defined_types
    \ No newline at end of file +


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    37.58. udt_privileges Home 37.60. user_defined_types
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.60. user_defined_types
    37.60. user_defined_types
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.60. user_defined_types

    +37.60. user_defined_types

    37.60. user_defined_types
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.60. user_defined_types

    The view user_defined_types currently contains all composite types defined in the current database. Only those types are shown that the current user has access to (by way @@ -165,4 +165,4 @@

    Applies to a feature not available in PostgreSQL -


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    37.61. user_mapping_options
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.61. user_mapping_options

    +37.61. user_mapping_options

    37.61. user_mapping_options
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    37.61. user_mapping_options

    The view user_mapping_options contains all the options defined for user mappings in the current database. Only those user mappings are shown where the current user has access to @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ server owner, or the current user is a superuser. The intent is to protect password information stored as user mapping option. -


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    37.62. user_mappings
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.62. user_mappings

    +37.62. user_mappings

    37.62. user_mappings
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    37.62. user_mappings

    The view user_mappings contains all user mappings defined in the current database. Only those user mappings are shown where the current user has access to the corresponding @@ -27,4 +27,4 @@

    Name of the foreign server used by this mapping -


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    37.63. view_column_usage
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    37.63. view_column_usage

    +37.63. view_column_usage

    37.63. view_column_usage
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    37.63. view_column_usage

    The view view_column_usage identifies all columns that are used in the query expression of a view (the SELECT statement that defines the view). A @@ -51,4 +51,4 @@

    Name of the column that is used by the view -


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    37.64. view_routine_usage
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    +37.64. view_routine_usage

    37.64. view_routine_usage
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    37.64. view_routine_usage

    The view view_routine_usage identifies all routines (functions and procedures) that are used in the query expression of a view (the SELECT statement that @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@

    The “specific name” of the function. See Section 37.45 for more information. -


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    37.65. view_table_usage
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    37.65. view_table_usage

    +37.65. view_table_usage

    37.65. view_table_usage
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    37.65. view_table_usage

    The view view_table_usage identifies all tables that are used in the query expression of a view (the SELECT statement that defines the view). A @@ -44,4 +44,4 @@

    Name of the table that is used by the view -


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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-views.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-views.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-views.html 2026-02-23 22:14:28.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/infoschema-views.html 2026-05-11 20:02:40.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -37.66. views
    37.66. views
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.66. views

    +37.66. views

    37.66. views
    Prev UpChapter 37. The Information SchemaHome Next

    37.66. views

    The view views contains all views defined in the current database. Only those views are shown that the current user has access to (by way of being the owner or having some privilege). @@ -67,4 +67,4 @@

    YES if the view has an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger defined on it, NO if not -


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    Prev Up Next
    37.65. view_table_usage Home Part V. Server Programming
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-binaries.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-binaries.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-binaries.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-binaries.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries
    Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries

    +Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries

    Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries
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    Chapter 16. Installation from Binaries

    PostgreSQL is available in the form of binary packages for most common operating systems today. When available, this is the recommended way to install PostgreSQL for users of the system. Building @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ the download section on the PostgreSQL website at https://www.postgresql.org/download/ and follow the instructions for the specific platform. -

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    Prev Up Next
    Part III. Server Administration Home Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-getsource.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-getsource.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-getsource.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-getsource.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -17.3. Getting the Source
    17.3. Getting the Source
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.3. Getting the Source

    +17.3. Getting the Source

    17.3. Getting the Source
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    17.3. Getting the Source

    The PostgreSQL source code for released versions can be obtained from the download section of our website: https://www.postgresql.org/ftp/source/. @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@

    Alternatively, you can use the Git version control system; see Section I.1 for more information. -

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    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-post.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-post.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-post.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-post.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -17.5. Post-Installation Setup
    17.5. Post-Installation Setup
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    17.5. Post-Installation Setup

    17.5.1. Shared Libraries
    17.5.2. Environment Variables

    17.5.1. Shared Libraries

    +17.5. Post-Installation Setup

    17.5. Post-Installation Setup
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.5. Post-Installation Setup

    17.5.1. Shared Libraries
    17.5.2. Environment Variables

    17.5.1. Shared Libraries

    On some systems with shared libraries you need to tell the system how to find the newly installed shared libraries. The systems on which this is @@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ user that plans to use the database sets PGHOST. This is not required, however; the settings can be communicated via command line options to most client programs. -

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    Prev Up Next
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    17.4. Installation Procedure
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.4. Installation Procedure

    17.4.1. configure Options
    17.4.2. configure Environment Variables

    1. Configuration

      +17.4. Installation Procedure

      17.4. Installation Procedure
      Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

      17.4. Installation Procedure

      17.4.1. configure Options
      17.4.2. configure Environment Variables

      1. Configuration

        The first step of the installation procedure is to configure the source tree for your system and choose the options you would like. This is done by running the configure script. For a @@ -815,4 +815,4 @@ makefiles. Which to use is a matter of preference, but a common habit among developers is to use PROFILE for one-time flag adjustments, while COPT might be kept set all the time. -

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    17.3. Getting the Source Home 17.5. Post-Installation Setup
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    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-requirements.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-requirements.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-requirements.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-requirements.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -17.2. Requirements
    17.2. Requirements
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.2. Requirements

    +17.2. Requirements

    17.2. Requirements
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.2. Requirements

    In general, a modern Unix-compatible platform should be able to run PostgreSQL. The platforms that had received specific testing at the @@ -194,4 +194,4 @@ run the regression tests you will temporarily need up to an extra 300 MB. Use the df command to check free disk space. -

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    Prev Up Next
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    17.1. Short Version
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.1. Short Version

    +17.1. Short Version

    17.1. Short Version
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.1. Short Version

     ./configure
 make
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@

    The long version is the rest of this chapter. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code Home 17.2. Requirements
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code Home 17.2. Requirements
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows-full.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows-full.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows-full.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows-full.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Microsoft Windows SDK
    18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the - Microsoft Windows SDK
    Prev UpChapter 18. Installation from Source Code on WindowsHome Next

    18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the + Microsoft Windows SDKPrev UpChapter 18. Installation from Source Code on WindowsHome Next

    18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Microsoft Windows SDK

    18.1.1. Requirements
    18.1.2. Special Considerations for 64-Bit Windows
    18.1.3. Building
    18.1.4. Cleaning and Installing
    18.1.5. Running the Regression Tests

    PostgreSQL can be built using the Visual C++ compiler suite from Microsoft. These compilers can be either from Visual Studio, @@ -337,4 +337,4 @@ zstd, which will search for a command by that name in the configured PATH.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows Home Chapter 19. Server Setup and Operation
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows Home Chapter 19. Server Setup and Operation
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/install-windows.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
    Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows

    Table of Contents

    18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the +Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
    Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 18. Installation from Source Code on Windows

    Table of Contents

    18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Microsoft Windows SDK
    18.1.1. Requirements
    18.1.2. Special Considerations for 64-Bit Windows
    18.1.3. Building
    18.1.4. Cleaning and Installing
    18.1.5. Running the Regression Tests

    It is recommended that most users download the binary distribution for Windows, available as a graphical installer package @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ line editing. The Cygwin build does support command line editing, so it should be used where psql is needed for interactive use on Windows. -

    Prev Up Next
    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes Home 18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the +

    Prev Up Next
    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes Home 18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Microsoft Windows SDK
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/installation-platform-notes.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/installation-platform-notes.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/installation-platform-notes.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/installation-platform-notes.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -17.7. Platform-Specific Notes
    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes
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    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes

    17.7.1. AIX
    17.7.2. Cygwin
    17.7.3. macOS
    17.7.4. MinGW/Native Windows
    17.7.5. Solaris

    +17.7. Platform-Specific Notes

    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes
    Prev UpChapter 17. Installation from Source CodeHome Next

    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes

    17.7.1. AIX
    17.7.2. Cygwin
    17.7.3. macOS
    17.7.4. MinGW/Native Windows
    17.7.5. Solaris

    This section documents additional platform-specific issues regarding the installation and setup of PostgreSQL. Be sure to read the installation instructions, and in @@ -311,4 +311,4 @@

    your DTrace installation is too old to handle probes in static functions. You need Solaris 10u4 or newer to use DTrace. -

    Prev Up Next
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    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/installation.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/installation.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/installation.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/installation.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code
    Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code

    Table of Contents

    17.1. Short Version
    17.2. Requirements
    17.3. Getting the Source
    17.4. Installation Procedure
    17.4.1. configure Options
    17.4.2. configure Environment Variables
    17.5. Post-Installation Setup
    17.5.1. Shared Libraries
    17.5.2. Environment Variables
    17.6. Supported Platforms
    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes
    17.7.1. AIX
    17.7.2. Cygwin
    17.7.3. macOS
    17.7.4. MinGW/Native Windows
    17.7.5. Solaris

    +Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code

    Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 17. Installation from Source Code

    Table of Contents

    17.1. Short Version
    17.2. Requirements
    17.3. Getting the Source
    17.4. Installation Procedure
    17.4.1. configure Options
    17.4.2. configure Environment Variables
    17.5. Post-Installation Setup
    17.5.1. Shared Libraries
    17.5.2. Environment Variables
    17.6. Supported Platforms
    17.7. Platform-Specific Notes
    17.7.1. AIX
    17.7.2. Cygwin
    17.7.3. macOS
    17.7.4. MinGW/Native Windows
    17.7.5. Solaris

    This chapter describes the installation of PostgreSQL using the source code distribution. If you are installing a pre-packaged distribution, @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ Windows, read this chapter if you intend to build with MinGW or Cygwin; but if you intend to build with Microsoft's Visual C++, see Chapter 18 instead. -

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    Prev Up Next
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    F.19. intagg
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.19. intagg

    F.19.1. Functions
    F.19.2. Sample Uses

    +F.19. intagg

    F.19. intagg
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.19. intagg

    F.19.1. Functions
    F.19.2. Sample Uses

    The intagg module provides an integer aggregator and an enumerator. intagg is now obsolete, because there are built-in functions that provide a superset of its capabilities. @@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ GROUP BY right ORDER BY count DESC;

    -

    Prev Up Next
    F.18. hstore Home F.20. intarray
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    F.20. intarray
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.20. intarray

    F.20.1. intarray Functions and Operators
    F.20.2. Index Support
    F.20.3. Example
    F.20.4. Benchmark
    F.20.5. Authors

    +F.20. intarray

    F.20. intarray
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    F.20. intarray

    F.20.1. intarray Functions and Operators
    F.20.2. Index Support
    F.20.3. Example
    F.20.4. Benchmark
    F.20.5. Authors

    The intarray module provides a number of useful functions and operators for manipulating null-free arrays of integers. There is also support for indexed searches using some of the operators. @@ -318,4 +318,4 @@ http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/ for additional information. Andrey Oktyabrski did a great work on adding new functions and operations. -

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    F.19. intagg Home F.21. isn
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    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/internals.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/internals.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/internals.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/internals.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Part VII. Internals
    Part VII. Internals
    Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.17 DocumentationHome Next

    Part VII. Internals

    +Part VII. Internals

    Part VII. Internals
    Prev UpPostgreSQL 15.18 DocumentationHome Next

    Part VII. Internals

    This part contains assorted information that might be of use to PostgreSQL developers. -

    Table of Contents

    52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
    52.1. The Path of a Query
    52.2. How Connections Are Established
    52.3. The Parser Stage
    52.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System
    52.5. Planner/Optimizer
    52.6. Executor
    53. System Catalogs
    53.1. Overview
    53.2. pg_aggregate
    53.3. pg_am
    53.4. pg_amop
    53.5. pg_amproc
    53.6. pg_attrdef
    53.7. pg_attribute
    53.8. pg_authid
    53.9. pg_auth_members
    53.10. pg_cast
    53.11. pg_class
    53.12. pg_collation
    53.13. pg_constraint
    53.14. pg_conversion
    53.15. pg_database
    53.16. pg_db_role_setting
    53.17. pg_default_acl
    53.18. pg_depend
    53.19. pg_description
    53.20. pg_enum
    53.21. pg_event_trigger
    53.22. pg_extension
    53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
    53.24. pg_foreign_server
    53.25. pg_foreign_table
    53.26. pg_index
    53.27. pg_inherits
    53.28. pg_init_privs
    53.29. pg_language
    53.30. pg_largeobject
    53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
    53.32. pg_namespace
    53.33. pg_opclass
    53.34. pg_operator
    53.35. pg_opfamily
    53.36. pg_parameter_acl
    53.37. pg_partitioned_table
    53.38. pg_policy
    53.39. pg_proc
    53.40. pg_publication
    53.41. pg_publication_namespace
    53.42. pg_publication_rel
    53.43. pg_range
    53.44. pg_replication_origin
    53.45. pg_rewrite
    53.46. pg_seclabel
    53.47. pg_sequence
    53.48. pg_shdepend
    53.49. pg_shdescription
    53.50. pg_shseclabel
    53.51. pg_statistic
    53.52. pg_statistic_ext
    53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data
    53.54. pg_subscription
    53.55. pg_subscription_rel
    53.56. pg_tablespace
    53.57. pg_transform
    53.58. pg_trigger
    53.59. pg_ts_config
    53.60. pg_ts_config_map
    53.61. pg_ts_dict
    53.62. pg_ts_parser
    53.63. pg_ts_template
    53.64. pg_type
    53.65. pg_user_mapping
    54. System Views
    54.1. Overview
    54.2. pg_available_extensions
    54.3. pg_available_extension_versions
    54.4. pg_backend_memory_contexts
    54.5. pg_config
    54.6. pg_cursors
    54.7. pg_file_settings
    54.8. pg_group
    54.9. pg_hba_file_rules
    54.10. pg_ident_file_mappings
    54.11. pg_indexes
    54.12. pg_locks
    54.13. pg_matviews
    54.14. pg_policies
    54.15. pg_prepared_statements
    54.16. pg_prepared_xacts
    54.17. pg_publication_tables
    54.18. pg_replication_origin_status
    54.19. pg_replication_slots
    54.20. pg_roles
    54.21. pg_rules
    54.22. pg_seclabels
    54.23. pg_sequences
    54.24. pg_settings
    54.25. pg_shadow
    54.26. pg_shmem_allocations
    54.27. pg_stats
    54.28. pg_stats_ext
    54.29. pg_stats_ext_exprs
    54.30. pg_tables
    54.31. pg_timezone_abbrevs
    54.32. pg_timezone_names
    54.33. pg_user
    54.34. pg_user_mappings
    54.35. pg_views
    55. Frontend/Backend Protocol
    55.1. Overview
    55.2. Message Flow
    55.3. SASL Authentication
    55.4. Streaming Replication Protocol
    55.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol
    55.6. Message Data Types
    55.7. Message Formats
    55.8. Error and Notice Message Fields
    55.9. Logical Replication Message Formats
    55.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
    56. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
    56.1. Formatting
    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
    56.3. Error Message Style Guide
    56.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
    57. Native Language Support
    57.1. For the Translator
    57.2. For the Programmer
    58. Writing a Procedural Language Handler
    59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
    59.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions
    59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
    59.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
    59.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
    59.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers
    60. Writing a Table Sampling Method
    60.1. Sampling Method Support Functions
    61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    62.2. Genetic Algorithms
    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    62.4. Further Reading
    63. Table Access Method Interface Definition
    64. Index Access Method Interface Definition
    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
    64.2. Index Access Method Functions
    64.3. Index Scanning
    64.4. Index Locking Considerations
    64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions
    65. Generic WAL Records
    66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    67. B-Tree Indexes
    67.1. Introduction
    67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
    67.3. B-Tree Support Functions
    67.4. Implementation
    68. GiST Indexes
    68.1. Introduction
    68.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    68.3. Extensibility
    68.4. Implementation
    68.5. Examples
    69. SP-GiST Indexes
    69.1. Introduction
    69.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    69.3. Extensibility
    69.4. Implementation
    69.5. Examples
    70. GIN Indexes
    70.1. Introduction
    70.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    70.3. Extensibility
    70.4. Implementation
    70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
    70.6. Limitations
    70.7. Examples
    71. BRIN Indexes
    71.1. Introduction
    71.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    71.3. Extensibility
    72. Hash Indexes
    72.1. Overview
    72.2. Implementation
    73. Database Physical Storage
    73.1. Database File Layout
    73.2. TOAST
    73.3. Free Space Map
    73.4. Visibility Map
    73.5. The Initialization Fork
    73.6. Database Page Layout
    73.7. Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)
    74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
    74.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules
    74.2. System Catalog Initial Data
    74.3. BKI File Format
    74.4. BKI Commands
    74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
    74.6. BKI Example
    75. How the Planner Uses Statistics
    75.1. Row Estimation Examples
    75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples
    75.3. Planner Statistics and Security
    76. Backup Manifest Format
    76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
    76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
    76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
    Prev Up Next
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    Table of Contents

    52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
    52.1. The Path of a Query
    52.2. How Connections Are Established
    52.3. The Parser Stage
    52.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System
    52.5. Planner/Optimizer
    52.6. Executor
    53. System Catalogs
    53.1. Overview
    53.2. pg_aggregate
    53.3. pg_am
    53.4. pg_amop
    53.5. pg_amproc
    53.6. pg_attrdef
    53.7. pg_attribute
    53.8. pg_authid
    53.9. pg_auth_members
    53.10. pg_cast
    53.11. pg_class
    53.12. pg_collation
    53.13. pg_constraint
    53.14. pg_conversion
    53.15. pg_database
    53.16. pg_db_role_setting
    53.17. pg_default_acl
    53.18. pg_depend
    53.19. pg_description
    53.20. pg_enum
    53.21. pg_event_trigger
    53.22. pg_extension
    53.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
    53.24. pg_foreign_server
    53.25. pg_foreign_table
    53.26. pg_index
    53.27. pg_inherits
    53.28. pg_init_privs
    53.29. pg_language
    53.30. pg_largeobject
    53.31. pg_largeobject_metadata
    53.32. pg_namespace
    53.33. pg_opclass
    53.34. pg_operator
    53.35. pg_opfamily
    53.36. pg_parameter_acl
    53.37. pg_partitioned_table
    53.38. pg_policy
    53.39. pg_proc
    53.40. pg_publication
    53.41. pg_publication_namespace
    53.42. pg_publication_rel
    53.43. pg_range
    53.44. pg_replication_origin
    53.45. pg_rewrite
    53.46. pg_seclabel
    53.47. pg_sequence
    53.48. pg_shdepend
    53.49. pg_shdescription
    53.50. pg_shseclabel
    53.51. pg_statistic
    53.52. pg_statistic_ext
    53.53. pg_statistic_ext_data
    53.54. pg_subscription
    53.55. pg_subscription_rel
    53.56. pg_tablespace
    53.57. pg_transform
    53.58. pg_trigger
    53.59. pg_ts_config
    53.60. pg_ts_config_map
    53.61. pg_ts_dict
    53.62. pg_ts_parser
    53.63. pg_ts_template
    53.64. pg_type
    53.65. pg_user_mapping
    54. System Views
    54.1. Overview
    54.2. pg_available_extensions
    54.3. pg_available_extension_versions
    54.4. pg_backend_memory_contexts
    54.5. pg_config
    54.6. pg_cursors
    54.7. pg_file_settings
    54.8. pg_group
    54.9. pg_hba_file_rules
    54.10. pg_ident_file_mappings
    54.11. pg_indexes
    54.12. pg_locks
    54.13. pg_matviews
    54.14. pg_policies
    54.15. pg_prepared_statements
    54.16. pg_prepared_xacts
    54.17. pg_publication_tables
    54.18. pg_replication_origin_status
    54.19. pg_replication_slots
    54.20. pg_roles
    54.21. pg_rules
    54.22. pg_seclabels
    54.23. pg_sequences
    54.24. pg_settings
    54.25. pg_shadow
    54.26. pg_shmem_allocations
    54.27. pg_stats
    54.28. pg_stats_ext
    54.29. pg_stats_ext_exprs
    54.30. pg_tables
    54.31. pg_timezone_abbrevs
    54.32. pg_timezone_names
    54.33. pg_user
    54.34. pg_user_mappings
    54.35. pg_views
    55. Frontend/Backend Protocol
    55.1. Overview
    55.2. Message Flow
    55.3. SASL Authentication
    55.4. Streaming Replication Protocol
    55.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol
    55.6. Message Data Types
    55.7. Message Formats
    55.8. Error and Notice Message Fields
    55.9. Logical Replication Message Formats
    55.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
    56. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
    56.1. Formatting
    56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
    56.3. Error Message Style Guide
    56.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
    57. Native Language Support
    57.1. For the Translator
    57.2. For the Programmer
    58. Writing a Procedural Language Handler
    59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
    59.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions
    59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
    59.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
    59.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
    59.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers
    60. Writing a Table Sampling Method
    60.1. Sampling Method Support Functions
    61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
    61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
    61.3. Executing Custom Scans
    62. Genetic Query Optimizer
    62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
    62.2. Genetic Algorithms
    62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
    62.4. Further Reading
    63. Table Access Method Interface Definition
    64. Index Access Method Interface Definition
    64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
    64.2. Index Access Method Functions
    64.3. Index Scanning
    64.4. Index Locking Considerations
    64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
    64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions
    65. Generic WAL Records
    66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    67. B-Tree Indexes
    67.1. Introduction
    67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
    67.3. B-Tree Support Functions
    67.4. Implementation
    68. GiST Indexes
    68.1. Introduction
    68.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    68.3. Extensibility
    68.4. Implementation
    68.5. Examples
    69. SP-GiST Indexes
    69.1. Introduction
    69.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    69.3. Extensibility
    69.4. Implementation
    69.5. Examples
    70. GIN Indexes
    70.1. Introduction
    70.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    70.3. Extensibility
    70.4. Implementation
    70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
    70.6. Limitations
    70.7. Examples
    71. BRIN Indexes
    71.1. Introduction
    71.2. Built-in Operator Classes
    71.3. Extensibility
    72. Hash Indexes
    72.1. Overview
    72.2. Implementation
    73. Database Physical Storage
    73.1. Database File Layout
    73.2. TOAST
    73.3. Free Space Map
    73.4. Visibility Map
    73.5. The Initialization Fork
    73.6. Database Page Layout
    73.7. Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)
    74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
    74.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules
    74.2. System Catalog Initial Data
    74.3. BKI File Format
    74.4. BKI Commands
    74.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
    74.6. BKI Example
    75. How the Planner Uses Statistics
    75.1. Row Estimation Examples
    75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples
    75.3. Planner Statistics and Security
    76. Backup Manifest Format
    76.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object
    76.2. Backup Manifest File Object
    76.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
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    1.  What Is PostgreSQL?
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    1.  What Is PostgreSQL?

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    1.  What Is PostgreSQL?
    Prev UpPrefaceHome Next

    1.  What Is PostgreSQL?

    PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) based on @@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ PostgreSQL can be used, modified, and distributed by anyone free of charge for any purpose, be it private, commercial, or academic. -

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    F.21. isn
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    F.21.1. Data Types
    F.21.2. Casts
    F.21.3. Functions and Operators
    F.21.4. Examples
    F.21.5. Bibliography
    F.21.6. Author

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    F.21.1. Data Types
    F.21.2. Casts
    F.21.3. Functions and Operators
    F.21.4. Examples
    F.21.5. Bibliography
    F.21.6. Author

    The isn module provides data types for the following international product numbering standards: EAN13, UPC, ISBN (books), ISMN (music), and ISSN (serials). Numbers are validated on input according to a @@ -206,4 +206,4 @@

    This module was inspired by Garrett A. Wollman's isbn_issn code. -

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    32.3. Configuration
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    32.3. Configuration
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    32.3. Configuration

    The configuration variable jit determines whether JIT compilation is enabled or disabled. @@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ For development and debugging purposes a few additional configuration parameters exist, as described in Section 20.17. -

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    32.2. When to JIT?
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    JIT compilation is beneficial primarily for long-running CPU-bound queries. Frequently these will be analytical queries. For short queries the added overhead of performing JIT compilation @@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ As visible here, JIT was used, but inlining and expensive optimization were not. If jit_inline_above_cost or jit_optimize_above_cost were also lowered, that would change. -

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    32.4. Extensibility
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    32.4. Extensibility

    32.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions
    32.4.2. Pluggable JIT Providers

    32.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions

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    32.4. Extensibility
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    32.4. Extensibility

    32.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions
    32.4.2. Pluggable JIT Providers

    32.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions

    PostgreSQL's JIT implementation can inline the bodies of functions of types C and internal, as well as @@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ extern void _PG_jit_provider_init(JitProviderCallbacks *cb);

    -

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    Prev Up Next
    32.3. Configuration Home Chapter 33. Regression Tests
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/jit-reason.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/jit-reason.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/jit-reason.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/jit-reason.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    Prev UpChapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)Home Next

    32.1. What Is JIT compilation?

    32.1.1. JIT Accelerated Operations
    32.1.2. Inlining
    32.1.3. Optimization

    +32.1. What Is JIT compilation?

    32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    Prev UpChapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)Home Next

    32.1. What Is JIT compilation?

    32.1.1. JIT Accelerated Operations
    32.1.2. Inlining
    32.1.3. Optimization

    Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation is the process of turning some form of interpreted program evaluation into a native program, and doing so at run time. @@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ longer-running queries. See https://llvm.org/docs/Passes.html#transform-passes for more details about optimizations. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT) Home 32.2. When to JIT?
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT) Home 32.2. When to JIT?
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/jit.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/jit.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/jit.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/jit.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)

    Table of Contents

    32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    32.1.1. JIT Accelerated Operations
    32.1.2. Inlining
    32.1.3. Optimization
    32.2. When to JIT?
    32.3. Configuration
    32.4. Extensibility
    32.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions
    32.4.2. Pluggable JIT Providers

    +Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)

    Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)

    Table of Contents

    32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    32.1.1. JIT Accelerated Operations
    32.1.2. Inlining
    32.1.3. Optimization
    32.2. When to JIT?
    32.3. Configuration
    32.4. Extensibility
    32.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions
    32.4.2. Pluggable JIT Providers

    This chapter explains what just-in-time compilation is, and how it can be configured in PostgreSQL. -

    Prev Up Next
    31.11. Quick Setup Home 32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.11. Quick Setup Home 32.1. What Is JIT compilation?
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/kernel-resources.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/kernel-resources.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/kernel-resources.html 2026-02-23 22:14:24.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/kernel-resources.html 2026-05-11 20:02:36.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -19.4. Managing Kernel Resources
    19.4. Managing Kernel Resources
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.4. Managing Kernel Resources

    19.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores
    19.4.2. systemd RemoveIPC
    19.4.3. Resource Limits
    19.4.4. Linux Memory Overcommit
    19.4.5. Linux Huge Pages

    +19.4. Managing Kernel Resources

    19.4. Managing Kernel Resources
    Prev UpChapter 19. Server Setup and OperationHome Next

    19.4. Managing Kernel Resources

    19.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores
    19.4.2. systemd RemoveIPC
    19.4.3. Resource Limits
    19.4.4. Linux Memory Overcommit
    19.4.5. Linux Huge Pages

    PostgreSQL can sometimes exhaust various operating system resource limits, especially when multiple copies of the server are running on the same system, or in very large installations. This section explains @@ -551,4 +551,4 @@ For a detailed description of the Linux huge pages feature have a look at https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt. -

    Prev Up Next
    19.3. Starting the Database Server Home 19.5. Shutting Down the Server
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    19.3. Starting the Database Server Home 19.5. Shutting Down the Server
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/largeobjects.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/largeobjects.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/largeobjects.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/largeobjects.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 35. Large Objects
    Chapter 35. Large Objects
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 35. Large Objects

    Table of Contents

    35.1. Introduction
    35.2. Implementation Features
    35.3. Client Interfaces
    35.3.1. Creating a Large Object
    35.3.2. Importing a Large Object
    35.3.3. Exporting a Large Object
    35.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object
    35.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object
    35.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object
    35.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object
    35.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
    35.3.9. Truncating a Large Object
    35.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor
    35.3.11. Removing a Large Object
    35.4. Server-Side Functions
    35.5. Example Program

    +Chapter 35. Large Objects

    Chapter 35. Large Objects
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 35. Large Objects

    Table of Contents

    35.1. Introduction
    35.2. Implementation Features
    35.3. Client Interfaces
    35.3.1. Creating a Large Object
    35.3.2. Importing a Large Object
    35.3.3. Exporting a Large Object
    35.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object
    35.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object
    35.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object
    35.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object
    35.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
    35.3.9. Truncating a Large Object
    35.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor
    35.3.11. Removing a Large Object
    35.4. Server-Side Functions
    35.5. Example Program

    PostgreSQL has a large object facility, which provides stream-style access to user data that is stored in a special large-object structure. Streaming access is useful @@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ equivalent functionality. Other interfaces might use the large object interface internally to provide generic support for large values. This is not described here. -

    Prev Up Next
    34.22. Example Programs Home 35.1. Introduction
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.22. Example Programs Home 35.1. Introduction
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-async.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-async.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-async.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-async.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing

    +34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing

    34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing

    The PQexec function is adequate for submitting commands in normal, synchronous applications. It has a few deficiencies, however, that can be of importance to some users: @@ -335,4 +335,4 @@ messages, and won't read our data until we read its.) Once PQflush returns 0, wait for the socket to be read-ready and then read the response as described above. -

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    34.3. Command Execution Functions Home 34.5. Pipeline Mode
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.3. Command Execution Functions Home 34.5. Pipeline Mode
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-build.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-build.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-build.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-build.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.21. Building libpq Programs
    34.21. Building libpq Programs
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.21. Building libpq Programs

    +34.21. Building libpq Programs

    34.21. Building libpq Programs
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.21. Building libpq Programs

    To build (i.e., compile and link) a program using libpq you need to do all of the following things: @@ -103,4 +103,4 @@ This means you forgot the -L option or did not specify the right directory.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs Home 34.22. Example Programs
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs Home 34.22. Example Programs
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-cancel.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-cancel.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-cancel.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-cancel.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress

    +34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress

    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress

    A client application can request cancellation of a command that is still being processed by the server, using the functions described in this section. @@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ that overwriting the PGconn's error message will mess up the operation currently in progress on the connection.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row Home 34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row Home 34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-connect.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-connect.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-connect.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-connect.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
    34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.1. Database Connection Control Functions

    34.1.1. Connection Strings
    34.1.2. Parameter Key Words

    +34.1. Database Connection Control Functions

    34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.1. Database Connection Control Functions

    34.1.1. Connection Strings
    34.1.2. Parameter Key Words

    The following functions deal with making a connection to a PostgreSQL backend server. An application program can have several backend connections open at @@ -1131,4 +1131,4 @@ mode

    -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 34. libpq — C Library Home 34.2. Connection Status Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 34. libpq — C Library Home 34.2. Connection Status Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-control.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-control.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-control.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-control.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.11. Control Functions
    34.11. Control Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.11. Control Functions

    +34.11. Control Functions

    34.11. Control Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.11. Control Functions

    These functions control miscellaneous details of libpq's behavior.

    PQclientEncoding

    @@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ 

     void PQuntrace(PGconn *conn);

    -

    Prev Up Next
    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command Home 34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command Home 34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-copy.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-copy.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-copy.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-copy.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command

    34.10.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data
    34.10.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data
    34.10.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY

    +34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command

    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command

    34.10.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data
    34.10.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data
    34.10.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY

    The COPY command in PostgreSQL has options to read from or write to the network connection used by libpq. @@ -297,4 +297,4 @@ is done after PQendcopy. This will work correctly only if the COPY is the only SQL command in the command string. -

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    34.9. Asynchronous Notification Home 34.11. Control Functions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.9. Asynchronous Notification Home 34.11. Control Functions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-envars.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-envars.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-envars.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-envars.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.15. Environment Variables
    34.15. Environment Variables
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.15. Environment Variables

    +34.15. Environment Variables

    34.15. Environment Variables
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.15. Environment Variables

    The following environment variables can be used to select default connection parameter values, which will be used by PQconnectdb, PQsetdbLogin and @@ -153,4 +153,4 @@ PGLOCALEDIR sets the directory containing the locale files for message localization.

    -

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    34.14. Event System Home 34.16. The Password File
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.14. Event System Home 34.16. The Password File
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-events.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-events.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-events.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-events.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.14. Event System
    34.14. Event System
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.14. Event System

    34.14.1. Event Types
    34.14.2. Event Callback Procedure
    34.14.3. Event Support Functions
    34.14.4. Event Example

    +34.14. Event System

    34.14. Event System
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.14. Event System

    34.14.1. Event Types
    34.14.2. Event Callback Procedure
    34.14.3. Event Support Functions
    34.14.4. Event Example

    libpq's event system is designed to notify registered event handlers about interesting libpq events, such as the creation or @@ -422,4 +422,4 @@ return true; /* event processing succeeded */ } -

    Prev Up Next
    34.13. Notice Processing Home 34.15. Environment Variables
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    34.13. Notice Processing Home 34.15. Environment Variables
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.22. Example Programs
    34.22. Example Programs
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.22. Example Programs

    +34.22. Example Programs

    34.22. Example Programs
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.22. Example Programs

    These examples and others can be found in the directory src/test/examples in the source code distribution. @@ -526,4 +526,4 @@ return 0; } -


    Prev Up Next
    34.21. Building libpq Programs Home Chapter 35. Large Objects
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    34.21. Building libpq Programs Home Chapter 35. Large Objects
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-exec.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-exec.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-exec.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-exec.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.3. Command Execution Functions
    34.3. Command Execution Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.3. Command Execution Functions

    34.3.1. Main Functions
    34.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information
    34.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information
    34.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands

    +34.3. Command Execution Functions

    34.3. Command Execution Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.3. Command Execution Functions

    34.3.1. Main Functions
    34.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information
    34.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information
    34.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands

    Once a connection to a database server has been successfully established, the functions described here are used to perform SQL queries and commands. @@ -1047,4 +1047,4 @@ to be “escaped” when received from PQgetvalue. In particular this means there is no need for string quoting considerations, and so no need for a PGconn parameter. -

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    34.2. Connection Status Functions Home 34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.2. Connection Status Functions Home 34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-fastpath.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-fastpath.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-fastpath.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-fastpath.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,9 +1,14 @@ -34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.8. The Fast-Path Interface

    +34.8. The Fast-Path Interface

    34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.8. The Fast-Path Interface

    PostgreSQL provides a fast-path interface to send simple function calls to the server. -

    Tip

    - This interface is somewhat obsolete, as one can achieve similar +

    Warning

    + This interface is unsafe and should not be used. When + result_is_int is set to 0, + PQfn may write data beyond the end of + result_buf, regardless of whether the buffer has + enough space for the requested number of bytes. Furthermore, it is + obsolete, as one can achieve similar performance and greater functionality by setting up a prepared statement to define the function call. Then, executing the statement with binary transmission of parameters and results substitutes for a @@ -82,4 +87,4 @@ Note that it is not possible to handle set-valued results when using this interface. Also, the function must be a plain function, not an aggregate, window function, or procedure. -

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    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress Home 34.9. Asynchronous Notification
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress Home 34.9. Asynchronous Notification
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-ldap.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-ldap.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-ldap.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-ldap.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
    34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters

    +34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters

    34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters

    If libpq has been compiled with LDAP support (option --with-ldap for configure) it is possible to retrieve connection options like host @@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ user=appuser ldap://ldap.acme.com/cn=dbserver,cn=hosts?pgconnectinfo?base?(objectclass=*)

    -

    Prev Up Next
    34.17. The Connection Service File Home 34.19. SSL Support
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    34.17. The Connection Service File Home 34.19. SSL Support
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-misc.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-misc.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-misc.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-misc.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.12. Miscellaneous Functions

    +34.12. Miscellaneous Functions

    34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.12. Miscellaneous Functions

    As always, there are some functions that just don't fit anywhere.

    PQfreemem

    Frees memory allocated by libpq. @@ -230,4 +230,4 @@ it cannot be used to detect required functionality in earlier versions, since calling it will create a link dependency on version 9.1 or later. -

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    34.13. Notice Processing
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    34.13. Notice Processing

    +34.13. Notice Processing

    34.13. Notice Processing
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.13. Notice Processing

    Notice and warning messages generated by the server are not returned by the query execution functions, since they do not imply failure of the query. Instead they are passed to a notice handling function, and @@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ PGconn's current notice handling pointers are copied into the PGresult for possible use by functions like PQgetvalue. -

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    34.9. Asynchronous Notification
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    34.9. Asynchronous Notification

    +34.9. Asynchronous Notification

    34.9. Asynchronous Notification
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.9. Asynchronous Notification

    PostgreSQL offers asynchronous notification via the LISTEN and NOTIFY commands. A client session registers its interest in a particular @@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ to check PQnotifies after each PQgetResult or PQexec, to see if any notifications came in during the processing of the command. -

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    34.16. The Password File
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    +34.16. The Password File

    34.16. The Password File
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    34.16. The Password File

    The file .pgpass in a user's home directory can contain passwords to be used if the connection requires a password (and no password has been @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ strict than this, the file will be ignored. On Microsoft Windows, it is assumed that the file is stored in a directory that is secure, so no special permissions check is made. -

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    34.17. The Connection Service File
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    34.17. The Connection Service File

    +34.17. The Connection Service File

    34.17. The Connection Service File
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    34.17. The Connection Service File

    The connection service file allows libpq connection parameters to be associated with a single service name. That service name can then be specified in a libpq connection string, and the associated settings will be @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ host somehost, port 5434, user admin, and other parameters as set by environment variables or built-in defaults. -

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    34.5. Pipeline Mode
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.5. Pipeline Mode

    34.5.1. Using Pipeline Mode
    34.5.2. Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
    34.5.3. When to Use Pipeline Mode

    +34.5. Pipeline Mode

    34.5. Pipeline Mode
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.5. Pipeline Mode

    34.5.1. Using Pipeline Mode
    34.5.2. Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
    34.5.3. When to Use Pipeline Mode

    libpq pipeline mode allows applications to send a query without having to read the result of the previously sent query. Taking advantage of the pipeline mode, a client will wait @@ -324,4 +324,4 @@ enough queries to fill both its output buffer and the server's receive buffer before it switches to processing input from the server, but it's hard to predict exactly when that will happen. -

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    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row

    +34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row

    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row

    Ordinarily, libpq collects an SQL command's entire result and returns it to the application as a single PGresult. This can be unworkable for commands @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ proper transactional behavior, the application must be designed to discard or undo whatever has been done with the previously-processed rows, if the query ultimately fails. -

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    34.5. Pipeline Mode Home 34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
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    34.19. SSL Support
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.19. SSL Support

    34.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates
    34.19.2. Client Certificates
    34.19.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes
    34.19.4. SSL Client File Usage
    34.19.5. SSL Library Initialization

    +34.19. SSL Support

    34.19. SSL Support
    Prev UpChapter 34. libpq — C LibraryHome Next

    34.19. SSL Support

    34.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates
    34.19.2. Client Certificates
    34.19.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes
    34.19.4. SSL Client File Usage
    34.19.5. SSL Library Initialization

    PostgreSQL has native support for using SSL connections to encrypt client/server communications using TLS protocols for increased security. @@ -270,4 +270,4 @@ might be preferable for applications that need to work with older versions of libpq.

    -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-status.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-status.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-status.html 2026-02-23 22:14:27.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-status.html 2026-05-11 20:02:39.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -34.2. Connection Status Functions
    34.2. Connection Status Functions
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    34.2. Connection Status Functions

    +34.2. Connection Status Functions

    34.2. Connection Status Functions
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    34.2. Connection Status Functions

    These functions can be used to interrogate the status of an existing database connection object.

    Tip

    @@ -424,4 +424,4 @@ PQsslInUse instead, and for more details about the connection, use PQsslAttribute.

    -

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    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs
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    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs

    +34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs

    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs
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    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs

    libpq is reentrant and thread-safe by default. You might need to use special compiler command-line options when you compile your application code. Refer to your @@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ function PQregisterThreadLock in the libpq source code for a way to do cooperative locking between libpq and your application. -

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    Chapter 34. libpq — C Library
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 34. libpq — C Library

    Table of Contents

    34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
    34.1.1. Connection Strings
    34.1.2. Parameter Key Words
    34.2. Connection Status Functions
    34.3. Command Execution Functions
    34.3.1. Main Functions
    34.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information
    34.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information
    34.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
    34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    34.5. Pipeline Mode
    34.5.1. Using Pipeline Mode
    34.5.2. Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
    34.5.3. When to Use Pipeline Mode
    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
    34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    34.9. Asynchronous Notification
    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
    34.10.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data
    34.10.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data
    34.10.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY
    34.11. Control Functions
    34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    34.13. Notice Processing
    34.14. Event System
    34.14.1. Event Types
    34.14.2. Event Callback Procedure
    34.14.3. Event Support Functions
    34.14.4. Event Example
    34.15. Environment Variables
    34.16. The Password File
    34.17. The Connection Service File
    34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
    34.19. SSL Support
    34.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates
    34.19.2. Client Certificates
    34.19.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes
    34.19.4. SSL Client File Usage
    34.19.5. SSL Library Initialization
    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs
    34.21. Building libpq Programs
    34.22. Example Programs

    +Chapter 34. libpq — C Library

    Chapter 34. libpq — C Library
    Prev UpPart IV. Client InterfacesHome Next

    Chapter 34. libpq — C Library

    Table of Contents

    34.1. Database Connection Control Functions
    34.1.1. Connection Strings
    34.1.2. Parameter Key Words
    34.2. Connection Status Functions
    34.3. Command Execution Functions
    34.3.1. Main Functions
    34.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information
    34.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information
    34.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
    34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
    34.5. Pipeline Mode
    34.5.1. Using Pipeline Mode
    34.5.2. Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
    34.5.3. When to Use Pipeline Mode
    34.6. Retrieving Query Results Row-by-Row
    34.7. Canceling Queries in Progress
    34.8. The Fast-Path Interface
    34.9. Asynchronous Notification
    34.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
    34.10.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data
    34.10.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data
    34.10.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY
    34.11. Control Functions
    34.12. Miscellaneous Functions
    34.13. Notice Processing
    34.14. Event System
    34.14.1. Event Types
    34.14.2. Event Callback Procedure
    34.14.3. Event Support Functions
    34.14.4. Event Example
    34.15. Environment Variables
    34.16. The Password File
    34.17. The Connection Service File
    34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
    34.19. SSL Support
    34.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates
    34.19.2. Client Certificates
    34.19.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes
    34.19.4. SSL Client File Usage
    34.19.5. SSL Library Initialization
    34.20. Behavior in Threaded Programs
    34.21. Building libpq Programs
    34.22. Example Programs

    libpq is the C application programmer's interface to PostgreSQL. libpq is a set of library functions that allow @@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ include the header file libpq-fe.h and must link with the libpq library. -

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    Appendix K. PostgreSQL Limits
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    Appendix K. PostgreSQL Limits

    Table K.1 describes various hard limits of PostgreSQL. However, practical limits, such as performance limitations or available disk space may apply before absolute @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ can become expensive, in turn slowing down INSERT/UPDATE statements. Typically, this is only an issue for tables containing many terabytes of data; partitioning is a possible workaround. -

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    35.5. Example Program
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    +35.5. Example Program

    35.5. Example Program
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    35.5. Example Program

    Example 35.1 is a sample program which shows how the large object interface in libpq can be used. Parts of the program are @@ -278,4 +278,4 @@ return 0; } -


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    35.4. Server-Side Functions
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    35.4. Server-Side Functions

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    35.4. Server-Side Functions
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    35.4. Server-Side Functions

    Server-side functions tailored for manipulating large objects from SQL are listed in Table 35.1.

    Table 35.1. SQL-Oriented Large Object Functions

    @@ -114,4 +114,4 @@ but the names of the server-side functions differ from the client side interfaces in that they do not contain underscores. You must call these functions as loread and lowrite. -

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    35.2. Implementation Features
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    35.2. Implementation Features

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    35.2. Implementation Features
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    35.2. Implementation Features

    The large object implementation breaks large objects up into “chunks” and stores the chunks in rows in the database. A B-tree index guarantees fast @@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ comment on, or change the owner of a large object. To adjust this behavior for compatibility with prior releases, see the lo_compat_privileges run-time parameter. -

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    35.3. Client Interfaces
    Prev UpChapter 35. Large ObjectsHome Next
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    35.1. Introduction
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    35.1. Introduction
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    35.1. Introduction

    All large objects are stored in a single system table named pg_largeobject. Each large object also has an entry in the system table pg_largeobject_metadata. Large objects can be created, modified, and deleted using a read/write API @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ most 1 GB. Also, reading and updating portions of a large object can be done efficiently, while most operations on a TOASTed field will read or write the whole value as a unit. -

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    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 35. Large Objects Home 35.2. Implementation Features
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/lo.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/lo.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/lo.html 2026-02-23 22:14:45.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/lo.html 2026-05-11 20:02:57.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -F.22. lo
    F.22. lo
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.22. lo

    F.22.1. Rationale
    F.22.2. How to Use It
    F.22.3. Limitations
    F.22.4. Author

    +F.22. lo

    F.22. lo
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.22. lo

    F.22.1. Rationale
    F.22.2. How to Use It
    F.22.3. Limitations
    F.22.4. Author

    The lo module provides support for managing Large Objects (also called LOs or BLOBs). This includes a data type lo and a trigger lo_manage. @@ -73,4 +73,4 @@ the triggers.

    F.22.4. Author

    Peter Mount -

    Prev Up Next
    F.21. isn Home F.23. ltree
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    F.21. isn Home F.23. ltree
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/locale.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/locale.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/locale.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/locale.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -24.1. Locale Support
    24.1. Locale Support
    Prev UpChapter 24. LocalizationHome Next

    24.1. Locale Support

    24.1.1. Overview
    24.1.2. Behavior
    24.1.3. Selecting Locales
    24.1.4. Locale Providers
    24.1.5. Problems

    +24.1. Locale Support

    24.1. Locale Support
    Prev UpChapter 24. LocalizationHome Next

    24.1. Locale Support

    24.1.1. Overview
    24.1.2. Behavior
    24.1.3. Selecting Locales
    24.1.4. Locale Providers
    24.1.5. Problems

    Locale support refers to an application respecting cultural preferences regarding alphabets, sorting, number formatting, etc. PostgreSQL uses the standard ISO @@ -243,4 +243,4 @@ translated, your assistance would be appreciated. If you want to help, refer to Chapter 57 or write to the developers' mailing list. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 24. Localization Home 24.2. Collation Support
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 24. Localization Home 24.2. Collation Support
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/locking-indexes.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/locking-indexes.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/locking-indexes.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/locking-indexes.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -13.7. Locking and Indexes
    13.7. Locking and Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

    13.7. Locking and Indexes

    +13.7. Locking and Indexes

    13.7. Locking and Indexes
    Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

    13.7. Locking and Indexes

    Though PostgreSQL provides nonblocking read/write access to table data, nonblocking read/write access is not currently offered for every @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ applications that need to index scalar data. When dealing with non-scalar data, B-trees are not useful, and GiST, SP-GiST or GIN indexes should be used instead. -

    Prev Up Next
    13.6. Caveats Home Chapter 14. Performance Tips
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    13.6. Caveats Home Chapter 14. Performance Tips
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logfile-maintenance.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logfile-maintenance.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logfile-maintenance.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logfile-maintenance.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -25.3. Log File Maintenance
    25.3. Log File Maintenance
    Prev UpChapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance TasksHome Next

    25.3. Log File Maintenance

    +25.3. Log File Maintenance

    25.3. Log File Maintenance
    Prev UpChapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance TasksHome Next

    25.3. Log File Maintenance

    It is a good idea to save the database server's log output somewhere, rather than just discarding it via /dev/null. The log output is invaluable when diagnosing @@ -109,4 +109,4 @@ check_postgres provides Nagios alerts when important messages appear in the log files, as well as detection of many other extraordinary conditions. -

    Prev Up Next
    25.2. Routine Reindexing Home Chapter 26. Backup and Restore
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    25.2. Routine Reindexing Home Chapter 26. Backup and Restore
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-architecture.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-architecture.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-architecture.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-architecture.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.7. Architecture
    31.7. Architecture
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.7. Architecture

    31.7.1. Initial Snapshot

    +31.7. Architecture

    31.7. Architecture
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.7. Architecture

    31.7.1. Initial Snapshot

    Logical replication starts by copying a snapshot of the data on the publisher database. Once that is done, changes on the publisher are sent to the subscriber as they occur in real time. The subscriber applies data @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ implemented like a COPY command and thus fires both row and statement triggers for INSERT.

    31.7.1. Initial Snapshot

    - The initial data in existing subscribed tables are snapshotted and + The initial data in existing subscribed tables is snapshotted and copied in a parallel instance of a special kind of apply process. This process will create its own replication slot and copy the existing data. As soon as the copy is finished the table contents will become @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ The publication publish parameter only affects what DML operations will be replicated. The initial data synchronization does not take this parameter into account when copying the existing table data. -

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    Prev Up Next
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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.4. Column Lists
    31.4. Column Lists
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.4. Column Lists

    31.4.1. Examples

    +31.4. Column Lists

    31.4. Column Lists
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.4. Column Lists

    31.4.1. Examples

    Each publication can optionally specify which columns of each table are replicated to subscribers. The table on the subscriber side must have at least all the columns that are published. If no column list is specified, @@ -141,4 +141,4 @@ 2 | b-2 | a-2 | d-2 3 | b-3 | a-3 | d-3 (3 rows) -

    Prev Up Next
    31.3. Row Filters Home 31.5. Conflicts
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    31.3. Row Filters Home 31.5. Conflicts
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-config.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-config.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-config.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-config.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.10. Configuration Settings
    31.10. Configuration Settings
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.10. Configuration Settings

    +31.10. Configuration Settings

    31.10. Configuration Settings
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.10. Configuration Settings

    Logical replication requires several configuration options to be set.

    On the publisher side, wal_level must be set to @@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ (max_logical_replication_workers + 1). Note that some extensions and parallel queries also take worker slots from max_worker_processes. -

    Prev Up Next
    31.9. Security Home 31.11. Quick Setup
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.9. Security Home 31.11. Quick Setup
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.5. Conflicts
    31.5. Conflicts
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.5. Conflicts

    +31.5. Conflicts

    31.5. Conflicts
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.5. Conflicts

    Logical replication behaves similarly to normal DML operations in that the data will be updated even if it was changed locally on the subscriber node. If incoming data violates any constraints the replication will @@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ Please note that skipping the whole transaction includes skipping changes that might not violate any constraint. This can easily make the subscriber inconsistent. -

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    31.4. Column Lists Home 31.6. Restrictions
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.4. Column Lists Home 31.6. Restrictions
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.8. Monitoring
    31.8. Monitoring
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.8. Monitoring

    +31.8. Monitoring

    31.8. Monitoring
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.8. Monitoring

    Because logical replication is based on a similar architecture as physical streaming replication, the monitoring on a publication node is similar to monitoring of a @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ zero rows in this view. If the initial data synchronization of any table is in progress, there will be additional workers for the tables being synchronized. -

    Prev Up Next
    31.7. Architecture Home 31.9. Security
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.7. Architecture Home 31.9. Security
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-publication.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-publication.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-publication.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-publication.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.1. Publication
    31.1. Publication
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.1. Publication

    +31.1. Publication

    31.1. Publication
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.1. Publication

    A publication can be defined on any physical replication primary. The node where a publication is defined is referred to as publisher. A publication is a set of changes @@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ TABLE and DROP TABLE operations are transactional; so the table will start or stop replicating at the correct snapshot once the transaction has committed. -

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 31. Logical Replication Home 31.2. Subscription
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 31. Logical Replication Home 31.2. Subscription
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.11. Quick Setup
    31.11. Quick Setup
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.11. Quick Setup

    +31.11. Quick Setup

    31.11. Quick Setup
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.11. Quick Setup

    First set the configuration options in postgresql.conf: 

     wal_level = logical
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@
    initial table contents of the tables users and
    departments and then starts replicating
    incremental changes to those tables.
-
    Prev Up Next
    31.10. Configuration Settings Home Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.10. Configuration Settings Home Chapter 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.6. Restrictions
    31.6. Restrictions
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.6. Restrictions

    +31.6. Restrictions

    31.6. Restrictions
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.6. Restrictions

    Logical replication currently has the following restrictions or missing functionality. These might be addressed in future releases.

    • @@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ using the identity and schema of the partitioned root table instead of that of the individual leaf partitions in which the changes actually originate (see CREATE PUBLICATION). -

    Prev Up Next
    31.5. Conflicts Home 31.7. Architecture
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.5. Conflicts Home 31.7. Architecture
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.3. Row Filters
    31.3. Row Filters
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.3. Row Filters

    31.3.1. Row Filter Rules
    31.3.2. Expression Restrictions
    31.3.3. UPDATE Transformations
    31.3.4. Partitioned Tables
    31.3.5. Initial Data Synchronization
    31.3.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters
    31.3.7. Examples

    +31.3. Row Filters

    31.3. Row Filters
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.3. Row Filters

    31.3.1. Row Filter Rules
    31.3.2. Expression Restrictions
    31.3.3. UPDATE Transformations
    31.3.4. Partitioned Tables
    31.3.5. Initial Data Synchronization
    31.3.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters
    31.3.7. Examples

    By default, all data from all published tables will be replicated to the appropriate subscribers. The replicated data can be reduced by using a row filter. A user might choose to use row filters @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Section 31.7.1, and see Section 31.2.2 for examples.

    Note

    - If the subscriber is in a release prior to 15, copy pre-existing data + If the subscriber is in a release prior to 15, copying pre-existing data doesn't use row filters even if they are defined in the publication. This is because old releases can only copy the entire table data.

    31.3.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters

    @@ -437,4 +437,4 @@ 6 7 (3 rows) -

    Prev Up Next
    31.2. Subscription Home 31.4. Column Lists
    \ No newline at end of file +
    Prev Up Next
    31.2. Subscription Home 31.4. Column Lists
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-security.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-security.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-security.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-security.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -31.9. Security
    31.9. Security
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.9. Security

    +31.9. Security

    31.9. Security
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.9. Security

    A user able to modify the schema of subscriber-side tables can execute arbitrary code as the role which owns any subscription which modifies those tables. Limit ownership and TRIGGER privilege on such tables to trusted roles. @@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ transaction when the ownership of the subscription is changed by a concurrent transaction, the application of the current transaction will continue under the old owner's privileges. -

    Prev Up Next
    31.8. Monitoring Home 31.10. Configuration Settings
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    31.8. Monitoring Home 31.10. Configuration Settings
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-subscription.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-subscription.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-subscription.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication-subscription.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -31.2. Subscription
    31.2. Subscription
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.2. Subscription

    31.2.1. Replication Slot Management
    31.2.2. Examples

    +31.2. Subscription

    31.2. Subscription
    Prev UpChapter 31. Logical ReplicationHome Next

    31.2. Subscription

    31.2.1. Replication Slot Management
    31.2.2. Examples

    A subscription is the downstream side of logical replication. The node where a subscription is defined is referred to as the subscriber. A subscription defines the connection - to another database and set of publications (one or more) to which it wants - to subscribe. + to another database and the set of publications (one or more) to which it + wants to subscribe.

    The subscriber database behaves in the same way as any other PostgreSQL instance and can be used as a publisher for other databases by defining its @@ -275,4 +275,4 @@ 3 | iii 6 | vi (4 rows) -

    Prev Up Next
    31.1. Publication Home 31.3. Row Filters
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    Prev Up Next
    31.1. Publication Home 31.3. Row Filters
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logical-replication.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 31. Logical Replication
    Chapter 31. Logical Replication
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 31. Logical Replication

    Table of Contents

    31.1. Publication
    31.2. Subscription
    31.2.1. Replication Slot Management
    31.2.2. Examples
    31.3. Row Filters
    31.3.1. Row Filter Rules
    31.3.2. Expression Restrictions
    31.3.3. UPDATE Transformations
    31.3.4. Partitioned Tables
    31.3.5. Initial Data Synchronization
    31.3.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters
    31.3.7. Examples
    31.4. Column Lists
    31.4.1. Examples
    31.5. Conflicts
    31.6. Restrictions
    31.7. Architecture
    31.7.1. Initial Snapshot
    31.8. Monitoring
    31.9. Security
    31.10. Configuration Settings
    31.11. Quick Setup

    +Chapter 31. Logical Replication

    Chapter 31. Logical Replication
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 31. Logical Replication

    Table of Contents

    31.1. Publication
    31.2. Subscription
    31.2.1. Replication Slot Management
    31.2.2. Examples
    31.3. Row Filters
    31.3.1. Row Filter Rules
    31.3.2. Expression Restrictions
    31.3.3. UPDATE Transformations
    31.3.4. Partitioned Tables
    31.3.5. Initial Data Synchronization
    31.3.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters
    31.3.7. Examples
    31.4. Column Lists
    31.4.1. Examples
    31.5. Conflicts
    31.6. Restrictions
    31.7. Architecture
    31.7.1. Initial Snapshot
    31.8. Monitoring
    31.9. Security
    31.10. Configuration Settings
    31.11. Quick Setup

    Logical replication is a method of replicating data objects and their changes, based upon their replication identity (usually a primary key). We use the term logical in contrast to physical replication, which uses exact @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Replicating between different major versions of PostgreSQL.

  • Replicating between PostgreSQL instances on different platforms (for - example Linux to Windows) + example Linux to Windows).

  • Giving access to replicated data to different groups of users.

  • @@ -48,8 +48,8 @@

    The subscriber database behaves in the same way as any other PostgreSQL instance and can be used as a publisher for other databases by defining its - own publications. When the subscriber is treated as read-only by + own publications. When the subscriber is treated as read-only by an application, there will be no conflicts from a single subscription. On the other hand, if there are other writes done either by an application or by other subscribers to the same set of tables, conflicts can arise. -

    • Prev Up Next
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    49.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding
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    49.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding

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    49.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding
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    49.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding

    The pg_replication_slots view and the @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ pg_stat_replication_slots view provides statistics information about the logical replication slots. -

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    49.1. Logical Decoding Examples
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    49.1. Logical Decoding Examples

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    49.1. Logical Decoding Examples
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    49.1. Logical Decoding Examples

    The following example demonstrates controlling logical decoding using the SQL interface.

    @@ -181,4 +181,4 @@ -----------+-----+---------------------------------------------- 0/168A4B8 | 530 | ROLLBACK PREPARED 'test_prepared2', txid 530 (1 row) -

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    49.2. Logical Decoding Concepts
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    49.2. Logical Decoding Concepts

    49.2.1. Logical Decoding
    49.2.2. Replication Slots
    49.2.3. Output Plugins
    49.2.4. Exported Snapshots

    49.2.1. Logical Decoding

    +49.2. Logical Decoding Concepts

    49.2. Logical Decoding Concepts
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    49.2. Logical Decoding Concepts

    49.2.1. Logical Decoding
    49.2.2. Replication Slots
    49.2.3. Output Plugins
    49.2.4. Exported Snapshots

    49.2.1. Logical Decoding

    Logical decoding is the process of extracting all persistent changes to a database's tables into a coherent, easy to understand format which can be interpreted without detailed knowledge of the database's internal @@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ Applications that do not require snapshot export may suppress it with the SNAPSHOT 'nothing' option. -

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    49.6. Logical Decoding Output Plugins
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    49.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface
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    49.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface

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    49.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface

    See Section 9.27.6 for detailed documentation on the SQL-level API for interacting with logical decoding.

    @@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ only supported on replication slots used over the streaming replication interface. The function interface and additional, non-core interfaces do not support synchronous replication. -

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    49.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding
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    49.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding

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    49.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding
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    49.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding

    The basic output plugin callbacks (e.g., begin_cb, change_cb, commit_cb and message_cb) are only invoked when the transaction @@ -83,4 +83,4 @@

    Even when streaming large transactions, the changes are still applied in commit order, preserving the same guarantees as the non-streaming mode. -

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    49.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding
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    49.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding

    49.8.1. Overview
    49.8.2. Caveats

    49.8.1. Overview

    +49.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding

    49.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding
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    49.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding

    49.8.1. Overview
    49.8.2. Caveats

    49.8.1. Overview

    Logical decoding can be used to build synchronous replication solutions with the same user interface as synchronous @@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Note that these commands that can cause deadlock apply to not only explicitly indicated system catalog tables above but also to any other [user] catalog table. -

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    49.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding
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    49.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding

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    49.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding
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    49.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding

    With the basic output plugin callbacks (eg., begin_cb, change_cb, commit_cb and message_cb) two-phase commit commands like @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ in such transactions. See Section 49.8.2 for the details.

    -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html 2026-02-23 22:14:31.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html 2026-05-11 20:02:43.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface
    49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface
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    49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface

    +49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface

    49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface
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    49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface

    The commands

    • CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT slot_name LOGICAL output_plugin

    • DROP_REPLICATION_SLOT slot_name [ WAIT ]

    • START_REPLICATION SLOT slot_name LOGICAL ...

    are used to create, drop, and stream changes from a replication @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ The command pg_recvlogical can be used to control logical decoding over a streaming replication connection. (It uses these commands internally.) -

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    49.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers
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    49.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers
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    49.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers

    It is possible to add more output methods for logical decoding. For details, see src/backend/replication/logical/logicalfuncs.c. Essentially, three functions need to be provided: one to read WAL, one to prepare writing output, and one to write the output (see Section 49.6.5). -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding.html 2026-02-23 22:14:31.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/logicaldecoding.html 2026-05-11 20:02:43.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 49. Logical Decoding
    Chapter 49. Logical Decoding
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    Chapter 49. Logical Decoding

    Table of Contents

    49.1. Logical Decoding Examples
    49.2. Logical Decoding Concepts
    49.2.1. Logical Decoding
    49.2.2. Replication Slots
    49.2.3. Output Plugins
    49.2.4. Exported Snapshots
    49.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface
    49.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface
    49.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding
    49.6. Logical Decoding Output Plugins
    49.6.1. Initialization Function
    49.6.2. Capabilities
    49.6.3. Output Modes
    49.6.4. Output Plugin Callbacks
    49.6.5. Functions for Producing Output
    49.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers
    49.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding
    49.8.1. Overview
    49.8.2. Caveats
    49.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding
    49.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding

    +Chapter 49. Logical Decoding

    Chapter 49. Logical Decoding
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    Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes Home 49.1. Logical Decoding Examples
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    F.23. ltree
    Prev UpAppendix F. Additional Supplied ModulesHome Next

    F.23. ltree

    F.23.1. Definitions
    F.23.2. Operators and Functions
    F.23.3. Indexes
    F.23.4. Example
    F.23.5. Transforms
    F.23.6. Authors

    +F.23. ltree

    F.23. ltree
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    F.23. ltree

    F.23.1. Definitions
    F.23.2. Operators and Functions
    F.23.3. Indexes
    F.23.4. Example
    F.23.5. Transforms
    F.23.6. Authors

    This module implements a data type ltree for representing labels of data stored in a hierarchical tree-like structure. Extensive facilities for searching through label trees are provided. @@ -579,4 +579,4 @@ http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/ for additional information. Authors would like to thank Eugeny Rodichev for helpful discussions. Comments and bug reports are welcome. -

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    Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
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    Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks

    Table of Contents

    25.1. Routine Vacuuming
    25.1.1. Vacuuming Basics
    25.1.2. Recovering Disk Space
    25.1.3. Updating Planner Statistics
    25.1.4. Updating the Visibility Map
    25.1.5. Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
    25.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon
    25.2. Routine Reindexing
    25.3. Log File Maintenance

    +Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks

    Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
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    Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks

    Table of Contents

    25.1. Routine Vacuuming
    25.1.1. Vacuuming Basics
    25.1.2. Recovering Disk Space
    25.1.3. Updating Planner Statistics
    25.1.4. Updating the Visibility Map
    25.1.5. Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
    25.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon
    25.2. Routine Reindexing
    25.3. Log File Maintenance

    PostgreSQL, like any database software, requires that certain tasks be performed regularly to achieve optimum performance. The tasks discussed here are required, but they @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ to some other database management systems. Nonetheless, appropriate attention to these tasks will go far towards ensuring a pleasant and productive experience with the system. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-config.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-config.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-config.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-config.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -23.4. Database Configuration
    23.4. Database Configuration
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    23.4. Database Configuration
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    23.4. Database Configuration

    Recall from Chapter 20 that the PostgreSQL server provides a large number of run-time configuration variables. You can set database-specific @@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ will only be the default. To undo any such setting, use ALTER DATABASE dbname RESET varname. -

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    23.2. Creating a Database
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    23.2. Creating a Database

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    23.2. Creating a Database
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    23.2. Creating a Database

    In order to create a database, the PostgreSQL server must be up and running (see Section 19.3).

    @@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ from the shell. Only the superuser is allowed to create a database for someone else (that is, for a role you are not a member of). -

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    23.5. Destroying a Database
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    23.5. Destroying a Database

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    23.5. Destroying a Database
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    23.5. Destroying a Database

    Databases are destroyed with the command DROP DATABASE: 

    @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@

    (Unlike createdb, it is not the default action to drop the database with the current user name.) -

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    23.1. Overview
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    23.1. Overview

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    23.1. Overview
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    23.1. Overview

    A small number of objects, like role, database, and tablespace names, are defined at the cluster level and stored in the pg_global tablespace. Inside the cluster are @@ -56,4 +56,4 @@

    Note

    The SQL standard calls databases “catalogs”, but there is no difference in practice. -

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    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -23.6. Tablespaces
    23.6. Tablespaces
    Prev UpChapter 23. Managing DatabasesHome Next

    23.6. Tablespaces

    +23.6. Tablespaces

    23.6. Tablespaces
    Prev UpChapter 23. Managing DatabasesHome Next

    23.6. Tablespaces

    Tablespaces in PostgreSQL allow database administrators to define locations in the file system where the files representing database objects can be stored. Once created, a tablespace can be referred @@ -129,4 +129,4 @@ and earlier you will also need to update the pg_tablespace catalog with the new locations. (If you do not, pg_dump will continue to output the old tablespace locations.) -

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    23.5. Destroying a Database Home Chapter 24. Localization
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    23.5. Destroying a Database Home Chapter 24. Localization
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -23.3. Template Databases
    23.3. Template Databases
    Prev UpChapter 23. Managing DatabasesHome Next

    23.3. Template Databases

    +23.3. Template Databases

    23.3. Template Databases
    Prev UpChapter 23. Managing DatabasesHome Next

    23.3. Template Databases

    CREATE DATABASE actually works by copying an existing database. By default, it copies the standard system database named template1. Thus that @@ -89,4 +89,4 @@ cluster is initialized. This database is meant as a default database for users and applications to connect to. It is simply a copy of template1 and can be dropped and recreated if necessary. -

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    23.2. Creating a Database Home 23.4. Database Configuration
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    Prev Up Next
    23.2. Creating a Database Home 23.4. Database Configuration
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/managing-databases.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/managing-databases.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/managing-databases.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/managing-databases.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -Chapter 23. Managing Databases
    Chapter 23. Managing Databases
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 23. Managing Databases

    Table of Contents

    23.1. Overview
    23.2. Creating a Database
    23.3. Template Databases
    23.4. Database Configuration
    23.5. Destroying a Database
    23.6. Tablespaces

    +Chapter 23. Managing Databases

    Chapter 23. Managing Databases
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 23. Managing Databases

    Table of Contents

    23.1. Overview
    23.2. Creating a Database
    23.3. Template Databases
    23.4. Database Configuration
    23.5. Destroying a Database
    23.6. Tablespaces

    Every instance of a running PostgreSQL server manages one or more databases. Databases are therefore the topmost hierarchical level for organizing SQL objects (“database objects”). This chapter describes the properties of databases, and how to create, manage, and destroy them. -

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    22.6. Function Security Home 23.1. Overview
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    22.6. Function Security Home 23.1. Overview
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-locks.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-locks.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-locks.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-locks.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -28.3. Viewing Locks
    28.3. Viewing Locks
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    28.3. Viewing Locks

    +28.3. Viewing Locks

    28.3. Viewing Locks
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    28.3. Viewing Locks

    Another useful tool for monitoring database activity is the pg_locks system table. It allows the database administrator to view information about the outstanding @@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ Section 54.12. For more information on locking and managing concurrency with PostgreSQL, refer to Chapter 13. -

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    28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System Home 28.4. Progress Reporting
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    28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System Home 28.4. Progress Reporting
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-ps.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-ps.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-ps.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-ps.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -28.1. Standard Unix Tools
    28.1. Standard Unix Tools
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    28.1. Standard Unix Tools

    +28.1. Standard Unix Tools

    28.1. Standard Unix Tools
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    28.1. Standard Unix Tools

    On most Unix platforms, PostgreSQL modifies its command title as reported by ps, so that individual server processes can readily be identified. A sample display is @@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ server process. If you fail to do all three things, the ps output for each server process will be the original postgres command line. -

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    Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity Home 28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
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    Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity Home 28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-stats.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-stats.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-stats.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring-stats.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
    28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
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    28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System

    28.2.1. Statistics Collection Configuration
    28.2.2. Viewing Statistics
    28.2.3. pg_stat_activity
    28.2.4. pg_stat_replication
    28.2.5. pg_stat_replication_slots
    28.2.6. pg_stat_wal_receiver
    28.2.7. pg_stat_recovery_prefetch
    28.2.8. pg_stat_subscription
    28.2.9. pg_stat_subscription_stats
    28.2.10. pg_stat_ssl
    28.2.11. pg_stat_gssapi
    28.2.12. pg_stat_archiver
    28.2.13. pg_stat_bgwriter
    28.2.14. pg_stat_wal
    28.2.15. pg_stat_database
    28.2.16. pg_stat_database_conflicts
    28.2.17. pg_stat_all_tables
    28.2.18. pg_stat_all_indexes
    28.2.19. pg_statio_all_tables
    28.2.20. pg_statio_all_indexes
    28.2.21. pg_statio_all_sequences
    28.2.22. pg_stat_user_functions
    28.2.23. pg_stat_slru
    28.2.24. Statistics Functions

    +28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System

    28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
    Prev UpChapter 28. Monitoring Database ActivityHome Next

    Prev Up Next
    28.1. Standard Unix Tools Home 28.3. Viewing Locks
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    Prev Up Next
    28.1. Standard Unix Tools Home 28.3. Viewing Locks
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring.html 2026-02-23 22:14:26.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/monitoring.html 2026-05-11 20:02:38.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity
    Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next

    Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity

    Table of Contents

    28.1. Standard Unix Tools
    28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System
    28.2.1. Statistics Collection Configuration
    28.2.2. Viewing Statistics
    28.2.3. pg_stat_activity
    28.2.4. pg_stat_replication
    28.2.5. pg_stat_replication_slots
    28.2.6. pg_stat_wal_receiver
    28.2.7. pg_stat_recovery_prefetch
    28.2.8. pg_stat_subscription
    28.2.9. pg_stat_subscription_stats
    28.2.10. pg_stat_ssl
    28.2.11. pg_stat_gssapi
    28.2.12. pg_stat_archiver
    28.2.13. pg_stat_bgwriter
    28.2.14. pg_stat_wal
    28.2.15. pg_stat_database
    28.2.16. pg_stat_database_conflicts
    28.2.17. pg_stat_all_tables
    28.2.18. pg_stat_all_indexes
    28.2.19. pg_statio_all_tables
    28.2.20. pg_statio_all_indexes
    28.2.21. pg_statio_all_sequences
    28.2.22. pg_stat_user_functions
    28.2.23. pg_stat_slru
    28.2.24. Statistics Functions
    28.3. Viewing Locks
    28.4. Progress Reporting
    28.4.1. ANALYZE Progress Reporting
    28.4.2. CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting
    28.4.3. VACUUM Progress Reporting
    28.4.4. CLUSTER Progress Reporting
    28.4.5. Base Backup Progress Reporting
    28.4.6. COPY Progress Reporting
    28.5. Dynamic Tracing
    28.5.1. Compiling for Dynamic Tracing
    28.5.2. Built-in Probes
    28.5.3. Using Probes
    28.5.4. Defining New Probes

    +Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity

    Chapter 28. Monitoring Database Activity
    Prev UpPart III. Server AdministrationHome Next
    Prev Up Next
    27.4. Hot Standby Home 28.1. Standard Unix Tools
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    27.4. Hot Standby Home 28.1. Standard Unix Tools
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/multibyte.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/multibyte.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/multibyte.html 2026-02-23 22:14:25.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/multibyte.html 2026-05-11 20:02:37.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -24.3. Character Set Support
    24.3. Character Set Support
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    24.3. Character Set Support

    24.3.1. Supported Character Sets
    24.3.2. Setting the Character Set
    24.3.3. Automatic Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client
    24.3.4. Available Character Set Conversions
    24.3.5. Further Reading

    +24.3. Character Set Support

    24.3. Character Set Support
    Prev UpChapter 24. LocalizationHome Next

    24.3. Character Set Support

    24.3.1. Supported Character Sets
    24.3.2. Setting the Character Set
    24.3.3. Automatic Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client
    24.3.4. Available Character Set Conversions
    24.3.5. Further Reading

    The character set support in PostgreSQL allows you to store text in a variety of character sets (also called encodings), including @@ -348,4 +348,4 @@ UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is defined here.

    -

    Prev Up Next
    24.2. Collation Support Home Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    24.2. Collation Support Home Chapter 25. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html 2026-02-23 22:14:42.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html 2026-05-11 20:02:53.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples
    75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples
    Prev UpChapter 75. How the Planner Uses StatisticsHome Next

    75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples

    75.2.1. Functional Dependencies
    75.2.2. Multivariate N-Distinct Counts
    75.2.3. MCV Lists

    75.2.1. Functional Dependencies

    +75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples

    75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples
    Prev UpChapter 75. How the Planner Uses StatisticsHome Next

    75.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples

    75.2.1. Functional Dependencies
    75.2.2. Multivariate N-Distinct Counts
    75.2.3. MCV Lists

    75.2.1. Functional Dependencies

    Multivariate correlation can be demonstrated with a very simple data set — a table with two columns, both containing the same values: @@ -207,4 +207,4 @@ Rows Removed by Filter: 10000

    -

    Prev Up Next
    75.1. Row Estimation Examples Home 75.3. Planner Statistics and Security
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    Prev Up Next
    75.1. Row Estimation Examples Home 75.3. Planner Statistics and Security
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-caveats.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-caveats.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-caveats.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-caveats.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -13.6. Caveats
    13.6. Caveats
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    13.6. Caveats

    +13.6. Caveats

    13.6. Caveats
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    13.6. Caveats

    Some DDL commands, currently only TRUNCATE and the table-rewriting forms of ALTER TABLE, are not MVCC-safe. This means that after the truncation or rewrite commits, the @@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ contrast, queries that explicitly examine the system catalogs don't see rows representing concurrently created database objects, in the higher isolation levels. -

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    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling Home 13.7. Locking and Indexes
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    Prev Up Next
    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling Home 13.7. Locking and Indexes
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    13.1. Introduction
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    13.1. Introduction

    +13.1. Introduction

    13.1. Introduction
    Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

    13.1. Introduction

    PostgreSQL provides a rich set of tools for developers to manage concurrent access to data. Internally, data consistency is maintained by using a multiversion @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ performance than locks. In addition, application-defined advisory locks provide a mechanism for acquiring locks that are not tied to a single transaction. -

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    Chapter 13. Concurrency Control Home 13.2. Transaction Isolation
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    Prev Up Next
    Chapter 13. Concurrency Control Home 13.2. Transaction Isolation
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
    Prev UpChapter 13. Concurrency ControlHome Next

    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling

    +13.5. Serialization Failure Handling

    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
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    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling

    Both Repeatable Read and Serializable isolation levels can produce errors that are designed to prevent serialization anomalies. As previously stated, applications using these levels must be prepared to @@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ many attempts. In cases involving a conflicting prepared transaction, it may not be possible to make progress until the prepared transaction commits or rolls back. -

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    13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level Home 13.6. Caveats
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    Prev Up Next
    13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level Home 13.6. Caveats
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc.html 2026-02-23 22:14:23.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/mvcc.html 2026-05-11 20:02:35.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Chapter 13. Concurrency Control
    Chapter 13. Concurrency Control
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    Chapter 13. Concurrency Control

    Table of Contents

    13.1. Introduction
    13.2. Transaction Isolation
    13.2.1. Read Committed Isolation Level
    13.2.2. Repeatable Read Isolation Level
    13.2.3. Serializable Isolation Level
    13.3. Explicit Locking
    13.3.1. Table-Level Locks
    13.3.2. Row-Level Locks
    13.3.3. Page-Level Locks
    13.3.4. Deadlocks
    13.3.5. Advisory Locks
    13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
    13.4.1. Enforcing Consistency with Serializable Transactions
    13.4.2. Enforcing Consistency with Explicit Blocking Locks
    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
    13.6. Caveats
    13.7. Locking and Indexes

    +Chapter 13. Concurrency Control

    Chapter 13. Concurrency Control
    Prev UpPart II. The SQL LanguageHome Next

    Chapter 13. Concurrency Control

    Table of Contents

    13.1. Introduction
    13.2. Transaction Isolation
    13.2.1. Read Committed Isolation Level
    13.2.2. Repeatable Read Isolation Level
    13.2.3. Serializable Isolation Level
    13.3. Explicit Locking
    13.3.1. Table-Level Locks
    13.3.2. Row-Level Locks
    13.3.3. Page-Level Locks
    13.3.4. Deadlocks
    13.3.5. Advisory Locks
    13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
    13.4.1. Enforcing Consistency with Serializable Transactions
    13.4.2. Enforcing Consistency with Explicit Blocking Locks
    13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
    13.6. Caveats
    13.7. Locking and Indexes

    This chapter describes the behavior of the PostgreSQL database system when two or more sessions try to access the same data at the same time. The @@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ sessions while maintaining strict data integrity. Every developer of database applications should be familiar with the topics covered in this chapter. -

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    12.11. Limitations Home 13.1. Introduction
    \ No newline at end of file +

    Prev Up Next
    12.11. Limitations Home 13.1. Introduction
    \ No newline at end of file diff -Nru postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/nls-programmer.html postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/nls-programmer.html --- postgresql-15-15.17/doc/src/sgml/html/nls-programmer.html 2026-02-23 22:14:40.000000000 +0000 +++ postgresql-15-15.18/doc/src/sgml/html/nls-programmer.html 2026-05-11 20:02:52.000000000 +0000 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -57.2. For the Programmer
    57.2. For the Programmer
    Prev UpChapter 57. Native Language SupportHome Next

    57.2. For the Programmer

    57.2.1. Mechanics
    57.2.2. Message-Writing Guidelines

    57.2.1. Mechanics

    +57.2. For the Programmer

    57.2. For the Programmer
    Prev UpChapter 57. Native Language SupportHome Next

    57.2. For the Programmer

    57.2.1. Mechanics
    57.2.2. Message-Writing Guidelines

    57.2.1. Mechanics

    This section describes how to implement native language support in a program or library that is part of the PostgreSQL distribution. @@ -151,4 +151,4 @@ These comments are copied to the message catalog files so that the translators can see them.

    -

    Prev